Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Pablo Borbon Main Campus II

Alangilan, Batangas City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & FINE ARTS

Civil and Sanitary Engineering Department

CE 418 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Traffic Impact of the Batangas City-Bauan Diversion Road

CE 4205

Castillo, Dhea Lynsie M.

Dadgdagan, Vera Crizelle M.

Mendoza, Janine Micah B.

Valencia, Arni Allyson E.

Instructor:

Dr. Cristina Amor M. Rosales

May 28, 2019

 ABSTRACT

The number of vehicles in Batangas City grows continuously. More and more people are

in possession of a vehicle for varying reasons such as comfort, convenience, good economics

and less amount of time to travel. Hence, the need for transportation system has been

increased rapidly. One of the useful tools for the engineers and planners to determine the

possible effects of the project on the population and traffic system is through assessment and

by using a methodological approach. This study serves as a useful tool for the local

governments, especially for managing traffic and in planning their respective transportation

systems. In order to conduct the traffic analysis, several factors should be taken into account.

It includes traffic conditions, traffic demand, vehicular characteristics, trip origin &

destination. Informal and conversational interviews were conducted with the number of

respondents in relation to the traffic analysis in Batangas City – Bauan Diversion Road area.

Spot speed data was gathered relatively for evaluation of vehicle’s speed distribution at

specified locations. Additionally, the number of vehicles moving over the 85th percentile are

determined.

Disclaimer

We declare the following to be our work, unless otherwise referenced, as defined by the
University’s policy on plagiarism.

Castillo, Dhea Lynsie M.

Dagdagan, Vera Crizelle M.

Mendoza, Janine Micah B.

Valencia, Arni Allyson E.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their deepest gratitude and sincerest appreciation to
the following people who helped in the making of this study.

Engr. Edwin D. Abrigonda, District Engineer of DPWH II, for providing us the data of
the Batangas City - San Pascual - Bauan Diversion Road needed in the study.

Engr. Ariel V. Armedilla – Chief, Planning and Design Section District Engineering
Office, for helping us to understand the profile of the road.

Engr. Cristina Amor M. Rosales - Instructor CE 418 - Research Management, for the
trust and support to our technical report which became the foundation of our study.

To the librarian of the Foster Wheeler Library for providing the books and other
necessary resources for the completion.

To our classmates, CE-4205 for sharing their knowledge in traffic planning in the
accomplishment of this study.

To our family and friends for their undying encouragement, support and guidance.

And for the gift of good health, perseverance and source of strength, the researchers give
thanks to the Almighty God who is watching and guiding them every step of the way. With
Him, all things are possible.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1

Background of the Study 2

Statement of the Problem 5

Objective 5

Significance of the Study 6

Scope and Limitations 6

Methodology 7

Speed Study 7

Method of Measurement 8

Impact Determination 10

Results and Discussion 12

I. Speed 12

II. Accident Record & Forecasting 21

Conclusion

Appendix

References
 FIGURES

Figure 1. Location Map of the Batangas City-Bauan Diversion Road 3

Figure 2. Location of Reference Traffic Station 4

Figure 3. Pavement Marking 8

Figure 4. Speed versus Number of Vehicles on Batangas City - San Jose Road 14

Figure 5. Frequency Distribution Curve of Batangas City - San Jose Road 14

Figure 6. Cumulative Speed Distribution of Batangas City - San Jose Road 15

Figure 7. Speed versus Number of Vehicles on Palico-Balayan-Batangas Road 17

Figure 8. Frequency Distribution Curve of Palico-Balayan-Batangas Road 17

Figure 9. Cumulative Speed Distribution of Palico-Balayan-Batangas Road 18

Figure 10. Speed versus Number of Vehicles on Bauan - Mabini Road 20

Figure 11. Frequency Distribution Curve of Bauan - Mabini Road 20

Figure 12. Cumulative Speed Distribution of Bauan - Mabini Road 21

Figure 13. Accident Data Presentation of Batangas City 22

Figure 14. Accident Data Presentation of Batangas City 23

Figure 15. Accident Data Presentation of Batangas City 24

Figure 16. Status of Batangas City – Bauan Diversion Road Project

Figure 17. Pavement Marking in Batangas City- San Jose Road, Makalintal
Avenue in Palsahingin, San Pascual and Alitagtag-San Pascual Road
 TABLES

Table 1. Data for Spot Speed on Batangas City - San Jose Road 13

Table 2. Spot Speed Analysis of Batangas City - San Jose Road 13

Table 3. Data for Spot Speed on Palico- Balayan-Batangas Road 16

Table 4. Spot Speed Analysis of Speed on Palico- Balayan-Batangas Road 16

Table 5. Data for Spot Speed on Bauan - Mabini Road 19

Table 6. Spot Speed Analysis of Bauan - Mabini Road 19

Table 7. Yearly Accident Data of Batangas City 22

Table 8. Yearly Accident Data of Poblacion, Bauan Batangas 23

Table 9. Yearly Accident Data of San Pascual, Batangas 24

Table 10. Data for Spot Speed on Batangas City-San Jose Road – STATION 1

Table 11. Data for Spot Speed on Palico-Balayan-Batangas City Road -

STATION 2
Table 12. Data for Spot Speed on Bauan-Mabini Road - STATION 3
 INTRODUCTION

