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SAT - Passport to Advanced Math

Module - 8
Topic-Quadratic Equation
Quadratic Equations : an equation whose highest variable degree is 2.

1. Standard form : f(x) = ax2 + bx + c  a  0

2
2. Vertex form : f(x) = a  x  h   k  a  0  and vertex (h, k)
3. Factored form : f(x) = a(x – x1 ) (x – x2), where x1 and x2 are the roots of the quadratic
function.
Axis of symmetry :

b  b  b   b D
1. Standard form : x  Vertex   ,f     = ,
2a  2a  2a   2a 4a

2. Vertex form : x  h  Vertex  h, k 

x1  x 2  x  x 2  x1  x 2 
3. Factored form : x  Vertex  1 ,f  
2  2  2 

1. Zero - Product Rule : if the product of two or more factors is zero, then at least one of the factors
must be zero
Ex. (x ) (x + 4) = 0 means x = 2 or x = – 4
2. Solving by Factoring : simplify the equation using factorization and apply the zero - product rule
3. Using the quadratic Formula

b  b 2  4ac
If ax2 + bx + c = 0, then x 
2a
(i) Sum and Product of Two Roots
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 and the two roots of the equation are x1 and x2,

b c
then x1 + x2 =  and x1  x 2 
a a
(ii) Discriminant : expression that appears under the radical sign in the quadratic formula (i.e.,); reveals
the nature and number of solutions of a quadratic equation
If b2 – 4ac > 0, then the equation has two distinct real solution
If b2 – 4ac = 0, then the equation has one real solution
If b2 – 4ac < 0, then the equation has no real solution, or two distinct complex solutions

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 Identical Equation :
The two expressions, left hadn side and right hand side, are always equal for all values we give to the
variable. The equations that are true for all values of the variable are called identical equations.
(a) 5xs – 10 = 0 is an algebraic equation because the equation is true only for x = 2.
(b) 5x – 10 = 5x – 10 is an identical equation because the equation is true for all values of x.
* The equation has infinitely many solutions.
* The expressions of both sides must be equal.
Ex. 1. What is the sum of the solutions of (x –5)2 = (2x + 1)2?

14 14
(a) – 8 (b) 8 (c)  (d)
3 3
Sol.: If (x –5)2 = (2x + 1)2, x2 – 10x + 25 = 4x2 + 4x + 1, and –3x2 – 14x + 24 = 0. Since a = – 3 and b = –
14
14, the sum = . choice C is correct. Alternatively, solve for x by inspection. If (x – 5)2 = (2x +1)2,
3
then x – 5 = 2x + 1 or x – 5 = – (2x + 1). If x – 5 = 2x + 1, x = – 6. If x – 5 = – (2x + 1), x – 5 = – 2x
4 4 18 4 14
– 1, 3x = 4, and x = , 6       .
3 3 3 3 3
Ex. 2. 2x2 – 8 = 0
Sol.: Since a  1
a = 2, b = 0, c = – 8

0  0  4  2  8 
x=
2  2

 64
x=
4

8
x=
4
x = ±2
I. Solve each problem and choose the best answer from the choices provided :
1. If (x –2)2 – 81 = 0, what could be the value of x?
(a) –7 (b) –5 (c) 1 (d) 5
2. If an object starts moving in a straight line at an initial velocity v0 and accelerates at a constant rate a
1 2
for time t, the object’s distance travelled s is given by the equation s = v0 t  at . Which of the following
2
correctly expresses a in terms of s, v0, and t?
2s 2v0 2 2
(a) a  (b) a  (c) a   s  v0 t  (d) a   s  v0 t 
t2 t t2 t2

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 Topic-Complex Numbers

Imaginary number : i = 1 and i2  1

Complex number : a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i  1 .

a = real part and b = imaginary part

Property :

1. Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are
equal.

a  bi  c  di  a  b and c  d

2. a  bi  a 2  b 2 (Distance from the origin)

1m z = a + bi

|z| = |a + bi| The length of the

line segment
Real

Complex plane

Ex.1. Evaluate i2 + i3 + i4.

Sol.: i2 + i3 + i4

2 3 4
=  1    
1  1 
= 1    1  1

= -1    i  +1

=–i

8  4i
Ex. 2. Which of the following complex numbers is equivalent to
5  3i

? Note:i  1 
14 22 14 22 13 24 13 24
(a)  i (b)  i (c)  i (d)  i
17 17 17 17 8 17 8 17

Sol.: In order to produce an equivalent fraction with a real number in the denominator, multiply the numerator
and the denominator by 5 – 3i, the complex conjugate of 5 + 3i :

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 8  4i 5  3i  8  4i  5  3i 
. 
5  3i 5  3i 25  9i 2

40  24i  20i  12i 2

=
25  9

40  44i  12
=
34

28  44i
=
34

2 14  22i 
=
34

14  22i
=
17

14 22
=  i
17 17

The correct choice is (b).

