EC 8561 – TRANSMISSION LINES AND RF SYSTEMS

UNIT – I - TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

COURSE HANDOUTS
General Solution:

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Wavelength and velocity of propagation:

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Waveform distortion:
The received waveform will not be identical with the input waveform at the sending
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end. This variation is known as distortion.

1. Frequency distortion
2. Delay or phase distortion
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The Distortion Less Line:

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Loading:

• To achieve distortion less condition → increase L/C ratio

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• Increasing inductance by inserting inductances in series with the line is
termed as loading such lines are called as loaded lines
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• Lumped inductors → loading coils
Types of loading
(a) Lumped loading
(b) Continuous loading
(c) Patch loading
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Inductance loading of Telephone cables:

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Derive the expressions for open circuited and short circuited lines:
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Reflection on a line not terminated in its characteristic impedance (Zo):

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Input impedance and transfer impedance:

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNIATION ENGINEERING
EC 8561 – TRANSMISSION LINES AND RF SYSTEMS
UNIT – II - HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES
COURSE HANDOUTS
Parameters of open-wire and coaxial lines:

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1. Line constants for zero dissipation line:

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Measurement of VSWR and Wavelength:

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Quarter wave line and Half wave line:

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNIATION ENGINEERING
EC 8561 – TRANSMISSION LINES AND RF SYSTEMS
UNIT – III - IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH FREQUENCY LINES
COURSE HANDOUTS
Single stub matching:

Location and length of the stub using reflection coefficient:

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Determine the stub length and the distance of the stub from the load. Given that a
complex load ZL = 50 – j100 ohms is to be matched to a 75 ohms transmission line using

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a short circuited stub.
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A 50 Ω loss less feeder line is to be matched for an antenna with ZL = (75-j20) Ω at 100MHz
using single shorted stub. Calculate the stub length and distance between the antenna and
the stub using smith chart.

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A 75 Ω lossless line transmission line is to be match with a 100-j80Ω load using single
stub. Calculate the stub length and its distance from the load corresponding to the
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frequency of 30 MHz using Smith Chart:

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNIATION ENGINEERING
EC 8561 – TRANSMISSION LINES AND RF SYSTEMS
UNIT – IV - WAVE GUIDES
COURSE HANDOUTS
Electric field and magnetic field expression between the parallel plates:

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Electric field and magnetic field expressions for TE waves between parallel plates:
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Electric field and magnetic field expressions for TE waves between rectangular
waveguides:

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNIATION ENGINEERING
EC 8561 – TRANSMISSION LINES AND RF SYSTEMS
UNIT – V - RF SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPTS
COURSE HANDOUTS
RF FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR:

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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNIATION ENGINEERING
EC 8561 – TRANSMISSION LINES AND RF SYSTEMS
UNIT – V - RF SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPTS
COURSE HANDOUTS

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Amplifier Power Relation:
Generic single stage amplifier configuration with input and output matching
networks is shown in fig.

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RF source:
 Incident Wave power:
The incident wave power at node 𝑏1′ is given by,
2
|𝑏1′ |
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 2
1 |𝑏𝑠 |2
= →1
2 |1−𝛤𝑖𝑛 𝛤𝑠 |2
√𝑍
Where, Source node 𝑏𝑠 = 𝑍 +𝑍𝑜 𝑉𝑠
𝑠 𝑜

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Input power:

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Transducer power gain

Unilateral power gain(𝑮𝑻𝑼 ):

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Additional power relations
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Available Power Gain (𝐺𝐴 ) at Load:

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Power Gain (Operating Power Gain):

The operating power gain is defined as “the ratio of the power delivered to the load to
the power supplied to the amplifier”.
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𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐺=
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟
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Stability considerations and Stabilization Methods:

• An amplifier circuit must be stable over the entire frequency range
• The RF circuits (amplifier) tend to oscillate depending on operating
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frequency and termination

(i) If |𝛤| > 1, then the magnitude of the return voltage wave increases
called positive feedback, which causes instability (oscillator)
(ii) If |𝛤| < 1, the return voltage wave is totally avoided (amplifier). Its
called as negative feedback

Two port network amplifier is characterized by its S-parameters

 The amplifier is stable, when the magnitudes of reflection coefficients are less
than unity
|𝛤𝐿 | < 1 and
|𝛤𝑆 | < 1

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Stabilization Methods:
If the operation of a FET or BJT is unstable, we take steps to make them stable
The instability conditions |𝛤𝑖𝑛 | > 1 and |𝛤𝑜𝑢𝑡 | > 1 can be written in terms of the
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input and output impedances.

