An Internship Report on

“Base Feature And Test Scenario Library”

A project with

Cognizant Technology Solutions, Pune

Submitted to

Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune

(An Autonomous institute Affiliated to Savitribai phule Pune University)

In partial fulfillment of requirements for

Master of Technology

In

Electronics and Telecommunication

By

Rohit

Kapshikar (GR

NO. 120M0027)

Under the guidance of

Soumya Saladi

(Project Manager,IoT-Product Engineering,Cognizant Technology Solutions)

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune - 411037

Academic Year: 2021-22 sem IV

 Bansilal Ramnath Agarwal Charitable Trust’s

Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune – 37

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)

 Bansilal Ramnath Agarwal Charitable Trust’s

Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune – 37

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)

Certificate

This is to certify that the internship report titled, Base Feature And Test Scenario Library
at Cognizant Technology Solutions, Pune submitted by Rohit Kapshikar (GR NO.
120M0027) is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under guidance of Industry
mentor Soumya Saladi and College mentor Prof. Mrs. Rupali Gavaraskar in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of Final Year Master of Technology
in Electronic and Telecommunication.

Industry Mentor Faculty Mentor

Soumya Saladi Prof. Mrs. Rupali Gavaraskar

(Project Manager,Cognizant Technology Solutions) VIT, Pune

Head of the Department

Prof. (Dr.) Shripad Bhatlawande

Date: June 2022
Place: Pune
 Acknowledgement

I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) R. Jalnekar, Director, VIT Pune for
providing the facilities of the Institute and for his encouragement during the course of this
work. I also express my deep gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Shripad Bhatlawande , the Head of
the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, VIT Pune for his
guidance and support.

I would like to thank my industry mentor Soumya Saladi and the employees of
Cognizant Technology Solutions for providing me with guidance and help on every step of
the way during the course of this internship and for imparting me with invaluable knowledge
and teaching me the etiquettes of a professional employee.

I would also 1ike to gratefully acknowledge the enthusiastic supervision of my internship

guide, Prof. Mrs. Rupali Gavaraskar for her continuous, valuable guidance, patience,
constant care, and kind encouragement throughout the internship work that made me present
this internship report in an efficient manner.

Finally, I wish to thank my family members and my friends who have always been very
supportive and encouraging.

Rohit Kapshikar

Date: June 2022

 INDEX
Chapter 1 Introduction to Automotive Page no
1.1 What is IoT in the automotive industry? 7
1.2 Connected Cars 7
1.3 Predictive Maintenance 7
1.4 Autonomous Vehicle 7
1.5 Fleet Management 8
Chapter 2 Vehicle Features
2.1 Body Features 9
2.2 ADAS Features 15
Chapter 3 Block Diagram
3.1 Block Diagram 21
Chapter 4 LIN Specification Package
4.1 Scope 27
4.2 Feature And Possibilities 27
4.3 WorkFlow Concept 27
4.4 Node Concept 28
Chapter 5 CAN Protocol
5.1 Why CAN in Automotive? 29
5.2 Stack Architecture 29
Chapter 6 Conclusion And References
 LIST OF FIGURE

Fig. No. Name Of figure

Fig.1 Construction of Horn
Fig.2 FLOWCHART- Remote PreConditioning
Fig.3 REQUIREMENT-Exterior Mirror Feature
Fig.4 ADAS SYSTEM
Fig.5 Lane Departure Warning alert Chart
Fig.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM-Horn
Fig.7 BLOCKDIAGRAM-Wiper Washer
Fig.8 BLOCK DIAGRAM-PowerWindows
Fig.9 BLOCKDIAGRAM-Remote Pre Conditionong
Fig.10 BLOCKDIAGRAM-Exterior Mirrors
Fig.11 BLOCKDIAGRAM-TirePressure Monitoring
Fig.12 BLOCKDIAGRAM-BlindSpot Monitoring
Fig.13 BLOCKDIAGRAM-Lane Departure warning
Fig.14 BLOCKDIAGRAM-Reverse Park Assist
Fig.15 BLOCKDIAGRAM-Massaging Seats
Fig.16 LIN WORK FLOW
Fig.17 LIN NODE CONCEPT
ABSTRACT

The automotive domain has witnessed a tremendous growth in the amount of software deployed in
cars. The car no longer contains mechanical components only, but more and more functionality is
controlled by embedded systems. Due to this, the domain is multi-disciplinary, involving engineers
from mechanical, electrical, electronics and software disciplines. However, this is now changing as
the problems being addressed in the domain are becoming more complex. Problems are now societal
such as smart cities or green mobility. Solving such complex problems requires going beyond multi-
disciplinarity and towards transdisciplinarity. This involves including stakeholders that represent the
users and also the societal interests.

