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0 Electrical Services
 Electrical services
• In many ways, transmission of electricity in buildings is analogous to
water-supply distribution.
• The hydraulic analogy is limited to only very elementary applications
with electric flow like direct current, which always flows in the same
direction.

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• For economy, alternating current is transmitted long distances at high
voltages and then changed to low voltages by step-down
transformers at the point of service.
• Small installations, such as one-family houses, usually are supplied
with three wire service. This consists of a neutral and two power
wires with voltage differing 180 in phase.
• For larger installations, the service may be 480/277-V or 208/120-V,
three phase four-wire system. This has a neutral and three power
wires carrying voltage differing 120 in phase.

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• Wiring systems in a single family home or duplex are simple, with relatively
low power requirements, infrequent changes to the building structure and
layout, usually with dry, moderate temperature, and non-corrosive
environmental conditions.

• In a light commercial environment, more frequent wiring changes can be

expected, large apparatus may be installed, and special conditions of heat
or moisture may apply.

• Heavy industries have more demanding wiring requirements, such as very

large currents and higher voltages, frequent changes of equipment layout,
corrosive, or wet or explosive atmospheres.

• In facilities that handle flammable gases or liquids, special rules may govern
the installation and wiring of electrical equipments in hazardous areas
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Services
• Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) is the organization in Nepal that is
responsible to generate and distribute power.
• NEA supplies single phase to each building, which passes through a
meter and in turn passes through distribution box which contains
separate fuses or Miniature circuit breaker (MCB) controlling the
lights, appliances and equipments.
• According to loading, the current supplied range from 2, 5 to 15
amperes. It is distributed to various rooms through either ring circuit
or the radial lighting circuit.

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• Electrical wiring system
• In general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity to associated
devices.
• Used to provide power in buildings and structures, commonly referred to as
building wiring.
• A network of wire connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical
energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy
consuming devices such as lamps, fans and other domestic appliances through
controlling and safety devices is known as internal wiring system.
• Electricity is supplied to our home through a power line or through
underground conduit.
• Most of these power supply lines have three wires: 2 live wires and 1 neutral
wire.
• 1 live wire and 1 neutral wire run throughout the house through electrical
wiring.
• Wires supply 220-volt power to most lights and appliances.

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Points to note
• Minimum numbers of points in a room
• Minimum numbers of appliances to be used at a time from
one plug point
• Use of best materials
• Careful wiring

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• For estimation of internal wiring, it is necessary on the part of estimator that he
is fully conversant with the general rules followed for internal wiring.
General principles of internal wiring
• Every installation is to be properly protected near the point of entry of
supply cables.
• The conductors used are to be of such a size that it may carry load
current safely.
• Every sub-circuit is to be connected to a distribution fuse board.
• A switch-board is to be installed 1.25 meters above the floor.
• All plugs and socket-outlets are to be of 3-pin type.
• Adequate number of socket-outlets in room to avoid flexible chords.
• All incandescent lamps, unless otherwise required, are to be hung at a
height of 2.5 meters above the floor level.
• Unless otherwise specified, all ceiling fans are to be hung 2.27 meters
above the floor.
• Lights and fans may be wired on a common circuit.
• Each sub-circuit is not to have more than a total of ten points of lights,
fans and socket-outlets.
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General principles
• The load on each sub-circuit is to be restricted to 1000 watts.
• If a separate circuit is installed for fans only, the number of fans in
that circuit is not to exceed ten.
• The load on each power sub-circuit is to be normally restricted to
3,000 watts. In no case more than three socket-outlets are to be in
a power sub-circuit.
• No fuse and switch is to be provided in earthed conductor.
• In any building, light and fan wiring and power wiring are to be kept
separate.
• The metal sheaths or conduits for all wiring and metal coverings of
all consuming apparatus or appliances is to be properly earthed.
• Each sub-circuit is to be protected against excessive current by fuse
or automatic circuit breaker.

