United International University

PHY 2105
Waves and Oscillation,
Electricity and magnetism

Prof. Dr. M Abu Saklayen

Director,
Institute of Natural Sciences
Part 1
Simple harmonic oscillators
Damped oscillators
Driven oscillators
Resonance
The Wave Equation
What to do in this course:

1. Read the relevant sections in the textbook

… the course notes will guide you.

2. Do all homework and problem sets.

3. Get help early … from Course Teacher.

4. there are no shortcuts … put effort in to

understand things …
Problem-solving and homework

Each Chapter you will be given a take-home

problem set to complete and hand in for
marks ... In addition to this, you need to
work through the problems in Book, in you
own time, at home.
You will not be asked to hand these in for
marks. Get help from you friends, the course
Teacher ...
Do not take shortcuts. Mastering these problems
is a fundamental aspect of this course.
 Different Kind of Motions

Linear Motion

Uniform Circular Motion

Oscillatory Motion (Simple Pendulum)
Oscillatory Motion (Spring Mass)
Oscillatory Phenomena

… observed in many physical systems …

from the very small…(e.g. dipole resonance in
nuclei)… to the very large (earthquake waves,
stars,…)

Mechanical systems …… to lasers

…… from violin strings …… to electrical systems
Oscillatory Motion
Motion which is periodic in time, that
is, motion that repeats itself in time.

Examples:
• Power line oscillates when the wind
blows past it
• Earthquake oscillations move
buildings
- Block attached to a spring

- Motion of a swing
- Motion of a pendulum
- Vibrations of a stringed musical
instrument
- Motion of a cantilever
- Oscillations of houses, bridges, …
- All clocks use simple harmonic motion
Periodic Motion: Many kind of
motion repeat over and over, such as,
the vibrations of quartz crystal in a
watch, swinging pendulum in a clock
and back-and-forth motion of a piston
in an engine. This kind of motions are
called periodic motion.
Amplitude: The amplitude of the
motion, denoted by A, is the maximum
magnitude of displacement from the
equilibrium position. It is always
positive
Time Period: The period T, is the
time required for one oscillation.

Frequency: The frequency, f, is the

number of complete oscillations in a
unit time.
Simple Harmonic Motion: The
simplest kind of oscillation occurs when the
restoring force Fx is directly proportional to
the displacement from the equilibrium x.
When the restoring force is directly
proportional to the displacement from the
equilibrium as given by equation
Fx = − kx
The oscillation is called Simple Harmonic
Motion(SHM).
 What is ?
Let us now find the physical significance of constant . If the
time t in displacement equation is increased by 2π/,
the function becomes

x = A cos[ (t + 2 /  ) +  ]
= A cos[t + 2 +  ]
= A cos(t +  ]

The function merely repeat itself after a time 2π/. Therefore

2π/ is period of the motion.
We have

k
 =2

m
We have got

2
T=

Therefore,

2 The quantity  is called angular

= Frequency.
T
The velocity and
acceleration for simple
harmonic motion can be
found by differentiating
the displacement:
x = A cos(w t + f ),
v = -w Asin(w t + f )
p
= w A cos(w t + f + ),
2
a = -w A cos(w t + f )
2

p
= -w Asin(w t + f + ).
2

2
 Phase Difference

 The phase of periodic wave describes

where the wave is in its cycle
 Phase difference is used to describe the
phase position of one wave relative to
another
 Phase Difference 180


pressure

time

½
 Phase Difference 90

pressure

time

¼
 Phase Difference 45

pressure

time

1/8 
Wave A Wave B
Ex. A block of mass 680gm is fastened to a spring of
spring constant 65N/m. The block is pulled a distance
11cm from its equlibrum on a frictionless table and
released
(a) What are the angular frequency, the frequency, and
the period of the motion?
(b) What is amplitude of the motion?
(c) What is the maximum speed of the block?
 Example

A spring stretches by 3.90 cm

when a 10.0 g mass is hung
from it. A 25.0 g mass attached
to this spring oscillates in
simple harmonic motion.

(a) Calculate the period of the motion.

(b) Calculate frequency and the angular velocity of the motion.
K.E and P.E of SHM
 Check Your Understanding
A 0.42-kg block is attached to the end of a horizontal ideal
spring and rests on a frictionless surface. The block is pulled
so that the spring stretches by 2.1 cm relative to its
unstrained length. When the block is released, it moves with
an acceleration of 9.0 m/s2. What is the spring constant of
the spring?