Today, every electronic control system in the car, such as Instrument Cluster, Infotainment, Anti-lock
braking system, Engine Management System, Transmission Control Unit, and Body Control
Management is a self-sufficient unit with its own sources like ROM, RAM memory, microprocessor
or microcontroller, I/O and power supply. The idea of automotive domain controller is to replace
multiple distributed ECUs with a single powerful central computer with multi-core. Multi-core
processing technologies integrate multiple ECUs into one single chip. In a multi-core solution, these
individual ECUs retain separated and independent processing space. However, a lot of redundant
components like housing, drivers, wire and harnesses, and power supplies can be eliminated. These
not only largely save cost but also the component's weight and space. Moreover, communication
between ECUs is within the processor itself instead of communicating over an external network like
CAN or LIN, this will reduce the data latency and system complexity considerably.
 CHAPTER 1

1. Introduction to Automotive domain

1.1 What is IoT in the automotive industry?

In short, the Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of devices that exchange data through a
connection to the internet. In the automotive industry, this allows complex devices like electronics,
actuators and sensors to share information with each other and other cars connected to the internet.
Modern WiFi capabilities, engine performance metrics and climate control systems are just scratching
the surface of what IoT solutions can offer vehicles, with countless applications to come as technology
advances. With that in mind, here are four ways IoT devices are shaping the future of the automotive
industry.

1.2 Connected Cars

Cars that are connected over an IoT network can facilitate fast data transfers of vital information that
improve road safety through enhanced communication. When smart vehicles connect to each other,
they share information on location, speed and dynamics that can predict and prevent accidents and alert
drivers to incoming emergency vehicles. Cars can also connect to other networks with data on traffic
lights, accidents and weather forecasts so that drivers know what to expect. This improves the flow of
traffic, increases safety and enables drivers to make informed decisions on routes and road conditions.

1.3 Predictive maintenance

When cars are manufactured with IoT capabilities, the embedded sensors collect performance data on
specific parts and transfer this information to the cloud. There, predictive analytics process this data,
evaluate the condition of individual components and assess the risks of malfunction. The driver is then
notified of any problems and advised on potential service and repairs. Predictive maintenance can be
used by both industrial and commercial consumers, whether it's monitoring fleet performance or
improving the user experience for private owners.

1.4 Autonomous vehicles

As artificial intelligence and automation technology advances, autonomous vehicles are gaining traction
in the automotive industry. Despite the recent dip due to the pandemic, Statista predicts the autonomous
vehicle market will grow by almost 60% by 2023. These 'intelligent' cars benefit both commercial
drivers and commuters by assisting them with tasks like driving, braking, parking and lane-changing.
Integrating such IoT solutions into new car models will reduce human error, leading to safer road
conditions for everyone.
 1.5 Fleet management

Recently, the truck transportation sector has been experiencing radical shifts and disruptions due to
challenges like labor shortages. Innovations in IoT technology have been driving a revolution in
fleet management. Operators can now collect large volumes of data on everything from routes and
traffic conditions to fuel consumption and performance metrics. This data is then used to track
vehicles in real-time, provide remote diagnostics and improve operational efficiency and driver
safety.
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 Body Features

1. Horn

The “horn” in any motor vehicle is a mandatory component required by law. It serves as an audible
warning to alert pedestrians and other vehicles of an impending collision. horns are used on vehicles to
give out warning signals generated by an electronic circuit. A solenoid is magnetized and demagnetized
to produce the fundamental frequency and cause the diaphragm to vibrate. This generates high pressure
that passes through the trumpet horn to generate a sound. A key advantage of electronic horns is their
lack of wear, resulting in average lifetimes ten times higher than with electromechanical horns.