Rapid growth of industrialization, technology advancement, increasing of the

population in a certain city and the resulting urbanization has conveyed about an
unprecedented revolution in the increase of motorized and non-motorized vehicles all over
the world. Nowadays, these factors are not only governed in big cities, it’s a big challenge as
well for the small cities which is growing with a rapid speed in population. Such increase in
the urbanization, united with rise in number of vehicle possession, in recent years, it led to an
increased demand of traffic planning and the systems, for both long-term and short-term
period. Traffic analysis is basically the process of intercepting and examining the number of
vehicles moving on the road and inferring the pattern of traffic movement. A traffic interview
on the city area of Batangas has been performed out which comprised calculation of the spot
speed analysis.

Speed defines the distance travelled by user in a given time, and this is a vibrant in
every traffic movement. The actual speed of traffic flow over a given route may change
widely, as because at each time the volume of traffic varies. Mathematically speed or velocity
v is given by, v = d/t where, v is the speed of the vehicle in m/s, d is distance travelled in
meters or kilometers and in time t in hours or seconds. Speed of different vehicles varies to
time and space. It is considered as a quality measurement of travel as the drivers and
passengers will be concerned more about the speed of the journey than the design aspects of
the traffic.

Spot speed is the instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a specified given area of location.
Spot speed can be used to design the geometry of road like horizontal and vertical curves,
super elevation. Safe speed and the regulated upper and lower speed limit require the spot
speed data. Accident analysis, road maintenance, and congestion are the modern fields of
traffic engineer, which uses spot speed data as the basic input.

Excess speed is defined as exceeding the speed limit. Inappropriate speed is defined
as driving at a speed unsuitable for the prevailing road and traffic conditions. Excess and
inappropriate speed are responsible for a high proportion of the mortality and morbidity that
result from road crashes. In high-income countries, speed contributes to about 30% of deaths
on the road, while in some low-income and middle income countries, speed is estimated to be
the main contributory factor in about half of all road crashes. Controlling vehicle speed can
prevent crashes happening and can reduce the impact when they do occur, lessening the
severity of injuries sustained by the victims.

A feasibility evaluation report provided by the Department of Public Works and

Highways (DPWH) shows the proposed construction of Batangas-Bauan-Ring Road. It
stretches from Brgy. San Isidro in Batangas City, passing through Brgy. Palsahingin in San
PascuaI and ends in the Bauan-Mabini Jct in Bauan.

Providing comfortable journey and safety to the road user or public of city is the
objective of the traffic and transport career and in modern ages, growing amount of time have
been consumed investigating approaches to diminish the conflicts or significances of
conflicts amongst traffic and road user. In accomplishing a better traffic system while
concurrently conserving an appropriate level of service for road user is a stimulating
procedure for transportation specialists. Though the government had technologically
advanced various plans for recovering traffic system, but the current improvements designate
that there is a necessity for additional research to improve a sympathetic of current practices
and development of a reliable traffic plan.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Government road projects are provided to support the growth of tourism and
industrial sectors within the province of Batangas. For instance, the Second District of Public
Works and Highways, identified the Batangas City-Bauan Diversion Road Project as one of
its priority projects for year 2018.

The proposed construction of Batangas City - San Pascual - Bauan Diversion Road
stretches from Balagtas passing Banaba South, Banaba West, Bayanan, San Mateo,
Palsahingin, and Mataas Na Lupa to Manghinao Proper. This project road is approximately
10.876 kilometers including the bridges. Scope of work includes construction of a 4-lane
gravel road, concrete road and bridge. The construction/improvement level for the project is a
6.7 meters carriageway with 230 mm thick Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP) plus
2.50-meter shoulders on both sides. This project aims to serve as a crucial road network as it
will help decongest the Palico-Balayan-Batangas Road and Bauan-Mabini Road, providing a
speedier and more convenient transportation of goods and services from and to the industrial
areas of Batangas City, San Pascual, Bauan, and Mabini. This will also boost the tourism
industry in the area and improve as well the travel experience to tourist destinations in Bauan
and Mabini.