180 N/m

35
 2.1cm
kx = ma

2.1
k = 0.42  9.0m / s 2

100

0.42  9.0
k= 100 = 180 N / m
2.1
36
Energy in the SHO
Energy calculations.
For the simple harmonic oscillation where k = 19.6
N/m, A = 0.100 m, x = -(0.100 m) cos 8.08t, and v =
(0.808 m/s) sin 8.08t, determine (a) the total energy, (b)
the kinetic and potential energies as a function of time,
(c) the velocity when the mass is 0.050 m from
equilibrium, (d) the kinetic and potential energies at
half amplitude (x = ± A/2).
Solution:

1 2 1 -2
a. E = kA = ×19.6N/m × (0.100m) = 9.80 ´10 J.
2

2 2
1 2 1 2
b. U = kx = kA cos2 w t = (9.80 ´10 -2 J)cos2 8.08t,
2 2
-2
K = E -U = (9.80 ´10 J)sin 8.08t.
2
Solution:
1 2 1 2 1 2
c. K = E − U , mv = kA − kx ,
2 2 2
k 2
v= ( A − x 2 ) =  A2 − x 2
m
= 8.08Hz  (0.100m) − (0.050m) = 0.70m/s.
2 2

2
1 2 1  A 1
d. U = kx = k   = E = 2.5 10 − 2 J,
2 2 2 4
K = E − U = 7.3 10 − 2 J.
 Example:
Using Conservation of Energy
A 500 g block on a spring is pulled a distance of 20 cm and
released. The subsequent oscillations are measured to have a
period of 0.80 s. At what position (or positions) is the speed
of the block 1.0 m/s?
2 2
T = 0.80 s so  = = = 7.85 rad/s
T (0.80 s)

v= (
k 2
m
A − x 2 ) =  A2 − x 2

2
 (1.0 m/s) 
2
v
x =  A −   =  (0.20 m) − 
2 2
 = 0.154 m = 15.4 cm
   (7.85 rad/s) 
 Example: The Maximum Speed of
a Loudspeaker Diaphragm
The diaphragm of a loudspeaker moves back and forth in
simple harmonic motion to create sound. The frequency of the
motion is f = 1.0 kHz and the amplitude is A = 0.20 mm.

(a)What is the maximum

speed of the diaphragm?
(b)Where in the motion
does this maximum speed
occur?
41
(a)

(b) The speed of the diaphragm is zero when the

diaphragm momentarily comes to rest at either end of its
motion: x = +A and x = –A. Its maximum speed occurs
midway between these two positions, or at x = 0 m.

42
 Example: Radio Station Frequency and
Period

What is the oscillation period of an FM radio station

that broadcasts at 100 MHz?

f = 100 MHz = 1.0 108 Hz

1 −8
T = 1/ f = = 1.0  10 s = 10 ns
1.0 10 Hz
8

Note that 1/Hz = s

43/3
March 13, 2014 Physics 114A - Lecture 31 0
Example :
The Loudspeaker Revisited—The
Maximum Acceleration

A loudspeaker diaphragm is
vibrating at a frequency of
f = 1.0 kHz, and the
amplitude of the motion is
A = 0.20 mm.
(a)What is the maximum
acceleration of the
diaphragm, and
(b)where does this maximum
acceleration occur?
44
 (a)

(b) the maximum acceleration occurs at x = +A and x = –A

45
Check Your Understanding
The drawing shows plots
of the displacement x
versus the time t for three
objects undergoing simple
harmonic motion. Which
object, I, II, or III, has the
greatest maximum velocity?

II

46
Example: A Block on a Spring
A 2.00 kg block is attached to a spring as shown.
The force constant of the spring is k = 196 N/m.
The block is held a distance of 5.00 cm from
equilibrium and released at t = 0.
(a) Find the angular frequency , the frequency f, and the
period T.
(b) Write an equation for x vs. time.
 k (196 N/m)
= = = 9.90 rad/s
m (2.00 kg)

 (9.90 rad/s)
f= = = 1.58 Hz
2 2
T = 1/ f = 0.635 s A = 5.00 cm and  = 0

x = (5.00 cm)cos (9.90 rad/s)t 

Example:A System in SHM
An air-track glider is attached to a spring,
pulled 20 cm to the right, and released
at t-=0. It makes 15 complete
oscillations in 10 s.
a. What is the period of oscillation?
b. What is the object’s maximum speed?
c. What is its position and velocity at t=0.80 s?
 15 oscillations
f =
10 s
= 1.5 oscillations/s = 1.5 Hz
T = 1/ f = 0.667 s
2 A 2 (0.20 m)
vmax = = = 1.88 m/s
T (0.667 s)
2 t 2 (0.80 s)
x = A cos = (0.20 m) cos = 0.062 m = 6.2 cm
T (0.667 s)
2 t 2 (0.80 s)
v = −vmax sin = −(1.88 m/s) sin = −1.79 m/s
T (0.667 s)
Example: Finding the Time
A mass, oscillating in simple harmonic
motion, starts at x = A and has period T.
At what time, as a fraction of T, does the
mass first pass through x = ½A?