Connection from battery is directly Connected with ignition switch,

then advances to the Solenoid Coil Of horn relay, and finally reaches
to the Horn switch,to close the entire circuit negative end of battery and other end of the horn switch
will grounded.Now One more connection from Battery positive terminal is connected to the contact
breaker of horn relay,while the other end of contact breaker is connected with the positive terminal of
horn,
to complete this high current cicuit Negative end of horn is Grounded.
FIG -1
 2. Wiper Washer

A windscreen wiper, windshield wiper or wiper blade is a device used to remove rain, snow, ice,
washer fluid, water or debris from a vehicle's front window. Most rain-sensing wipers use a sensor
that’s mounted behind the windshield. It sends out a signal to the ECU, when water droplets are on the
windshield.

This tells the system to activate the wipers, as well as adjust wiper speed and frequency based on the
intensity of the precipitation combined with the vehicle’s speed

REQUIREMENT FOR WIPER WASHER TO WORK

● The vehicle should have a power-driven windshield wiping system.

● The vehicle should have at least two selectable operating frequencies on the windshield wiper
control.

● The windshield wiper control on the vehicle should have the highest selectable frequency of at
least 45 cycles per minute.

● The vehicle shall be equipped with a device such as a lever to perform multiple wiper
operations.

● The vehicle shall allow the user to turn Auto mode on or off using a control panel button or a
driver interface command in the vehicle’s infotainment system.

WORKING

1. When the user enables the auto mode from the wiper band, the wiper will be able to work when
Rain/water is detected.
2. Most rain-sensing wipers use a sensor that’s mounted behind the windshield. It sends out a
signal to the ECU, when water droplets are on the windshield.
3. This tells the system to activate the wipers, as well as adjust wiper speed and frequency based
on the intensity of the precipitation combined with the vehicle’s speed.

4. However, the wipers will be able to work in auto mode only when the vehicle is moving below
a certain threshold speed.
5. When vehicle is initially switched on, along with the Auto wipe mode when the ambient
temperature is 0 degrees Celsius, Auto wipe mode will be suppressed.

3. Power Windows

A power window is a car window that is raised and lowered by a motor that is controlled by a switch.
These windows have become standard equipment on vehicles, replacing the older hand cranked style.
When the switch is activated, it completes a circuit, sending electricity to the motor which then moves
the window up or down. Many power windows have a variety of added features such as one-touch
opening, lockout switches, and "courtesy power on."
WORKING OF POWER WINDOWS

It is switch and wires in the circuit system that is controlled by electricity or battery in the car. If there
is any problem with the power windows, the mechanic needs to check the circuit system inside or the
battery backup that helps it open and close. In the basics, the power window can have control of four
windows, and the driver can also control it.

The door on the driver's part has a 20-amp circuit breaker to have control of the four windows in the car
The power coming from the circuit breaker would transmit to a contact point in the centre where the
wiring system of the windows are connected
The ends of power contacts are connected to the battery or electricity of the vehicle
Upon pressing a switch, either one of the two ends would disconnect from the vehicle, and instead, it
would connect to the centre point in the car. This is how power is distributed in the middle of the car,
and it enables its ease of opening and closing the window

4. Remote PreConditioning

Preconditioning is one of the brilliant features of electric cars. On cold winter days and hot summer
days it helps allot.

preconditioning allows you to pre-heat or pre-cool the car’s cabin before you begin your journey.
Not only will you feel more comfortable, you’ll maximize the car’s driving range and prolong the life
of its battery.

HOW DOES PRECONDITIONING WORK?

Preconditioning can be activated via the remote keyless entry (RKE)

By scheduling your daily departure times, the car will heat or cool its interior to optimum temperature –
you just climb in and go.
Crucially, when the car is plugged in, electricity is drawn from the mains and not the car, so this has no
impact on driving range. You start your journey with a full battery.
Also, because the car’s windows will be free of mist and ice when you enter the cabin, you won’t waste
time waiting to clear or defrost them.
Pressing and releasing Lock Key on RKE and Immediately pressing and holding Remote Vehicle pre
conditioning key on RKE for at least four seconds turns on the feature in vehicle.

