40.

Shell Scripts
shell bash shell scripts shell ... if-then-else shell script info bash shell learn_bashshell.html bash

http://www.oreilly.com.tw/chinese/linux/

40.1.
bash shell scripts keywords \n shell script shell shell

40.2.
variable
$ MYNAME="smith "

Shell Scripts

| 199

$ MYAGE=35 $ echo $MYNAME $MYAGE smith 35

shell
$ NUMBER="10" $ expr $NUMBER + 5 15

shell script shell script

$ FILENAME="My Document" $ ls $FILENAME ls: My: No such file or directory ls ls: Document: No such file or directory $ ls -l "$FILENAME" My Document ls

$ HAT="fedora" $ echo "The plural of $HAT is $HATs" The plural of fedora is $ echo "The plural of $HAT is ${HAT}s" The plural of fedora is fedoras

HATs

40.3.
Script 34.
$ echo "Hello world" Hello world $ printf "I am %d years old\n" `expr 20 + 20` I am 40 years old

echo

printf

174

200 | Linux

Shell script stdin

read

$ read name Sandy Smith Enter $ echo "I read the name $name" I read the name Sandy Smith

40.4.
Boolean test false shell 0 true

Linux shell exit status

$ cat myfile My name is Sandy Smith and I really like Fedora Linux $ grep Smith myfile My name is Sandy Smith and $ echo $? 0 $ grep aardvark myfile $ echo $? 1

return value $?

Linux 0 POSIX Linux

manpage

ts et
test 0

[
bash shell test 1

Shell Scripts

| 201

$ $ 1 $ $ 0

test 10 -lt 5 echo $? test -n "hello" echo $?

10 < 5

"hello" 0

test

test ]
$ $ 1 $ $ 0 [ 10 -lt 5 ] echo $? [ -n "hello" ] echo $?

$ [ 5 -lt 4] 4 bash: [: missing ']'

test ]

4]

test
-d name -f name -L name -r name -w name -x name

name name name name name name

202 | Linux

-s name

name f 1 f 1 f 2 f 2

f -nt f 1 2 f -ot f 1 2 s1 = s2 s1 ! s2 =
-z s1 -n s1

s1 s1 a a a a a a b b b b b b

0 0

a -eq b a -ne b a -gt b a -ge b a -lt b a -le b

t - t 1 a 2 t - t 1 o 2
!your_test

AND OR

t 1 t 1 your_test

t 2 t 2

\( your_test \)

tu re
bash

fle as
true 0 1 false

$ $ 0 $ $ 1

true echo $? false echo $?

Shell Scripts

| 203

40.5.
if if
if command then body fi command 0

if-then

if [ `whoami` = "root" ] then echo "You are the superuser" fi

if-then-else
if command then body1 else body2 fi

if [ `whoami` = "root" ] then echo "You are the superuser" else echo "You are an ordinary dude" fi

if-then-elif-else
if command1 then body1 elif command2 then body2 elif ... ... else

command1

command2

204 | Linux

bodyN fi

if [ `whoami` = "root" ] then echo "You are the superuser" elif [ "$USER" = "root" ] then echo "You might be the superuser" elif [ "$bribe" -gt 10000 ] then echo "You can pay to be the superuser" else echo "You are still an ordinary dude" fi

if-thenelif-else case

echo 'What would you like to do?' read answer case "$answer" in answer eat echo "OK, have a hamburger" ;; sleep echo "Good night then" ;; * echo "I'm not sure what you want to do" echo "I guess I'll see you tomorrow" ;; esac

case
case string in expr1 body1 ;; expr2 body2

Shell Scripts

| 205

;; ... exprN bodyN ;; * bodyelse ;; esac

string expr1 expr ... exprN info bash reserved case if ;;

case $letter in X echo "$letter is an X" ;; [aeiou] echo "$letter is a vowel" ;; [0-9] echo "$letter is a digit, silly" ;; * echo "I cannot handle that" ;; esac

$myvar * else

40.6.
while
while command do body done command 0

myscript script

206 | Linux

i=0 while [ $i -lt 3 ] do echo "again" i=`expr $i + 1` done

$ ./myscript 0 1 2

while

until while
until command do body done

until
command 0

i=0 until [ $i -gt 3 ] do echo "again" i=`expr $i + 1` done

$ ./myscript 0 1 2

for

Shell Scripts

| 207

for variable in list do body done

for name in Tom Jack Harry do echo "$name is my friend" done

$ ./myscript Tom is my friend Jack is my friend Harry is my friend

for
for file in *.doc do echo "$file is a stinky Microsoft Word file" done

while

until

while true do echo "forever" done until false do echo "forever again" done

break exit

208 | Linux

40.7. break
break

continue
myscript

for name in Tom Jack Harry do echo $name echo "again" done echo "all done"

$ ./myscript Tom again Jack again Harry again all done

break
for name in Tom Jack Harry do echo $name if [ "$name" = "Jack" ] then break fi echo "again" done echo "all done"

$ ./myscript Tom again Jack break all done

continue myscript
for name in Tom Jack Harry

Shell Scripts

| 209

do echo $name if [ "$name" = "Jack" ] then continue fi echo "again" done echo "all done"

$ ./myscript Tom again Jack continue Harry again all done

break continue

continue break script N

break N

continue N

40.8. Shell Scripts

Shell script script bash script

script
#!/bin/bash

$ chmod +x myscript

script script

~/bin

210 | Linux

/usr/local/bin script
$ myscript

script . script
$ ./myscript

./

shell

script

subshell
bash
$ bash myscript

script

script script ...

subshell subshell shell login shell

login shell
shell
$ . myscript

script

shell

script script #!/bin/bash script shell

40.9.
Shell scripts Linux shell script Linux scripts. bash

Fedora

Linux distribution

Shell Scripts

| 211

$@

$1

$2

$3 ...

$ cat myscript #!/bin/bash echo "My name is $1 and I come from $2" echo "Your info : $@" $ ./myscript Johnson Wisconsin My name is Johnson and I come from Wisconsin Your info : Johnson Wisconsin

script bash $#
if [ $# -lt 2 ] then echo "$0 error: you must supply two arguments" else echo "My name is $1 and I come from $2" fi

$0

script

script

$ ./myscript Bob ./myscript error: you must supply two args

for

$@

for arg in $@ do echo "I found the argument $arg" done

40.10.
exit 0 script 0 script 1 exit shell shell

212 | Linux

if [ $# -lt 2 ] then echo "Error: you must supply two args" exit 1 else echo "My name is $1 and I come from $2" fi exit 0 $ ./myscript Bob ./myscript error: you must supply two args $ echo $? 1

40.11.
Shell scripts

Shell Scripting

...
Linux

Pr el Python C/C++ Java FORTRAN Ada

perl python gcc javac java g77 gnat

http://www.perl.com/ http://www.python.org/ http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/ http://java.sun.com/ http://www.gnu.org/software/ fortran/fortran.html http://www.gnu.org/software/ gnat/gnat.html

Fedora

Linux distribution

Shell Scripts

| 213

214 | Linux