Department of Electrical Engineering

Communication Systems Lab

Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation

Name : Usama Bin Sohaib

Roll Number : BSEE-2019-43

Instructor : Engr. Arbaz Shb.

Date : 14-03-2022

NAMAL UNIVERSITY MIANWALI

Introduction:
Free propagation of waves expects it to force impressive power. Higher the frequency
of a wave, the higher the power. Along these one performs, modulation of signals where
an attribute of a high-frequency signal called carrier is changed w.r.t message signal. In
amplitude modulation basically, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied. While
demodulation is the process in the reception of modulated signals whether used for
broadcast or two-way communication. Basically reverse process of modulation.
Task1-Simulation
Given Circuit

Fig.1 Single Transistor AM Modulator

Circuit’s Implementation in LTSPICE

Fig.2 Single Transistor AM Modulator Circuit in LTSPICE

Different Blocks of Circuit
Message Signal Block

Fig.2 Single Transistor AM Modulator’s message signal block

Above one is the block in which a source is generating the message signal and the capacitor is
limiting the lowering side of the bandwidth of the modulator as the lower the frequency greater
will be the reactance and vice versa and also preventing the DC from shifting the bias of the
modulator.

Carrier Signal Block

Fig.3 Single Transistor AM Modulator’s Carrier signal block

The above block is of a sinusoid source of frequency 5kHz which is basically playing the role
of a carrier signal. It is basically a high-frequency signal whose amplitude varies according to
the instantaneous amplitude of modulating signal.
Modulated Signal Block

Fig.4 Single Transistor AM Modulator’s Modulated signal block

The node in the above block is the point where modulated signal appears. After passing from
the switch both the carrier signal and message signal creates a modulated signal.
Rectification Block

Fig.5 Single Transistor AM Modulator’s Modulated signal block

The above block consists of the diode which is performing the rectification of modulated
signal. It enables the amplitude modulation to be recovered.
Amplification and Demodulation Block
The above block consists of an operational amplifier which is basically increasing the
amplitude of a modulated signal. The capacitor C2 is limiting the upper limit of the
bandwidth. On the output, the demodulated signal is obtained.
DC Remover

Fig.6 Single Transistor AM Modulator’s DC signal output remover block

The capacitor here is removing the dc signal from the demodulated signal which is
basically the carrier signal.
Graphs

Fig.7 Message Signal Graph

Fig.8 Carrier Signal Graph

 Fig.9 Modulated Signal Graph

Fig.10 Modulated Signal Graph after Rectification

Fig.11 Output Graph

Coupling Capacitor
A coupling capacitor is added to isolate the DC from the AC signal but it is not working
properly as the amplifier is not linear as it is not providing more power to load due to which
distortion is occurring and is called amplitude distortion.
Task 2-Hardware

Fig.12 Implementation of Signal Transistor AM Modulator on Breadboard

Fig.13 Function Generators-Source for carrier and message Signal

 Fig.14 Oscilloscope Graph-Output Signal (Demodulated)

Procedure
• In this task first the availability of all the components required for the implementation of
Signal Transistor AM Modulator is ensured.
• Two function generators are used in which one is the source for carrier signal and one is
message signal.
• The circuit according to the given circuit is implemented on the breadboard using different
components like resistors, capacitors, MOSFET, and op-amp. The purpose of all these
components is explained in the simulation section of the report.
• The oscilloscope is used to check the output waveforms. Fig.14 is the output waveform
obtained after isolating the DC signal. The output is similar to that of the output in the
simulation part. Due to the non-linearity of an op-amp, the amplitude is low otherwise it is
a demodulated wave which is basically the message signal.
Task 3-Hardware (CT-3000)

Fig.15 AM Modulator circuit’s implementation on CT-3000 Trainer

Fig.16 Carrier Signal generated using CT-3000 Trainer

Fig.17 Message Signal generated using CT-3000 Trainer

Fig.18 Output demodulated signal generated using CT-3000 Trainer

Message Signal Frequency = 1.087 kHz
Message Signal Amplitude = 1.04 V
Carrier Signal Frequency = 10 kHz
Carrier Signal Amplitude = 5.28 V

Procedure
• This task is implemented using a CT-3000 trainer. This is a low-cost high-performance
communication teaching system. It comprises a base unit, a set of 19 modules, and
necessary interconnecting leads to carry out experiments related to communication
systems.
• First the trainer is supplied with a source voltage of 220 V. There are different modules for
this trainer as the lab is about amplitude modulation so AM modulator module is plugged
into port 4 of the trainer.
• RF source is connected to the input of amplitude modulator and AF modulator is connected
to the module through pins.
• First input signals are observed individually on the scope as can be observed from the fig.16
and fig.17. Then the modulated signal is observed using the scope on the output of the
modulator.
• In the next step demodulator module is plugged in and the output of the modulator is applied
to the input of the demodulator. On the output of the demodulator, the carrier signal is
observed and can be seen from fig. 18.

Conclusions
The amplitude modulation and demodulation are performed using the LTSPICE,
hardware, and CT-3000 trainer. Carrier signals can carry information it must be changed
or modulated in one way so that information must be conveyed from one place to
another. Amplitude modulation can be performed easily and demodulation is also easier
as just a reverse process is needed to perform.