Then its transition the vehicle to RPC power mode, turn ON parking lamps, lock the doors, turn ON
climate control and engage high voltage power supply 15 minutes

REQUIREMENTS
1. The vehicle shall be equipped with a 4. The vehicle shall turn on the automatic
Remote Pre Conditioning system. heated steering wheel, when user remotely
2. The vehicle shall turn on the climate
starts the vehicle.
control system, depending on the outside
temperature 5. There is a heating element present inside
3. The vehicle shall turn on the rear defogger, the steering wheel. It keeps the wheel warm
heated seats or ventilated seats for longer
FLOW CHART

FIG-2

5. Exterior Mirrors

A side-view mirror (or side mirror), also known as a wing mirror, is a mirror placed on the exterior of
motor vehicles for the purposes of helping the driver see areas behind and to the sides of the vehicle,
outside the driver's peripheral vision (in the "blind spot").

Mirrors allow you to observe what is happening around your car. They are your most important visual
driving aid, and are vital for safe driving. Their purpose is to let you know what is happening behind,
which is just as important as knowing what is happening in front.

EXTERIOR MIRROR FEATURES

● Puddle Lamps-Puddle lights are lamps built into the lower part of a vehicle's outside mirrors
that illuminate the ground underneath the front door
● Task Lighting-Automotive task lights are designed to brighten dim places in your car.
● Blind Spot Indicators-The blind spot detection system reduces the risk of accidents during lane
changes by monitoring the dangerous blind spot area.
● Heated Mirrors-supply heat to the mirror, which then melts snow or ice to improving your
visibility.
REQUIREMENTS

● User can adjust the power mirror in all states.

● When can select the driver mirror or passenger mirror.

● Selection of one mirror shall deselect the other mirror as follows.
● Driver mirror shall be deselected, when passenger mirror is selected .
● Passenger mirror shall be deselected, when driver mirror is selected.

FIG-3
 2.2 ADAS Features

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are systems developed to automate/adapt/enhance

vehicle systems for safety and better driving. Safety features are designed to avoid collisions and
accidents by offering technologies that alert the driver to potential problems, or to avoid collisions by
implementing safeguards and taking over control of the vehicle. Adaptive features may automate
lighting, provide adaptive cruise control, automate braking, incorporate GPS/ traffic warnings, connect
to smartphones, alert driver to other cars or dangers, keep the driver in the correct lane, or show what
is in blind spots.

There are many forms of ADAS available; some features are built into cars or are available as
an add-on package. Also, there are aftermarket solutions available for some late model cars.

Advanced driver assistance systems are one of the fastest-growing segments in automotive electronics.

ADAS technology can be based upon vision/camera systems, sensor technology, car data
networks, Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), or Vehicle-to-Infrastructure systems.

Next-generation ADAS will increasingly leverage wireless network connectivity to offer

improved value by using car-to-car and car-to-infrastructure data.

FIG-4
 1. Tire Pressure Monitoring

The purpose of the tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) in your vehicle is to warn you that at least
one or more tires are significantly under-inflated, possibly creating unsafe driving conditions. The
TPMS low tire pressure indicator is a yellow symbol that illuminates on the dashboard instrument panel
in the shape of a tire cross-section (that resembles a horseshoe) with an exclamation point.

WORKING

The tire pressure monitoring system’s (TPMS) primary function is to make the driver aware of the state
of tire pressure within the tires. Under normal system operations, the TPMS system will alert the driver
when one or more affected tires PSI reading falls below 25% of the vehicle’s placard. When the tire
sensor indicates “low tire pressure,” it sends a radio frequency (RF) signal of 315 or 433 MHz to the
ECU on the vehicle that determines if the pressure is below the threshold, which then will indicate a
TPMS symbol or position-specific display, depending on the vehicle

DASHBOARD LIGHT INDICATION

After starting a vehicle, a TPMS icon will turn on for a few seconds; however, if it stays on, it indicates
that one or more of the tires on the vehicle are at least 25% below the recommended pressure. If the
light flashes for approximately one to two minutes, it indicates there is a malfunction in the TPMS
system.There are numerous situations that can cause a TPMS warning light to come on or flash. Some
TPMS problems include:

• Sensor batteries may be dead

• Valve itself may have physical damage, corrosion or missing components
• The TPMS system voltage supply, wiring or internal electronics may not be functioning properly
• The tires were serviced or rotated and the relearn procedure was not properly performed.It is
important check the TPMS system before working on a customer’s vehicle. Using a TPMS diagnostic
tool, select the vehicle’s make, model and year manually –or for faster service, scan the vehicle’s VIN
barcode located on the placard on the vehicle doorjamb to read the sensor information.