II . Solve each problem and choose the best answer from the choices provided :

1. Given that i  -1, what is the product (4 + i) (5 – 2i)?

(a) 18 – 3i (b) 22 – 3i (c) 18 + 3i (d) 22 + 3i

2  3i
2. Which of the following is equal to ?
1 i

1 1 1 1 5 1 5 1
(a)  i (b)  i (c)  i (d)  i
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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 Class Assignment

Choose the correct option :

1. h = 256t – 16t2
A ball is thrown straight up from the ground with an initial velocity of 256 feet per second. The equation
above describes the height the ball can reach in t seconds.
If the ball reaches its maximum height in k seconds, what is the value of k?
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 24
2. If the equation y = 3x2 + 18x – 13 is written in the form y = a(x – h)2 + k, what are the values of h and
k?
(a) h = 3, k = 14 (b) h = – 3, k = – 40 (c) h = 3, k = –13 (d) h = – 3, k = – 22

3.
x
O

The graph of y = ax2 + bx + c is shown in the xy-plane above, where a, b, and c are constants. Which
of the following must be true?
I. a < 0 II. b > 0 III c > 0
(a) I only (b) I and II only (c) I and III only (d) I, II, and III

2  3i
4.  a  bi
1  2i

In the equation above, i = 1. What is the value of b?

4 4 7 9
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 5

5. If i  1, which of the following is equal to i126 ?

(a) i (b) –1 (c) – i (d) 1

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 Home Assignment

Choose the correct option :

1. If a and b are solutions to 2x2 – 11x + 15 = 0 and a > b, what is the value of a – b?

1 3 5 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
2. If 3m2 + 4m + 5 = 0, what is the sum of the possible solutions of m?

5 4 4 5
(a)  (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
3. If (x + 8)2 = (3x + 6)2, what is the sum of the possible values of x?

5 14 5 14
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
2 3 2 3
4. What are the solutions to x2 + 2 = – 4x?

(a) 2  2 (b) 2  6 (c) 4  2 (d) 4  6

5. Heather is selling homemade brownies for the school bake sale which happens every month. from her
experience from last year, Heather predicts that for each $0.5 increase in brownie price, she will sell
10 less brownies. At the current price of $1.5 per brownie, an average of 80 brownies will be sold,
which of the following functions best models the amount of money that Heather expects to earth from
the bake sale, y, based on an $x increase in brownie price, assuming she only raises the price by units
of $0.5?

 10x   10x 
(a) y  1.5  x   80   (b) y  1.5  x   80  
 0.5   0.5 

 10 
(c) y  1.5  x   80   (d) y=(1.5 + x) (80 – 10x)
 x

6. Find the vertex :

g(x) = –x2 + 2x – 3
(a) (1, –2) (b) (1, 2) (c) (–1, –2) (d) (–1, 2)
7. 3x2 = x + 5

1  59 1  i 59 1  59 1  59
(a) x  and x  (b) x  and x 
6 6 6 6

1 i 61 1  61 1  61 1  61
(c) x  and x  (d) x  and x 
6 6 6 6

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8. Equation (1) : 2x2 + 7x = 4

Equation (2) : (y – 1)2 = 9

If f is the greater of the two roots of Equation (1) and g is the lesser of the two roots of Equation (2),
what is the value of the product f ×g?
(a) –4 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) 8

9. x 3  20x  x 2

If a, b, and c represent the set of all values of x that satisfy the equation above, what is the value of (a
+ b + c) + (abc)?
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 9

10. If i  1, which of the following is equivalent to (3 + 5i) – (2 – 3i)?

(a) 9i (b) 1 + 2i (c) 1 + 8i (d) 5 + 8i

11. For i = 1, which of the following is equivalent to (5 –3i) – (–2 + 5i)?

(a) 3 – 8i (b) 3 + 2i (c) 7 – 8i (d) 7 + 2i

12. i4 + 3i2 + 2

Which of the following is equal to the expression above? (Note : i  1 )

(a) i (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 1

13. (6 + 2i) (2 + 5i)
If the expression above is equivalent to a + bi, where a and b are constants, what is the value of a?
(a) 2 (b) 12 (c) 22 (d)34

14. Which of the following complex numbers is equivalent to (3 – i)2? (Note : i  1 )

(a) 8 – 6i (b) 8 + 6i (c) 10 – 6i (d) 10 + 6i

1 1 1
15. Which of the following is equal to   ?
i i2 i4

(Note : i  1 )

(a) – i (b) i (c) 0 (d) 1

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