Dental Polymers: Typical Applications of Polymers in Dentistry

4/29/2011
 Typical applications of polymers in

dentistry:
Dentures (bases, artificial teeth, relining
materials)
Dental Polymers Filling materials (composites, cements,

adhesives)
Dr.Mohamed Arnaout Impression materials
Equipment (spatulas, measures, mixing bowls)
 Definitions
 Types
 Requirements
 Polymerization
 Properties
 Polymers in dentistry
What is the lecture about?
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4/29/2011
Definition Types
Polymer: a chemical compound consisting Based on their thermal behavior
of giant molecules • Thermoplastic
(MACROMOLECULES)formed by union of • Thermosetting
Depends on whether they soften when heated
many (POLY) small repeating units (mers) • Recently Elstomers ( rubber )

MONO“MER“ molecules POLY“MER“ Chain, macromolecule
Ideal Requirements Polymerization

• Biological compatibility • PMMA Resin(acrylic resin) is formed by
• Physical properties (strength, resilience, addition polymerization of methyl
and dimensional stability) methacrylate
• Ease of manipulation • PMMA is in the form of polymer powder
• Esthetic qualities (partially polymerized methyl-
• Relatively low cost methacrylate) mixed with monomer
• Chemical stability in the mouth (methyl methacrylate) which will
undergoes Addition Polymerization
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Steps of
Addition Polymerization
• Initiation
-To begin the polymerization a source of
free radical is required
-Free radicals can be generated by
activation of radical producing molecules
using: chemical agent, heat , visible light
or energy
-Resulting free radical-monomer complex
 Propagation
-The free radical- monomer complex then
act as a new free radical center when it
approaches another monomer and chain
lengthening occurs
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 Termination
Occurs by:
- Direct coupling of two free radical chain
interact to form one large chain
- Exchange of hydrogen atom from one
growing chain to another
Properties  Monomer level in the cured material

What controls polymer properties: adversely affect the properties and can
weaken the resin.
1-Chemical composition of polymers, type and  Linear or branched polymers - flow when
level of monomer and its structure heated, can be easily reshaped upon
2- polymer chains (Linear polymers, Nonlinear heating –thermoplastic polymers(usually
(branched) polymers, Cross-linked polymer) soluble in organic solvents)
3- Polymer molecular weight
4- Supramolecular structure (molecular
 Cross-linked polymers - they cannot be
organization) reshaped on heating, do not melt, but
5- presence of plasticizers and/or fillers decompose on heating, insoluble in
organic liquids (thermosetting polymers)
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 In general, the higher the temperature,  As temperature increases:

the softer and weaker the resin ◦ Movement of polymer segments
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) ◦ Chain separation
 Tg - Below this temperature the polymer ◦ Breaking of polar bonds
shows properties of the glassy state: ◦ Chain separation
brittleness, stiffness, rigidity  Cross-linking inhibits the above
 As the temperature approaches Tg
◦ Strength decreases
◦ Modulus of elasticity decreases
◦ Thermal expansion increases
 Above Tg, the plastic becomes rubbery
Tg
Temperature Impact on Properties
Polymers in dentistry
 Natural polymers:
- polysaccharides (agar and alginates)
-poly(isoprene) guttapercha
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 Synthetic polymers: Common polymers prepared via step-growth polymerization
Prepared via polymerization reactions

(Addition or Step-growth polymerization)
Common polymers prepared via addition polymerization
Methyl methacrylate(MMA)polymers in Physical Properties of MMA

dentistry  Melting point= -48˚C
 Most frequently used group of polymers in  Boiling point = 100.8˚C
dentistry  Density= 0.945 g/mL
Why?  Molecular weight = 100
 Because these materials can be easily  Colorless liquid
adopted to individual purposes (fillings,  Immiscible with water but miscible with
prostheses)and can be in contact with organic solvents
human body  Irritant
 Flammable
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Properties of poly(methyl ethacrylate)

 Transparency and high clarity
 Low absorption of visible and UV light
 Density 1.19 g/cm3 (causes
polymerization contraction/shrinkage app.
22 vol %)
 Compression strength 90 – 100 MPa
 Very rigid
 Water sorption up to app. 1.0 wt %
 Temperature resistance Tg = 120 – 125oC
 Soluble in organic solvents (MMA,
acetone, toluene, etc.)
Classification of polymers/resins according to

initiation reactions(activation)
 Heat activated (heat cured/heat curing resins)
(two component systems)
 Chemically activated (self cured/curing, cold
curing, autopolymerizing, fast curing) resins (two
component systems)
Important Notes  Light activated (LC/UV cured) resins (one
component system)
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 Heat activated resins (denture base Denture base resins Resins for artificial acrylic
resins, resins for artificial acrylic teeth, teeth
crown and bridge polymers)
 Chemically activated resins (denture
repair, relining, orthodontic appliances,
pouring resins)
 Light activated resins (light cured
composite materials, adhesives, light
cured glass-ionomer cements)
Crown and bridge polymers denture repair & relining resin
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Orthodontic appliances Light cured (glass-ionomer cements) &

(Composite)
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4/29/2011

 Typical applications of polymers in

Dental Polymers Filling materials (composites, cements,

What is the lecture about?

many (POLY) small repeating units (mers) • Recently Elstomers ( rubber )

Ideal Requirements Polymerization

Properties  Monomer level in the cured material

 In general, the higher the temperature,  As temperature increases:

 Synthetic polymers: Common polymers prepared via step-growth polymerization

Prepared via polymerization reactions

Methyl methacrylate(MMA)polymers in Physical Properties of MMA

Properties of poly(methyl ethacrylate)

Classification of polymers/resins according to

Crown and bridge polymers denture repair & relining resin

Orthodontic appliances Light cured (glass-ionomer cements) &

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