2. Blind Spot Monitoring

Blind-spot monitoring uses sensors on the outside of the car to keep an eye on your blind spot. If these
sensors detect a car in your blind spot where it might not be visible in your mirrors, a little light will
turn on to let you know. These lights are usually on the inside of the front doors near the mirrors or on
the mirrors themselves.

If you turn on your turn signal while there’s a car in your blind spot, this feature will give you an
audible alert. The car will beep to let you know that it’s not a good time to change lanes because of the
risk of an accident.
REQUIREMENTS

● The vehicle should be in Neutral or DRIVE mode.

● The vehicle's speed should be above threshold.

● Any moving vehicle is detected in the right/left blind zone areas.
● The vehicle should be in SYSTEM_READY mode.
● The vehicle shall allow the user to turn BSM system on or off using a control panel button or a
driver interface command in the vehicle’s infotainment system.

WORKING

The sensors are usually located under the rear bumper or side view mirrors

The sensors monitor the areas behind and next to your car. The detection area covers approximately
one lane width on both sides of your car
It extends from the side view mirrors to approximately 10 feet beyond the rear bumper.
When a car is detected, a yellow or red light will light up in the corresponding side mirror or window
frame. Some systems emit a warning sound as well.
The vehicle shall blink the right/left BSM indicator as an extra warning on the same side as that of the
turn signal indicator when the turn signal is activated and a vehicle is also detected on the same side.

3. Lane Departure Warning

Lane departure warning is technology that helps you to avoid crashes due to drifting or departing your
lane. The system detects lane markers which are printed on road and alerts you when a tire touches a
printed lane marker on road.
FIG-5
The warning is usually a flashing indicator and/or it beeps from the corresponding side. In some
systems, the steering wheel or driver’s seat vibrates gently. Generally, lane departure warning systems
will not alert you when you turn on that respective indicator signal.

WORKING

● The lane departure system uses a camera located near the rearview mirror to recognize printed
lane markers on road.
● To function properly, there needs to be clearly visible paint stripes on both sides of the road
neatly. If the system detects that your car is too close to the left or right side printed lane
markings on road, and your respective indicator signal is not on, a warning light, and/or sound
will be activated to raise alert.

4. Reverse Park Assist

Park Assist is an automated parking aid that helps drivers park with greater precision, using guidance
system technology that rivals ultrasonic and other camera-based solutions with superior, advanced
technology.
Park Assist also helps minimize the chance for potential scratches and dings that happen when steering
into very tight spaces.

REQUIREMENTS

1. When the vehicle is started and the transmission is engaged in the Reverse position, there shall
be a visual image of the rear of the vehicle presented to the user.
2. The rearview image shall be displayed within 2.0 seconds of the start of a backing event.
3. The rearview image shall not be displayed after the backing event has ended.
4. The vehicle's park sensors on bumper area shall detect the object near the vehicle and provide
audio alert to the driver.
5. The instrument cluster of the vehicle shall light up more bars when object gets closer to the
vehicle.
6. The instrument cluster of the vehicle shall have a Park Assist display with bars that show
“distance to object” and object location information for the Front and Rear Park Assist system

WORKING

● Vehicles equipped with Automatic Park Assist automates the process of searching for a parking
space and getting into that spot.
● Front and rear park assist is a safety technology that uses multiple sensors strategically placed
on the front and rear bumpers. It helps drivers park their vehicles by detecting objects in close
range.

