Module01- An Overview of

Object-Oriented System Development

Chapter 1 - Object-Oriented System Development 1

Chapter 1 Topics
 Characteristics of OO development.
 OO concepts: object, class, instance, attributes,
methods, and encapsulation.
 Object interaction through methods and association
relationships.
 The concept of inheritance applied to classes of objects.
 Benefits of using OO development.
 Preview of OO development.

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 Object-Oriented System Development

 OO information system development involves:

– OOA: Using an OO approach to system analysis
– OOD: Using an OO approach to system design
– OOP: Using an OO approach to programming

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Understanding OO Development

 OO approach
– System is defined as a collection of objects that work together to
accomplish tasks
• Objects carry out actions when asked.
• Each object maintains its own data.
• Bottom-up approach.
• Early feedback system.
• Solve for any real-world problems
 Procedural approach or Traditional Approach
– System is defined as a set of procedures that interact with data
• Data is maintained separately from procedures.
• Top-down approach.
• Implemented by an algorithms or procedures.
• Late feedback system.
• Not solve for real-world problems
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Understanding OO Development

 OO Programming (OOP)
– Started in 1960s in Norway
• Simula
– First language designed to run computer simulations
» Simulations involve objects that maintain their own
data values and can interact independently
– 1970s at Xerox PARC
• Smalltalk
– First general purpose OO programming language

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 Understanding OO Development

 OO Programming (OOP)
– Java
• Introduced in 1995 by Sun Microsystems
• “pure” OO language.
• Syntax similar to C++
• Cross platform
– Ideal for Web-based applications

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Understanding OO Development

 OO Analysis and Design

– Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Standard OOA&D modeling notation
Defined by: Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh &
Ivar Jacobson
Uses model-driven approach:
 Enables creation of graphical models of the system
requirements and system design.

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 Understanding OO Development
 OO Analysis and Design
– Unified Modeling Language (UML)
• Components
– Class diagrams
– Object diagrams
– Package diagrams
– Use Case diagrams
– Sequence diagrams
– State chart diagrams
– Activity diagrams
– Collaboration diagrams
– Deployment diagrams
– Component diagrams
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 Understanding OO Development

 OO Analysis and Design

– System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
• Project management framework that defines project
phases and activities
• Phases:
– Planning
– Analysis
– Design
– Implementation
– Support

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Understanding OO Development
 OO Analysis and Design
– Prototyping
• Creating a working model of one or more parts of
the system for user evaluation and feedback
– Joint Application Development (JAD)
• Key system stakeholders and decision makers
work together to rapidly define system
requirements and designs

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 Understanding OO Development

 OO Analysis and Design

– Other requirements:
• Project management
• Interviewing
• Data collection
• User interface (UI) design
• Testing
• Conversion techniques

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 Understanding OO Concepts

 Objects, Attributes, and Methods

– Objects are instances of class, which holds the data variables
declared in class and the member functions work on these class
objects
• Attributes
– Characteristics of an object that have values
• Behaviors (or methods)
– Describe what an object can do
• Examples:
– GUI objects
– Problem Domain objects

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Understanding OO Concepts

 Object Interactions and Messages

– Messages
• The means by which objects interact
• Example:
– User initiates interaction via messages to GUI objects
– GUI objects interact with problem domain objects via
messages
– Problem domain objects interact with each other and GUI
objects via messages
– GUI objects respond to user via messages

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Understanding OO Concepts

 Encapsulation and Information Hiding

– Encapsulation: Encapsulation is used to hide the values or state of
a structured data object inside a class, preventing unauthorized parties'
direct access to them. It can be used to hide data members and
member functions.
– Information Hiding
• Hiding the internal structure of objects, protecting them from
unauthorized access.
 Identity
– Unique reference for each object
 Persistent objects
– Defined as available for use over time

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 Understanding OO Concepts

 Classes, Instances, and Associations

– Class
• Defines what all objects of the class represent.
– Instances
• Objects of the class

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 Understanding OO Concepts

 Classes, Instances, and Associations

– Association relationships
• Each object is responsible for maintaining relationships
with other objects
– One-to-one
– One-to-many
• Multiplicity of the association
– Number of associations in UML terminology
• Cardinality of the association
– Number of associations in ERD terminology

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 Understanding OO Concepts

 Inheritance and Polymorphism

– Inheritance
• One class of objects takes on characteristics of another
class and extends them
– Superclass  subclass
– Generalization/specialization hierarchy
» Also called an inheritance hierarchy
» Result of extending class into more specific
subclasses

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 Understanding OO Concepts
 Inheritance and Polymorphism
– Polymorphism
• “many forms”
• Different objects can respond in their own way to the
same message.

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Recognizing the Benefits of OO Development

 Objects are More Natural

– Naturalness
• Based on the fact that people usually think about their
world in terms of objects
• Natural to define the classes of objects involved
• OO vs. procedural
– Which is harder to learn?

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Recognizing the Benefits of OO Development

 Classes of Objects can be Reused

– Reuse
• Classes and objects can be invented once and used
many times
– During analysis, design, and programming
• Do not need source code for reused class, simply need
to know interface

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 Learning OO Development

 Introducing Three-Tier Design

– Objects that interact in OO system are separated into
three categories of classes:
• Problem domain classes(ex. Entity class)
– Specific to a particular business application
• GUI classes(ex. Boundary class)
– Define objects that make up the UI to the application
• Data access classes(ex. Control class)
– Work with DBMS to store/retrieve object information

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The Unified Approach Road Map

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