To stabilize the active devices, a series resistance or a conductance will be added
to the port.
Configuration at input port:
In the input port, the addition of 𝑅𝑒 (𝑍𝑆 ) must compensate the negative contribution of
𝑅𝑒 (𝑍𝑖𝑛 )

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Stabilization of input port through addition of shunt conductance.

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Configuration at output port:

In the output port, the addition of 𝑅𝑒 (𝑍𝐿 ) must compensate the negative contribution of
𝑅𝑒 (𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
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 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Namakkal-Trichy Main Road, Tholurpatti, Thottiam Taluk, Trichy District, Tamil Nadu- 621215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EC 6701 – RF & Microwave Engineering
Course Handouts
Unit – I
TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
Find the reflection coefficient of a 50-ohm transmission line when it is terminated by a
load impedance of 60 + j40 ohm.

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𝑍𝑅 − 𝑍𝑂
𝐾=
𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍𝑜

50 − 60 − 𝑗40
𝐾=
50 + 60 − 𝑗40

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K = 0.35 124.01
Equivalent circuit of a unit length of a transmission line:

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Infinite line:

When S=Ꝏ, in the infinite line the travelling waves continue in one direction
indefinitely and there is no source of energy or discontinuity to send back a reflected
wave along the line.
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Delay distortion:

For an applied voice-voltage wave the received waveform may not be identical
with the input waveform at the sending end, since some frequency components will be
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delayed more than those of other frequencies. This phenomenon is known as delay or
phase distortion.
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A transmission line has 𝒁𝒐 = 𝟕𝟒𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟎 Ω and is terminated is ZR = 100 Ω. Calculate the
reflection loss in dB.
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EC 6503 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVE GUIDES 1

 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Namakkal-Trichy Main Road, Tholurpatti, Thottiam Taluk, Trichy District, Tamil Nadu- 621215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Unit – II
HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES

Input impedance of open and short - circuited dissipation less line:

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State the assumptions for the analysis of the performance of the radio frequency line:
1) Due to the skin effect, the currents are assumed to flow on the surface of the
conductor. The internal inductance is zero. 2) The resistance R increases with f while

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inductance L increases with f. Hence ωL >> R. 3) The leakage conductance G is zero.

Standing wave ratio:

The ratio of the maximum to minimum magnitudes of voltage or current on a

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E max Im ax
line having standing waves called standing wave ratio. S = =
E min Im in
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Input impedance of a dissipation less line:
Es 1 + k   − 2s
The input impedance of a dissipation less line is given by, Zs= = Ro
Is 1 − k   − 2s
Range of values of standing wave ratio:
The range of values of standing wave ratio is theoretically 1 to infinity.
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Relation between SWR and reflection coefficient:

1+ k s −1
S= , Also K =
1− k s +1
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EC 6503 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVE GUIDES 2

 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Namakkal-Trichy Main Road, Tholurpatti, Thottiam Taluk, Trichy District, Tamil Nadu- 621215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Unit – III
IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH FREQUENCY LINES

Use of eighth wave line:

An eighth wave line is used to transform any resistance to an impedance with a
magnitude equal to Ro of the line or to obtain a magnitude match between a resistance

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of any value and a source of Ro internal resistance.

Input impedance of eighth wave line:

The input impedance of eighth wave line terminated in a pure resistance Rr. Is
given by Zs = (ZR+jRo) / (Ro+ j ZR). From the equation it is seen that | Zs | = Ro.

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Impedance inverter:
A quarter wave line may be considered as an impedance inverter because it can
transform low impedance into high impedance and vice versa.

Copper insulator:

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An application of the short -circuited quarter wave line is an insulator to support
an open wire line or the center conductor of a coaxial line. This application makes some
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of the fact that the input impedance of a quarter wave line is very high, such lines are
sometimes referred to as copper insulators.