● When you’re driving the vehicle at low speeds it can pick up on objects up to 20 feet behind the
vehicle
● When an object is detected, the system produces a low-pitched beep to alert the driver.
● The vehicle might be equipped with a Safety Alert Seat which pulsates on both sides when an
object is detected in the rear or front of the vehicle.
● The vehicle shall beep continuously from the rear or front or shall pulse both sides of the Safety
Alert Seat five times depending on object location from vehicle rear and front.
● The vehicle shall sound high pitched beep and low pitched beep for Front Park Assist(FPA) and
Rear Park Assist(RPA) respective.When the vehicle is transmitted into reverse position, user
gets the rear view image on rear visibility display.

● User can see the vehicle position on instrument cluster of vehicle.

 5. Massaging Seats

Back pain is a commonly known problem for drivers and passengers traveling in long route vehicles .
The problem becomes more severe for people suffering from bedsores. The current embodiment is a
step toward addressing this problem. This method helps to regulate blood flow and provide comfort to
the drivers and bedsore patients. Pneumatic cylinder and 24 semi-circular designed aluminum buds are
used in the assembly that moves up and down along with the comforter foam and sheet to serve the
purpose. This design is an active way of providing comfort and has significantly helped in reducing
back and lower body pain. This system is also helpful in regulating blood flow.

WORKING

● Driving comfort – filtering out exterior interferences for a smooth ride and calm, quiet cabin

● Living comfort – simplifying life on-board with functional storage compartments, intelligent
packaging, and generous space
● Functional comfort – creating a more comfortable drive with intuitive technologies, driver aids,
and connectivity
● Comfort of mind – ensuring the peace of mind of driver and passengers, with clear information
displays and a relaxed interior ambience to enhance driving pleasure
CHAPTER 3

3.1 Block Diagrams

1. Horn

FIG-6

2. Wiper Washer

FIG-7
3. Power Windows

FIG-8
 4. Remote PreConditioning

FIG-9

5. Exterior Mirrors
FIG - 10
 6. Tire Pressure Monitoring

FIG - 11

7. Blind Spot Monitoring

FIG - 12
8. Lane Departure Warning

FIG - 13

9. Reverse Park Assist

FIG - 1
10. Massaging Seats

FIG - 15
CHAPTER 4

4.LIN

LIN (Local Interconnect Network) is a concept for low cost automotive networks, which complements
the existing portfolio of automotive multiplex networks. LIN will be the enabling factor for the
implementation of a hierarchical vehicle network in order to gain further quality enhancement and cost
reduction of vehicles. The standardization will reduce the manifold of existing low-end multiplex
solutions and will cut the cost of development, production, service, and logistics in vehicle electronics.

4.1 Scope

The LIN standard includes the specification of the transmission protocol, the transmission medium, the
interface between development tools, and the interfaces for software programming. LIN promotes the
interoperability of network nodes from the viewpoint of hardware and software and a predictable EMC
behavior

4.2 Features And Possibilities

The LIN is a serial communications protocol which efficiently supports the control of mechatronics
nodes in distributed automotive applications. The main properties of the LIN bus are: • single master
with multiple slaves concept • low cost silicon implementation based on common UART/SCI interface
hardware, an equivalent in software or as pure state machine. • self synchronization without a quartz or
ceramics resonator in the slave nodes • deterministic signal transmission with signal propagation time
computable in advance • low cost single-wire implementation • speed up to 20 kbit/s. • signal based
application interaction • predictable behavior • reconfigurability • transport layer and diagnostic support
The intention of this specification is to achieve compatibility with any two LIN implementations with
respect to the scope of the standard, i.e. from the application interface, API, all the way down to the
physical layer.

4.3 Work Flow Concept

The LIN workflow concept allows for the implementation of a seamless chain of design and
development tools and it enhances the speed of development and the reliability of the LIN cluster. The
Configuration Language Specification allows for safe sub-contracting of nodes without jeopardizing the
LIN system functionality by e.g. message incompatibility or network overload. It is also a powerful tool
for debugging of a LIN cluster, including emulation of non-finished nodes. The Node Capability
Language Specification, provides a standardized syntax for specification of off-the-shelves slave nodes.
This will simplify procurement of standard slave nodes as well as provide possibilities for tools that
automate cluster generation. Thus, true Plug-and-Play with slave nodes in a cluster will become a
reality.
FIG - 16

The slave nodes are connected to the master node forming a LIN cluster. The corresponding node
capability files are parsed by the LIN cluster design tool to generate a LIN description file (LDF) in the
LIN cluster design process. The LDF is parsed by the LIN cluster generator to automatically generate
LIN related functions in the desired nodes (the Master node and Slave3 node in the example shown in
the picture above). The LDF is also used by a LIN bus analyzer/emulator tool to allow for cluster
debugging.

