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Stat Fiai 2 Sampel

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273 views6 pages

Stat Fiai 2 Sampel

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titaniamukti
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Case Study 10.1: Blood Sample Data: In a study conducted in the Forestry and Wildlife De- partment at Virginia Tech, J. A. Wesson examined the influence of the drug suc- cinylcholine on the circulation levels of androgens in the blood. Blood samples were taken from wild, free-ranging deer immediately after they had received an intramuscular injection of succinylcholine administered using darts and a capture gun. A second blood sample was obtained from each deer 30 minutes after the first sample, after which the deer was released. The levels of androgens at time of capture and 30 minutes later, measured in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), for 15 deer are given in Table 10.2. Assuming that the populations of androgen levels at time of injection and 30 minutes later are normally distributed, test at the 0.05 level of significance whether the androgen concentrations are altered after 30 minutes. Table 10.2: Data for Case Study 10.1 Androgen (ng/mL) Deer At Time of Injection 30 Minutes after Injec! a T 2.76 7.02 4.26 2 5.18 3.10 —2.08 3 2.68 5.44 2.76 4 3.05 3.99 0.94 5 4.10 5.21 Li 6 7.05 10.26 3.21 7 6.60 13.91 7.31 8 4.79 18.53 13.74 9 7.39 791 0.52 10 7.30 4.85 —2.45 li 11.78 11.10 —0.68 12 3.90 3.74 —0.16 1B 26.00 94.03 68.03 u 67.48 94.03 26.55 15 17.04 A1.70 24.66 Solution: Let jx, and j1z be the average androgen concentration at the time of injection and 30 minutes later, respectively. We proceed as follows: Ao: pa = po OF py Ah: jy # pz oF tp a= 0.05. Critical region: ¢ < —2.145 and t > 2.145, where t = 25%. with v = 1d degrees of freedom. 1 = ta = 0. M1 — We #0. eeNe 5. Computations: The sample mean and standard deviation for the d; are d@=9.848 and sq = 18.474. ‘Therefore, 9.848 —0 18474//15 6. Though the t-statistic is not significant at the 0.05 level, from Table A.4, P = P(|D| > 2.06) ~ 0.06. 2.06. Asa result, there is some evidence that there is a difference in mean circulating levels of androgen. 4 The assumption of no interaction would imply that the effect on androgen levels of the deer is roughly the same in the data for both treatments, i.e., at the time of injection of succinylcholine and 30 minutes following injection. This can be expressed with the two factors switching roles; for example, the difference in treatments is roughly the same across the units (i.e., the deer). There certainly are some deer/treatment combinations for which the no interaction assumption seems to hold, but there is hardly any strong evidence that the experimental units are homogeneous. However, the nature of the interaction and the resulting increase in Var(D) appear to be dominated by a substantial difference in the treatments. This is further demonstrated by the fact that 11 of the 15 deer exhibited positive signs for the computed d; and the negative d; (for deer 2, 10, 11, and 12) are small in magnitude compared to the 12 positive ones. Thus, it appears that the mean level of androgen is significantly higher 30 minutes following injection than at injection, and the conclusions may be stronger than p = 0.06 would suggest. Table 10.3: Tests Concerning Means Ho A Critical Region Ko 2> 2a Alo 2 < Faso OF 2 > Fa2 B< Ho t<—ty B= ho H> Ho t> ta eo t< ~tajp or t> tay2 (@1 = 2) = do_ Mi-b2dy 2 > 2a a1 and @2 known Waie#dy 2 < 2/2 8 > Zoya t= : spvi/ns + Una Mape dy b> ta (m —1)82 + (np —1)83 MH Fdy t<—toj2 ort > baja my +My —2 p= 12%) —do J/st/ny + 3/2, Mme do E> ta Gin + (eile , Mia peFdy Uh < taj or > tay oy #2 and mknown Hp = do 1-4 lp < do t<—te paired. lp > do b> te observations v Bp # do t< tayo ort > tasa 10.43 According to published reports, practice un- der fatigued conditions distorts mechanisms that gov- ern performance. An experiment was conducted using 15 college males, who were trained to make a continu- ous horizontal right-to-left arm movement from a mi- croswitch to a barrier, knocking over the barrier co- incident with the arrival of a clock sweephand to the 6 o'clock position. The absolute value of the differ- ence between the time, in milliseconds, that it took to knock over the barricr and the time for the swcephand to reach the 6 o’clock position (500 msec) was recorded. Each participant, performed the task five times under prefatigue and postfatigue conditions, and the sums of the absolute differences for the five performances were recorded. Absolute Time Differences Subject _Prefatigue___Postfatigue __ T 158 91 2 92 59 3 65 215 4 98 226 5 33 223 6 89 91 7 148 92 8 58 177 9 142 134 10 117 116 i 74 153 12 66 219 13 109 143, 14 37 164 15 85 100 An increase in the mean absolute time difference when the task is performed under postfatigue conditions would support the claim that practice under fatigued conditions distorts mechanisms that govern perfor- mance. Assuming the populations to be normally dis- tributed, test this claim 10.44 In a study conducted by the Department of Human Nutrition and Foods at Virginia Tech, the fol- lowing data were recorded on sorbic acid residuals, in parts per million, in ham immediately after dipping in a sorbate solution and after 60 days of storage: Sorbic Acid Residuals in Ham Slice “Before Storage After Storage 1 224 116 2 270 96 3 400 239 4 444 329 5 590 437 6 660 597 7 1400 689 8 680 576 Assuming the populations to be normally distributed, is there sufficient evidence, at the 0.05 level of signifi- cance, to say that the length of storage influences sorbic acid residual concentrations? 10.45 A taxi company manager is trying to decide whether the use of radial tires instead of regular belted tires improves fuel economy. Twelve cars were equipped with radial tires and driven over a prescribed test course. Without changing drivers, the same cars were then equipped with regular belted tires and driven once again over the test course. The gasoline consump- tion, in kilometers per liter, was recorded as follows: Kilometers per Liter Car “Radial Tires Belted Tires 1 4.2 4d 2 AT 49 3 6.6 6.2 4 7.0 6.9 5 6.7 6.8 6 4.5 4.4 7 5.7 5.7 8 6.0 5.8 9 74 6.9 10 4.9 47 11 6.1 6.0 12 5.2 49 Can we conclude that cars equipped with radial tires give better fuel economy than those equipped with belted tires? Assume the populations to be normally distributed. Use a P-value in your conclusion.

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