2 t
x = A = A cos
1
2
T

T −1  1  T  1
t= cos  2  = = 6T
2 2 3
51/3
March 13, 2014 Physics 114A - Lecture 31 0
Ex. A particle execute s simple harmonic motion given
by the equation

2t 
y = 12 sin( + )
10 4
Calculate (i) amplitude, (ii) frequency, (iii) displacement
at t= 1.25s, (iv) velocity at t= 2.5s (v) acceleration at
t= 5s.
Ex. A particle execute s simple harmonic motion
given by the equation


y = 10 sin(10t − )
6

Calculate (i) frequency, (ii) time period (iii) the

maximum displacement (iv)the maximum velocity
(v) the maximum acceleration acceleration.
Simple Pendulum
A simple pendulum consists of a
particle of mass m, attached to a
frictionless point by a cable of
length L and negligible mass.
 From the above figure restoring force

F = −mg sin 
If the angle  is very small sin is very nearly
equal to . The displacement along the arc is

x = L
Therefore, F = −mg
 d 2x d 2
Acceleration 2
=L 2
dt dt 2
d x
+ x = 0
2

d  2 2
dt
Force = mL 2
dt Where
d  2
 =
g
2
mL 2 = − mg
dt L
And
d  g
2
+  =0 L
dt 2
L T = 2
g
 Example 10. Keeping Time
Determine the length of a simple pendulum that will swing
back and forth in simple harmonic motion with a period of
1.00 s.

1
f = g/L
2

57
LC Circuit
Charging discharging of an LC Circuit
 Energy stored
in electric field

Energy stored in
magnetic field

Energy stored
in electric field

Energy stored in
magnetic field
60
An LC circuit, also called a resonant
circuit, tank circuit, or tuned circuit,
consists of an inductor, represented by the
letter L, and a capacitor, represented by the
letter C. When connected together, they can
act as an electrical resonator or oscillator.

Voltage across capacitor at any instant

Q
VC =
C
Q is the charge on the capacitor and C is
capacitance of capacitor.
Voltage across inductor at the same instant
di
VL = L
dt
Q di
+L =0 Kirchhoff's voltage law
C dt
d 2i 1
2
+ i=0
dt LC
Similar to differential equation of SHM
d 2x 1
+  0 x = 0,  0
2
=
dt 2
LC
Time Period

T = 2 LC

Frequency

1
f =
2 LC
Solution of the differential equation is

i (t ) = −i0 sin( 0t +  )

Current in the circuit

i (t ) = −i0 sin( 0t +  )

Examples some damped oscillating systems
Damped Harmonic motion:When oscillating
bodies do not move back and forth between
Precisely fixed limits because frictional force
dissipate the energy and amplitude of oscillation
Decreases with time and finally die out. Such
harmonic motion is called Damped Harmonic
Motion.
In theses systems the damping force

F  = −bv
RLC circuit
 Voltage across resistor R VR = iR

Q
 Voltage across capacitor C VC =
C
di
 Voltage across inductor L VL = L
dt
 According to Kirchhoff's voltage law

Q di
iR + + L = 0
C dt
Rewrite the equation
d 2i R di 1
2
+ + i=0
dt L dt LC
Comparing with the equation
d 2 x dx
+  + 0 x = 0
2
2
dt dt

Where
R 1
= 0 =
L LC
 Three distinguish cases are

1 R2
i)
 2 Oscillatory behavior
LC 4 L

1 R2
= 2
ii)
LC 4 L Critical damping

1 R2
iii)
 2
LC 4 L
Over damping
 1 R2
Case i)  2
LC 4 L

Solution of the differential equation

R
− t
Q(t ) = Ae 2L
cos(1t +  )

Where 1 R2
1 = ( − 2)
LC 4 L

Frequency of oscillation
1 1 R2
f = ( − 2)
2 LC 4 L
EX. A capacitor 1.0µF, an inductor 0.2h and a resistance
800Ω are joined in series. Is the circuit oscillatory?
Find the frequency of oscillation.