4.4 Node Concept

The workflow described above generates the complete LIN cluster interaction module and the
developer only has to supply the application performing the logic function of a node. Although much of
the LIN specifications assumes a software implementation of most functions, alternative realizations
are promoted. In the latter case, the LIN documentation structure shall be seen as a description model
only: A node in a cluster interfaces to the physical bus wire using a frame transceiver. The frames are
not accessed directly by the application; a signal based interaction layer is added in between. As a
complement, a transport layer interface exists between the application and the frame handler, as
depicted below.
FIG - 17
CHAPTER 5

5.1-CAN Protocol

Why CAN in Automotive:

The various control units in an automotive, are part of a closed loop network, designed inside a car. In
this system or network, it is imperative for all the ECUs’ to communicate with each other and take
necessary actions.

For instance, a spark from the ignition system fires up the combustion chamber. For optimum power
and fuel-efficiency, the time at which the ignition is initiated, by this closed loop system, is very
critical.

To achieve this, the ignition system communicates with the engine control unit with the help of in-
vehicle networking. This is how exact time of ignition initiation is calculated.

A more complex system that showcases the importance of communication between the control units is
Transmission Control Module, in automatic cars.

The Transmission Control Unit changes the gear ratio with the changing speed. To ensure smooth gear
shifts, information from Engine Control Unit and various other nodes are collected and processed.
While the need of communication is well established now. But to develop a deeper perspective, let’s
take a stroll down the lanes of the history.

In the early 70’s when electronics system had surpassed the nascent stage of development, it started
leaving an impact on the automotive industry as well.

The electronic devices inside a vehicle rose in number and their correlation also got complex. The
different control units had communication signals to send to each other and point-to-point wiring was
making the system clogged and hard to manage.

Moreover, the information exchange between the automotive ECUs had to be in real-time. All this led
to the release of CAN bus system in 1986.

CAN Bus with attributes like faster data transfer, low cost, error diagnosis and more, was the ideal bus
system that the control units required. The limitations of adding new features to the vehicle that
emanated from complex dedicated wiring was mitigated by CAN protocol

5.2-CAN Protocol Stack Architecture:

CAN protocol is based on the famous ISO- OSI reference model. There are seven layers through which
every data packet passes, before it is transmitted or received.
This 7-layered structure is industry-accepted and widely adopted approach used in communication
protocols.

The CAN protocol leverages two such lower layers; viz. the Physical and the Data link Layer.
When this protocol is packaged as a stack, few more modules are integrated, in order to make it suitable
for the particular microcontroller platform.
Here is a snapshot of the CAN stack architecture to help you understand it better.

FIG - 18

1. CAN Drivers (Low Level Drivers): CAN software or CAN stack, as it is usually referred to,s
has a number of low-level device drivers like MCU, EE Prom. But we will limit our discussion
to CAN drivers only.The CAN driver enables the access to hardware resources, for the upper
software layers.It also offers access to the hardware independent API, to the application
layer.Services for initiating the transmission and callback functions of the CAN IF module are
stored in the CAN driver. The CAN driver also consists of software services that manage the
behavior and state of the CAN controllers (if they are part of the hardware unit).Acceptance
Filtering (Hardware Based) of signals and messages is also one of the functions of the CAN
Drivers.

2. CAN Interface (CAN IF) Layer: CAN IF is a critical software module, that helps in the
hardware abstraction of the system.It is responsible for services like Transmit Request,
Controller Mode Control etc. Essentially, it carries out all hardware independent tasks, related to
the flow of data to the upper layer modules of the CAN stack.In a real-world application, this
layer has to be configured based on the CAN matrix file. This file contains information related
to all the Tx and Rx messages.Conversion of the CAN Matrix file, which is available mostly in
the DBC format, can either be carried out manually or by using a tooling solution.However, for
this conversion, the DBC to Configuration File generator tool is recommended, as it completes
the conversion process in a matter of few seconds. Manual method often takes 1-2 weeks
depending on the size of the matrix file size.