The proposed project was initially provided with a Pre–Feasibility Study (Pre–FS)
dated December 2004 by DPWH Project Management Office for Feasibility Studies (PMO–
FS) to determine the economic and technical viability of the proposed project. The feasibility
study report includes estimation of vehicles that would probably use the project road in the
future. Public utility vehicles were excluded from the survey for having fixed route
assignments. The values are determined through surveys conducted by the study team.
Results revealed that approximately 21.4% of vehicles traversing the Batangas City-Bauan
Diversion Road will divert to the proposed Batangas City-Bauan Ring Road once it is
opened. The potential divertible traffic will have a traffic composition of 78.2% light vehicles
and 21.8% trucks.
 Figure 1. Location Map of the Batangas City-Bauan Diversion Road

Traffic information on the urban road network of Batangas City and Bauan were
taken from recent related feasibility studies of selected road sections in the area and also from
the National Traffic Counting Program (2001) of the Department. The schematic diagram
shown in Figure 1 shows the reference traffic stations where information used in this study
were derived.
 Figure 2. Location of Reference Traffic Stations

Station 01 is an NTCP Count station at KM 94 along the Batangas City - San Jose
Road, Station 02 is also an NTCP count station at KM 112 along Palico-Batangas Road.
Three (3) strategic reference stations were established based on completed feasibility studies
in the areas of Brgy. San Juan, Mabini (Station 03) along the Bauan- Mabini Road, Brgy.
Pinamucan Ibaba, Batangas City, along the Batangas-Lobo Bay Road; at Brgy. Bilago,
Batangas City, along the Batangas-Lobo Road.

In making this study, the researchers intended to determine the allowable range of
speed of the vehicles traveling on the major roads connected to Batangas City - San Pascual -
Bauan Diversion Road. Moreover, it includes assessment relation of speed and accident
record on the established locations.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The traffic profile on the Batangas City- Bauan section shows a 50% dominance of light
vehicles which includes cars, jeeps, vans, pick-ups, in the total vehicle composition and 18%
share of trucks are in the vehicle mix which represents the busy economic activity area based
on the results of the 2004 feasibility study.

The additional vehicular traffic generated due to the establishments along the three major
roads surely affects the time consuming, economic surrounding developments and the
adjacent transport network. These concerns as well with the issue related the pre-feasibility
study mainly, to ease the traffic congestion along the roads of Mabini, San Pascual and
Batangas City Road.

Lastly, the study also focuses on its impact to the local residents nearby who are affected
by the construction of the Bauan – San Pascual – Batangas Diversion Road.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the stations that is going to affect the
newly access bypass road, drivers, residents nearby the location, and future establishments,
and to see what other precautionary measures should be taken to prevent any adverse effects.
Specifically, this study sought:

1. determine the effects of the road construction to the residents traveling in the major
road connected;
2. determine the regulated lower and upper speed limit on the three major roads
connected to the diversion road;
3. evaluate the number of vehicles exceeding the upper speed limit on the reference
locations;
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will evaluate the Traffic Impact Analysis in Batangas City – San Pascual –
Bauan Diversion Road. The results of the study will furnish great contribution to the
development of the city and determine the allowable speed needed in traveling and the impact
of routes to be opened in the given location. Through this study, the researchers will aim to
determine if there are possible routes to opened or alternative and the effects of the on-going
road construction to the residents which will then enhance the effectiveness of the Batangas
City – San Pascual – Bauan Diversion Road.

This study will also improve the communities and governments concerned toward the
roads and highways, which will consequently improve the road condition.

To the nearby residents of Batangas City – San Pascual – Bauan Diversion Road, this
study would be utmost significant for them to develop more ideas and promote awareness in
the forward looking conditions of the road construction.

To the local government, this study will serve as a guide to develop effectively for the
planning of a better traffic system.

Further in related studies, it will serve as guide through their perpetual learning on
infrastructure developments which will make them knowledgeable and become aware of the
efficient traffic planning which they are to depend in the future.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study will focus on Traffic Impact Analysis in Batangas City – San Pascual –
Bauan Diversion Road. The data gathered were linked to each other to form an integrated
approach relatively traffic assignment. The researchers concern mainly on the effects of the
road construction to the residents within the major roads connected and allowable range of
speed in the given stations. Informal interviews are conducted to the residents and drivers.
Spot speed determination is conducted on the traffic stations established.
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the design, materials, methods, procedures and test utilized by
the researchers on the study to determine general speed trends, to help determine reasonable
speed limits, and to assess safety.

Speed Study

Speed is an important transportation consideration because it relates to safety, time,

comfort, convenience, economics and vital in the movement of traffic. Speed studies used to
determine the speed limits are too fast or too slow, proper speeds for new or improved roads,
if and where traffic control devices are needed. Accordingly, speeds are generally classified
into three main categories

1. Spot speed. This is the instantaneous speed of a vehicle at any specific location.

2. Running speed. This is the average speed maintained over a particular course while
the vehicle is in the motion.

3. Journey speed. This is the effective speed of the vehicle on a journey between two
points and the distance between two points and the distance between these points divided by
the total time taken for the vehicle to complete the journey, it includes all delay.