Ex. Find whether the discharge of capacitor through the

following inductive circuit is oscillatory.
C = 0.1µF, L = 10mh, R 200 Ω
If Oscillatory, find the frequency of oscillation.
Lssajous’ Figures: When particle is
influenced simultaneously by two simple
harmonic motion at right angles to each
Other , the resultant motion of the particle
traces a curve.This curves are called
Lissajous’ figures. The shape of the curves
Depend on the time period, phase difference
and amplitude of the constituent vibrations.
 Wave Motion
 Differential Equation of Wave motion
 Progressive and Standing Waves
 Group and Phase Velocity
 Power and Intensity of Wave Motion
 Review: Simple Harmonic Motion
 The position x of an object moving in simple harmonic
motion as a function of time has the following form:
x = A cos (t+)
i.e. the object periodically moves back and forth between
the amplitudes x=+A and x=–A.
The time it takes for the object to make one full cycle is
the period T=2/=1/f, where f is the frequency of the
motion.
Thus, the angular speed in terms of T and f reads

 = 2/T and =2f

 What is a wave ?

Nature of waves:
A wave is a traveling disturbance that
transports energy from place to place.
There are two basic types of waves: transverse
and longitudinal.
Transverse: the disturbance travels
perpendicular to the direction of travel of the
wave.
Longitudinal: the disturbance occurs parallel
to the line of travel of the wave.
Examples:
Longitudinal: Sound waves (e.g. air moves
back & forth)
Transverse: Light waves (electromagnetic
waves, i.e. electric and magnetic
disturbances)
The source of the wave, i.e. the
disturbance, moves continuously in
simple harmonic motion, generating an
entire wave, where each part of the wave
also performs a simple harmonic motion.
 Types of Waves

Transverse: The medium oscillates perpendicular to the

direction the wave is moving.
Water waves

Longitudinal: The medium oscillates in the same

direction as the wave is moving

Sound
 Wave Properties...

Period: The time T for a point on the wave to undergo one

complete oscillation.

Speed: The wave moves one wavelength  in one period T

so its speed is v =  / T.


v=
T
 Wave Properties...

The speed of a wave is a constant that depends only on the

medium, not on the amplitude, wavelength or period:
 and T are related !
 = vT or  = 2 v /  (since T = 2 /  )
or  = v / f (since T = 1/ f )

Recall f = cycles/sec or revolutions/sec

 = 2f

Is the speed of a wave particle the same as the speed of the

wave ?
No. Wave particle performs simple harmonic motion: v=A 
sin t.
 Wave Properties

Amplitude: The maximum displacement A of a point on the

wave.
Wavelength: The distance  between identical points
on the wave.

Wavelength
Amplitude A 

A
Equation for a Progressive Wave
The simplest type of wave is the one in which
the particles of the medium are set into simple
harmonic vibrations as the wave passes
through it. The wave is then called a simple
harmonic wave.

O
Consider a particle O in the medium.
The displacement at any instant of time is
given by

Where A is the amplitude,  is the angular

frequency of the wave. Consider a particle P at
a distance x from the particle O on its right.
Let the wave travel with a velocity v from left
to right. Since it takes some time for the
disturbance to reach P, its displacement can be
written as
 y = A sin (t-)………(2)

Where  is the phase difference between the

particles O and P.

We know that a path difference of  corresponds

to a phase difference of 2 radians. Hence a
path difference of x corresponds to a phase
difference of
 2x
=


Displacement of particle P is
2x
y = A sin( t − )..........(3)


2t 2x
y = A sin( − )...........(5)
T 
 t x
y = A sin 2 ( − )
T 

vt x
y = A sin 2 ( − )
 
2
y = A sin (vt − x)...........(6)

Similarly, for a particle at a distance x to
the left of 0, the equation for the
displacement is given by
2
y = A sin (vt + x)..............(7)

Differential equation for wave
motion
We have wave equation
2
y = A sin (vt − x).........(1)


Differentiating equation with respect to x,

We get,
dy 2 2
=A cos (vt − x)..........(2)
dx  
The velocity of the particle whose displacement
y is represented by equation, is obtained by
differentiating it with respect to t, since velocity
is the rate of change of displacement with
respect to time.
dy 2v 2
=A cos (vt − x)..........(3)
dt  
Comparing equations (2) and (3) we
get,
dy dy
= v .........(4)
dt dx
Particle velocity = wave velocity x slope of the
displacement curve or strain.