3. CAN Network Management: CAN NM, as this module is popularly known, handles the
sleep/wake up functionalities. In simpler terms, it coordinates the transition from normal
 network operation to bus-sleep mode of the network.It also detects whether all the nodes in the
CAN bus network are ready-to-sleep. In a scenario when no data units are received for a node,
for certain pre-defined duration of time, CAN NM initiates the switch to BUS sleep mode.
Once, the transmission of data units is restored, CAN NM wakes up the node. This helps in
saving the power another resources of the system.

4. Bootloader Software: Bootloader Module needs no introduction. It is a software module

designed for the re-programming of an automotive ECU.The Bootloader part of the CAN stack
has UDS (ISO 14229) and the ISOTP layer (ISO15765).

5. ISO TP Layer (ISO15765): ISO Transport Protocol is a specialized protocol that shoulders the
responsibility of the data transmission, when the data frames exceed the maximum payload of 8
bytes. ISOTP layer segments the message into multiple data frames and reassembles them in the
correct order, by using the metadata.
CHAPTER 6

Conclusion and References:

Conclusion

Autonomous Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Feature And Body Features are now an up surging
technology in the automotive space. As these technologies become more pervasive, it becomes
increasingly important for consumers to be informed about the systems on their vehicle and their
functionality. However, several names marketed by producers, manufacturers, and the lack of
consensus by industry regulatory groups, make it difficult for consumers to discern what features a
vehicle has and how they actually work.
In recent years, the developments in traffic and technology caused an ameliorated interest in the
analysis of interactions between road users. On highways, traffic intensity and traffic density increases
rapidly. Therefore, drivers have to respond to each other to a higher extent and to adapt their driving
etiquette rapidly to navigate other drivers. Several studies have dealt with this topic. Hence, there is a
demand for understanding the behavior of driving and analyzing interactions between road users.
Various research methodologies were developed to respond to this demand,
● Experimental runs with many real drivers in natural situations on real roads.
● Simulation of Driving by exposing a single human driver to simulated traffic.
● Traffic flow simulation that targets at predicting and simulating traffic situations under several
conditions.
Each of these three methods has advantages and disadvantages. Anyhow, these conditions are
complicated and uncontrollable for the test situations in real world traffic and the driving in safety
critical situations is highly under risk because of ethical reasons.

With simulation in driving it is easy to predict the different traffic conditions on a human driver. This
method is useful, because conditions can be controlled and desired test conditions can be generated.
Furthermore, due to the simulated conditions, the realization of safety critical situations is possible. A
disadvantage is that the interactions between drivers is limited, since the surrounding traffic is just
simulated, not the real time input. Simulation of traffic flow makes it possible to scrutinize how single
drivers influence other road users. So to generate the traffic flow simulation we use the VISUALSIM
ARCHITECT to create the models and analyses a lot of vehicles in the same situation under controlled
conditions.

References

[1] Kurihara et al. (Aug. 20, 1985). Apparatus for Controlling Power Window of
Vehicle. Patent No.: 4,536,687
[2] Chen (Aug. 15, 1995). Safety Power Window Mechanism for All Types
Automobile. Patent No.: 5440944

[3] J. McCall and M. Trivedi, “Video-based lane estimation and tracking for driver
assistance: survey, system, and evaluation,” IEEETransactions on Intelligent
Transportation Systems , vol. 7, pp. 20–37, March 2006
[4]Z. Kim, “Real -time lane tracking of curved local road”, Proc. IEEE Conf. on
Intelligent Transportation System, pp. 1149 -1155, 2006.
[5]Vijay G., Shashikant L., An improved lane departure method foradvanced
driver assistance system, International Conference on Computing, Communication
and Applications (ICCCA), 2012, 1 – 5.
[6] Jia H., Hui R., Jinfeng G., Wei H. A lane detection method for lane departure warning
system, International Conference on Optoelectronics and Image Processing (ICOIP),
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