When we measure the traffic parameter over a short distance, we generally measure
the spot speed. A spot speed is made by measuring the individual speeds of a sample of the
vehicle passing a given spot on a street or highway. Spot speed studies are used to determine
the speed distribution of a traffic stream at a specific location. The data gathered in spot
speed studies are used to determine vehicle speed percentiles, which are useful in making
many speed-related decisions. Spot speed data have a number of safety applications,
including the following: speed trends, traffic control planning, accidental analysis, geometric
design, and research studies.
Method of Measurement

Methods of conducting spot speed Studies are divided into two main categories:
Manual and Automatic. The study utilized the manual process of measuring spot speed. The
researchers estimated the time it takes a vehicle to travel between two defined points on the
roadway ten (10) meters apart by recording the number of vehicles traveling on the
referenced location. Then, the video records are analyzed. In this method, the researchers
placed markings on the section of the road being studied.

Figure 3. Pavement Marking

Data Presentation

From the above methods, the collected data have to be presented into some
presentable form to make its calculation and analysis simpler and easier. The data are
presented according to the following sequence:

Frequency Distribution Table

After data collection, the spot speeds are arranged in order of their
magnitudes. An interval speed of 10 kph is selected. The data are grouped under the
prescribed range. Afterwards, the frequency distribution table is prepared.
 Frequency Distribution Curve

For each speed groups, % frequency of vehicles is plotted against speed.

Generally, the shape of the curve follows the normal distribution curve.

Cumulative Frequency Distribution Curve

For each speed group, the % cumulative frequency of vehicle observations is

plotted against speed. The cumulative frequaency distribution curve is a useful plot of
speed versus the percent of vehicles traveling at or below the designated speed. For
this reason, the upper limit of the speed group is used as the plotting point. In both the
distribution curve, the plots are connected by a smooth curve that minimizes the total
distance of points falling above the line and those falling below the line.

For the distribution characteristics, common descriptive statistics are computed from
the data in the frequency distribution table. It is determined graphically from the frequency
and cumulative frequency distribution curves. These statistics are used to describe two
important characteristics of the distribution (1) Measure of Central Tendency which helps to
describe the approximate middle or center of the distribution. Measures of central tendency
include the average or mean speed, the median speed, and the modal speed, and (2) Measure
of Dispersion that describe the extent to which data spreads around the center of the
distribution. Measures of dispersion include the different percentile speeds such as 15th, and
85th.

a. Mean Speed

The arithmetic or harmonic average speed is the most frequently used speed
statistics. It is the measure of central tendency of the data. Mean calculated gives two
kinds of mean speeds.

∑ f i vi
v t=
n

Where v t is the mean or average speed, vi is the individual speed of the i th

vehicle, f i is the frequency of speed, and n is the total number of vehicle observed.
 b. Median Speed

The median speed is defined as the speed that divides the distribution in to
equal parts. There are as many observations of speeds higher than the median as there
are lower than the median. By definition, the median equally divides the distribution.
Therefore, 50% of all observed speeds should be less than the median. In the
cumulative frequency curve, the 50th percentile speed is the median of the speed
distribution.

c. Modal Speed

The mode is defined as the single value of speed that is most likely to occur.
As no discrete values were recorded, the modal speed is also determined graphically
from the frequency distribution curve. A vertical line is dropped from the peak of the
curve, with the result found on the horizontal axis.

d. Percentile Speeds

The 85th and 15th percentile speeds give insight to both the central tendency
and dispersion of the distribution. As these values get closer to the mean, less
dispersion exists and the stronger the central tendency of the distribution becomes. It
is generally thought that the upper and lower 15% of the distribution represents
speeds that are either too fast or too slow for existing conditions. These values are
found graphically from the cumulative frequency distribution curve. The curve is
entered on the vertical axis at values of 85% and 15%. The respective speeds are
found on the horizontal axis.

The 98th percentile speed is also determining from the cumulative frequency
curve this speed is generally used for geometric design of the road.

Impact Determination

For this study, the researchers used a qualitative approach which permits a flexible
and iterative approach. An informal interview was conducted in the study to generate some
ideas. Through the data gathered, the researchers were able to identify the respondent which
includes the residents nearby the stations and the road, some of the drivers of public and
private vehicle, classmates, family and friends. Lists of questions were asked with the types
of respondents and important points to consider and opinion of the respondents were taken as
additional information in the study.
 APPENDIX

Any Logic Simulation in Station 1 and Station 2

Any Logic Simulation in Station 3

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https://nptel.ac.in/courses/105101008/522_TrSpeed/point12/point.html

Traffic Impact Assessment for Sustainable Traffic Management and Transportation

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Manalo, L. (2017). P524-M project to link Batangas City, Bauan. Retrieved from
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