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Wiring materials
•Materials for wiring interior electrical systems in buildings vary depending on:
•Intended use and amount of power demand on the circuit
•Type of occupancy and size of the building
•National and local regulations
•Environment in which the wiring must operate

• Main switch • Junction box

• Pvc wires • Fuse kits
• Earthing wire • Electrical fittings
• Switch boards (metal, PVC, • Bulb
wooden) • Ceiling fan
• Plugs • Wall bracket
• Ceiling rose • Fancy light fittings
• Clips • Tube light
• Wooden casing • Night lamps
• Conduit pipes, elbow, sockets, • Call bell
nipple etc
• Screws 10
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Wiring symbols

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System of house wiring
• Broadly there are two types of wiring system; surface and concealed.
While
• The former is convenient and flexible, but it is exposed and affects the
visual quality and it is unsafe.
• The later is preferred these days because it provides clean interior surfaces.
• However, for concealed a pre planning of the overall wiring system is
necessary at the time of construction; for alteration is not convenient.
Other systems
• Batten wiring
• Casing capping wiring
• Conduit wiring
– surface conduit wiring
– concealed conduit wiring
• PVC sheathed wiring
• Metal sheathed wiring 14
Electrical services
Causes of electrical hazard:
•Short circuits
commonly applied in the situation where a low-resistance, high-current fault
suddenly develops in a circuit.
•Gross overloads
It is easy to start fires by creating a gross overload in an electric cable.
•Excessive thermal insulation
•Overvoltage
•Poor connections
•External Heating

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Electrical distribution system
• Trunking
• A trunking is a larger size of a conduit.
• It is the term employed to an complex installations consisting of heavy cables
in the form of metal or plastic member which accommodate such cable.
• It is fixed horizontally or vertically to wall, floor and ceiling of the building.
• It can be square, rectangle or circular in configuration.
• Are placed in ducts and hidden behind false ceilings.
• Busbars
• Are round or rectangular copper or aluminum bar
conductor of standard length.
• Is used for very heavy currents in electrical
apparatus, and for heavy currents distributed
through a building.
• Open bus bars are never used in publicly
accessible areas, although are used in
manufacturing plants and power company switch
yards to gain the benefit of air cooling 16
Electrical services
Electrical distribution system
Advantage of busbars:
• Reduce Systems Cost – Lower manufacturing costs by decreasing assembly
time as well as internal material handling costs.
• Reliability – Reduction of wiring errors.
• Lower Inductance – Use of thin parallel conductors with a thin dielectric
(not conducting direct electric current) laminated together minimizes the
effect of inductance (electromotive force) on electrical circuits.

• Ducts
• Ducts are created in the building which accommodates the electrical,
sanitary and plumbing systems. Horizontally they are taking inside the
false ceiling.

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Electrical Symbols

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Electrical Plan

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Equipment safety:
•Always keep your power tools cleaned and lubricated.
•Check power cords and extension cords frequently. If the Insulation
is broken or the power cord is frayed (worn), replace it immediately.
Do not try to fix it.
•Always disconnect equipment by removing the plug from the
electrical outlet first.
•Never operate power equipment while standing on wet
•After using power tools, store them in a clean, dry place. Don’t leave
them lying around unprotected.
•Be careful with extension cords. Run them along walls if possible, so
that no one will step on them or trip over them.

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Electrical Safety and Precautions
• Ground all electrical equipment and the work piece.
• Use the correct cable size.
• Make sure all electrical connections are tight, clean, and
dry
• No live naked wire should be touched
• Attempt to be made to detach live wire from man by
means of dry timber stick (bad conductor)
• Safety belt must be used while working on the pole
• No touch to live electric gadget
• Strong cable insulator
• No touch to overhead line
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Electrical Safety and Precautions
• Switch off before changing fuse
• No live wire to be touched to earth
• Earthing must be made for all electrical equipments
• Live wires always connected to switches
• Earthing plate to be embedded to sufficient depth
• Remove the plug of the appliances along with switch off
• Proper tools to be used while working with electricity
• Provision of first-aid-box
• Annual check of earth resistance (should be less than 5
ohm)

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