Double stub matching is preferred over single stub matching:

Double stub matching is preferred over single stub due to following
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disadvantages of single stub.

1. Single stub matching is useful for a fixed frequency. So as frequency changes the
location of single stub will have to be changed.
2. The single stub matching system is based on the measurement of voltage minimum;
hence for coaxial line it is very difficult to get such voltage minimum, without using
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slotted line section.

1. Design a quarter wave transformer to match a load of 200Ω to a source resistance of

500 Ω. The operating frequency is 200 MHz.
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Ro = Z sZ R = 500x 200 = 316.22 Ω.

λ = C / f = 1.5 m λ / 4 = 0.375 m.
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EC 6503 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVE GUIDES 3

 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Namakkal-Trichy Main Road, Tholurpatti, Thottiam Taluk, Trichy District, Tamil Nadu- 621215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Unit – IV
WAVE GUIDES

TEM wave or principal wave:

TEM wave is a special type of TM wave in which an electric field E along the
direction of propagation is also zero. The Tem waves are waves in which both electric

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and magnetic fields are transverse entirely but have no components of Ez and Hz. It is
also referred to as the principal wave.

Characteristics of TEM waves:

a) It is a special type of TM wave.
b) It doesn’t have either E or H component.

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c) Its velocity is independent of frequency.
d) Its cot-off frequency is zero.

Dominant mode for the rectangular waveguide:

The lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m=1, n=0) whereas the lowest mode for

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TM wave is TM11 (m=1, n=1). The TE10 wave has the lowest cutoff frequency
compared to the TM 11 mode. Hence the TE10 (m=1, n=0) is the dominant mode of a
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rectangular waveguide. Because the TE10 mode has the lowest attenuation of all modes
in a rectangular waveguide and its electric field is definitely polarized in one direction
everywhere.

A rectangular has the following dimensions l = 2.54 cm, b = 1.27 cm. Waveguide thickness
= 0.127 cm. Calculate the cut off frequency for TE11 mode:
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A rectangular waveguide has the following dimensions:

a = 2.54 cm, b = 1.27 cm, Waveguide thickness = 0.127 cm.
1  m   n 
fc =  2 +  2 = 16.15 GHz.
2   a   b 
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a = 2.54x10-2 x 0.127 = 0/02286 m b = 1.27x10-2 x 0.127 = 0.01016 m.

Quality factor of a resonator:

The quality factor Q is a measure of frequency selectivity of the resonator. It is
defined as Q = 2 x Maximum energy stored / Energy dissipated per cycle = W / P.
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Where W is the maximum stored energy, P is the average power loss.

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EC 6503 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVE GUIDES 4

 KONGUNADU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Namakkal-Trichy Main Road, Tholurpatti, Thottiam Taluk, Trichy District, Tamil Nadu- 621215
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Unit – V
RF SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPTS
Comparison of conditional and unconditional stabilities of an amplifier:
Conditional stabilities unconditional stabilities
Conditional stabilities refers to a network Unconditional stabilities refers to a network
that is stable when its input and output see that can see any possible impedance on the
the intended characteristic impedance Zo smith chart from the center to the perimeter

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at any phase angle. Gamma<1 means that the
real part of the impedance is positive
If there is a mismatch, there is a region of Note that any network can oscillate if it sees
either source or load impedances that will a real impedance that is negative, so if your
definitely cause it to oscillate. The term system goes outside the normal smith chart
potentially unstable refers to the same all bets on stability are off

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condition
1. Power gain of amplifier:

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Requirement of impedance matching:
1. Minimum power loss in the feed line.
2. Maximum power transfer
3. Improving the S/N ratio of the system for sensitive receiver components
Required Other considerations:
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1. Complexity 2. Band width requirement 3. Adjustability

4. Implementation

Output stability circle and input stability circle:

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Transducer power gain:

Transducer power gain is nothing but the gain of the amplifier when placed
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between the source and load.

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
GT = 𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃
= 𝑃𝐿
𝐴

Relation between nodal quality factor (Qn) with loaded quality factor (QL):
QL = Qn / 2

EC 6503 TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVE GUIDES 5