Differentiating equation (2)

4 2
2 2
d y
= − A 2 sin (vt − x)..........(5)
dx 2
 
Differentiating equation (3)

d2y 4 2 v 2 2
= − A 2 sin (vt − x)..........(6)
dt 2
 

Comparing equs. (5) and (6)

d2y d 2
y
2
=v 2
2
.........(7)
dt dx

Equation (7) represents the differential

equation of wave velocity
Ex. The equation of a traveling wave is

y = 4.0 sin  (0.10 x − 2t )

Find (i) wavelength, (ii) speed and
(iii) frequency of oscillating particle of the
wave
Ex. When a simple harmonic wave is
propagated through a medium, the
displacement of a paricle in cm at any
instant is

2
y = 10 sin (36000t − 20)
100

Calculate the amplitude, wave velocity,

wavelength, frequency and period of the
oscillating particle.
•Ex. The equation of a traveling wave is

y = 4.0 sin  (0.10 x − 2t )

Find (i) amplitude (ii) wavelength (iii) speed
(iv) frequency of wave
 When a simple harmonic wave is propagated
through a medium, the displacement of the particle
at any instant of time is given by

y = 5.0 sin  (360t − 0.15 x)

calculate
(i)the amplitude of the vibrating particle,
(ii)wave velocity,
(ii)wave length,
(iv)frequency and
(v) time period.
Ex. A simple harmonic wave of amplitude 8units
travels a line of particles in the direction of
positive X axis. At any instant for a particle at a
distance of 10cm from the origin, the
displacement is +6units and at a distance a
particle from the origin is 25units, the
displacement is +4units. Calculate the
wavelength.
 Forced Oscillations; Resonance

Forced vibrations occur when there is a periodic driving

force. This force may or may not have the same period as
the natural frequency of the system.
If the frequency is the same as the natural frequency, the
amplitude can become quite large. This is called resonance.
Figure : Caption: (a) Large-amplitude oscillations of the
Tacoma Narrows Bridge, due to gusty winds, led to its
collapse (1940). (b) Collapse of a freeway in California, due to
the 1989 earthquake.
Equation of Driven Harmonic Motion.
 Consider what happens when we apply a time-
dependent force F(t) to a system that normally would
carry out SHM with an angular frequency 0.

 Assume the external force F(t) = mF0sin(t). The

equation of motion can now be written as

0 x + F0 sin ( t )
d2x
2 = − 2
dt

 The steady state motion of this system will be

harmonic motion with an angular frequency equal to
the angular frequency of the driving force.
 Consider the general solution
t = Acos ( t +  )
x ()

 The parameters in this solution must be chosen

such that the equation of motion is satisfied. This
requires that

− 2 Acos ( t +  )+  02 Acos ( t +  )− F0 sin ( t )= 0

 This equation can be rewritten as

( 02 −  2 )Acos ( t )cos ( )−
( 02 −  2 )Asin ( t )sin ( )− F0 sin ( t )= 0
 Our general solution must thus satisfy the
following condition:

( 02 −  2 )Acos ( t )cos ( )− ( 02 −  2 )A sin ( )− F0 sin ( t )= 0

 Since this equation must be satisfied at all time,

we must require that the coefficients of cos(t)
and sin(t) are 0. This requires that
(0
 2
−  2
)Acos ( )= 0
and

( 0 )A sin ( )− F0 = 0
 2
−  2
 The interesting solutions are solutions
where A ≠ 0 and  ≠ 0. In this case, our
general solution can only satisfy the equation
of motion if
cos ( )= 0

and
(02 −  2 )A sin ( )− F0 = (02 −  2 )A − F0 = 0

 The amplitude of the motion is thus equal to

F0
A=
( 02 −  2 )
 If the driving force has a frequency close to the
natural frequency of the system, the resulting
amplitudes can be very large even for small driving
amplitudes. The system is said to be in resonance.
 In realistic systems, there will also be a damping
force. Whether or not resonance behavior will be
observed will depend on the strength of the
damping term.
Driven Harmonic Motion.
 Done for today!
Thursday: Temperature and Heat!

QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Unusually Strong Cyclone Off the Brazilian Coast: A lot of Rotational Motion!
Credit: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, GSFC, NASA
 Forced Oscillations; Resonance
The sharpness of the
resonant peak depends on
the damping. If the damping
is small (A) it can be quite
sharp; if the damping is
larger (B) it is less sharp.

Like damping, resonance can be wanted or unwanted.

Musical instruments and TV/radio receivers depend on it.
Forced Oscillations; Resonance
The equation of motion for a forced oscillator is:

The solution is:

where

and
Forced Oscillations; Resonance

The width of the

resonant peak can be
characterized by the Q
factor: