HYDROLOGY, FLOO0 CONTRUUL

NEERING
Hydrology
to H y d r o l o g y :and
Vater
582 Relating
Past
Years
Service ces Compet;
Competitions
Questions ofthe from
t h e Engg.
Paper I )
Resources
Engg. Engineering

(Civil Services)
(Engineering

2000 noimd
Year
flood data at a nt on
of a 30-year rver
d deviation s, 650Om3 sec. For
analysis =
regression standard
The m'/sec and
Q.5a). 1200 at
this point to provide 95 assur.
tha
+ =
structure
mean
the ? Use Gumbel's
years ?i
yielded
sample
w o u l d you
design
in the
next 50
ed variate for n = 3
method
discharge would not fail reduced
what
structure deviation of the are
that the
ance
and
standard
(15)
The value of
mean

respectively Examples 7.33 and 7.36 a n d com

0.53622
and 1.11238, 7 . 1 7 . 4 . 2 and
Solved

article
Follow
Solution.
30
pute as under:
reduced
mean for n =

n n

= 0.53622
deviation for n = 30
standard
=
reduced
s,
= 1.11238
(given
1200 m°/sec.
ie., F =

of variate x
deviation
O =
standard
(given under symbol s,)
= 650 m/sec
Discharge for
return period T years =?
X in the next 50
T ? does not fail
structure
that the solved example
to be such refer
Return period T has value of T, please
To find this
assurance.

with 95%
years
a s under: with 95%
assurance means
7.33, and compute in the next 50 years 50 years
has not to fail (i.e. =
n
The s t r u c t u r e 5% 0.05 in 50 years
tolerete a risk of
5% ; ie. R = =

that it c a n
R [1 (1-p¥], we get -
Using where n = 50 years

0.05
[1 -(1-p)50
0.95
(1-p)50=1-0.05
=

or 0.9989746
(0.95)150 = (0.95)0.02
1-p =

or 0.001025
1-0.9989746
=

T 0.001025 =975.29 yrs.

P
below
For this value of T, we have to determine X as

X = X + K(T) a

T)Sa (i.e. Eq. 7.74a)

where Km =

975.29 year, y7 is given by eqn. (7.72) as

For T
 ONVENTIONAL
QUESTIONS OF
ENGINEERING SERVICES AS V
583
(975.29
975.29)-nn974.29=6.882222
(975.29) 6.882222-0.53622
1.11238 = 6.70488
The expected peak discharge having
X =X +K.a frequency of 975.29 years is now
or given as
A979.29) =
1200 +
5.70488 x 650
1200+ 3708
Q.6.(a) In order to
compute the flood
4908 m/sec. Ans.
method, the following data in a discharge
have been obtained stream by the slope-urea
uls Section
Area
Middle Section d/s Section
108.6 m2
Wetted Perimeter 103.1 m2 99.8 m2
65.3 m 60.7 m
Gauge Reading 316.8 m 59.4 m
316.55 mn
Determine the flood
discharge assuming
between dis and uls sections as Manning's n 0.029 and
250 m.
=
length
[Hint. Follow exactly similar Solved Numerical (15)
Example only 8.6. The
here is that the values of Area
(A) and wetted perimeter (P) given here atpointmid
section are not to be used any where,
except to infer that the stream is a gradually
Contracting one, since the area of cross-section as well as wetted perimeter values
are
gradually decreasing. Additionally, in Solved Example 8.6, the values of hy
draulic mean depths(R) were given ; here theycanbeworked out as R-:other
wise this numerical example can be solved similarly, by assuming

;where K, =0.1. The computed value offlood discharge initially

h-2g 28
Works out to 159.89 m/sec. which on correction for velocity head and eddy loss h
Works out to 154 m/sec Ans.
Year 2001 (Engineering Services)
hydrograph resulting from an
Q.3.(6) The following are the ordinates for flood
a

Soluted storm of 6 hours duration. 96

12 24 364860 7284
Time (hr. 80 60 50 25 15 5
5 15 40
Ordinates of Flood
hydrograph (cumecs) if the catchment crea
is
l cm-6 hr. unit hydrograph,
Determine the ordinates of (15)
450 sq. km. base flow 5 ms, list
=

Assuming
Solved Example 7.10, 10 and 0. Compute
Hint: Follow similar a s 0, 10, 35, 76, 55, 45, 20,
of flood hydrograph
ne ordinates contained in as:
this hydrograph
Oume of water
75+ 45+ 10)+ 2(36+65+
20)|
12x60x60 00 4(10+
2

11.232 x
10# m*.
=
 CONTROL AND GROUND WATER ENGINEERI G
HYDROLoGY, FLOOD
584
Catchment area = 450 x 105 m
11.232x 10
- m = 2.5 cm.
water in the hydrograph
=

Depth of 450 x10

the above ordi
can be obtained by dividing
Ordinates of U.H. (of 1 cm depth) a r e : 0,4, 14, 30, 29
2.5. Hence, the ordinates of U.H.
nates of flood hydrograph by
18, 8, 4, 0 Ans.] an open well was depressed
During re-cuperation test, the water level in
Q.7.(c) within 60 minutes, iust
to 2.5 m. The water
level w a s raised by l m
by pumping up Determine the yield from
the well of 2m diameter when
after stopping the pumping.
the depression head is 3 m. (10)
Solved Example 12.16 and compute
Hint. Follow exactly similar

2.3 1o9
360010 1
1.417 x 104

well of 2 m dia with 3 m depression head

Q yield from a

- As=a.417x10 m'

= 1.335 Us. Ans.]

Year 2002 (Engineering Services)
based o n a storm event yield
Q.2.(6) For a drainage basin of 640 km2, isohyetals
the following data
Isohyetal interval (cm) 14-12 12-10 10-88 8-6 6-4 4-2 2-0

Inter isohyetal area (km) 90 140 125 140 85 40 20

Estimate the average depth of precipitation over the basin.

Hint: Please follow exactly similar Solved Example 4.5, and computel

90x 13+140 x11 +125 x9+140 x7+85x5+40x3+20x1

P =
90+140 +125+140+85+ 40+ 20 640
8.41 cm Ans.]
Year 2003 (Engineering Services)
estimated at too
Q.2.(6) During
the passage of a flood the following data was
sections 500 m apart:
Sections Water surface Area of flow Hydraulic mean

elevation, m section, m* depth, m

UpstreamP 85.233 91.746 2.835

Downstream R 85.176 84.354 2.917
for
The eddy loss coefficient for gradual contraction is to be taken 0.1 and
gradual expunsion as 0.35. Estimate the flood discharge passing through the rea1
as

n = 0.022. (15)
Hint. Follow exactly similar Solved Example 8.61
Q.7.(a) lood frequency
computations for a flashy river at a point 60
R
stream of a bund site indicated the
following:
Return period Tyear 50 100
Peak flood, m'/sec
20,600 22,150
NVENTIONAL QUESTIONS OF
CONVENT

ENGINEER
Estimate the flood
magnitude SERVICE AS WELL.. 585
use ofG u m b e l ' 8 t u d e in the river
throuHint. Fol
through
Rollow
with
return
urn period a
exactly similar Solved of 500 year
Given below are the
monthly Example
Q.8.(a) Given. (15)
values, R, eriod of l0 months 7.36.
rainfall, P, and the
Rand P: for a catchment. Developscorresponding
orresponding run-off
run-off
Month No. correlation between
a

P, cm
4
R, cm
2
22 0.2
3 7.1
28
10.9
15
4.0
12
6 3.0
8
1.3
8 0.4
15
9 4.1
10 2.0
10 5 0.3
Hint. To obtain a linear relation between rainfall P and runoff
Q (here repre
sented by R), we have to plota curve taking Ron X-axis andP on Y-axis, as to
a curve like the one obtained in Fig. 7.14. The slope of the straight line portion is
plot
then determined tocompute the desired relation between PandR.This relation is
worked out as R =0.47 P in Fig. 18.1. Ans.

28 S t .line of
best fit

26
24

22 P 8.6

20
18
R 4

16
14

12 R K.P.
4 8.6 xK
10 0.47
K (4/8.6) =

Hence R = 0.47 P

1012
0 2 4 6 8in
(R) om-
Run off
Fig. 1 8 . 1 .
Services)

( E n g i n e e r i n g
installed in its area.

2004 r a i n gauges,
Year non-recording
belouw
is given
has ffve years
V
he Datershed
for one ofthe III
V
umour of rainfall recor ecorded

95 125
190
Tan gauge station 100
120
nnual rainfall in cm
 CRING
Find the required optimum number of non-recording and recording rain.
for this watershed. Assume an error of 10% Un tne estumaton gau of mean rainfall
fall.
Hint. Pl. follow exactly similar Solved Example 4.3] (15)
Q.7.(a) In a catchment, the average rainfall for a storm at two
successine R
intervals was 3.0 cm and 6.0 cm respectively. 6 hr
The abstraction losses oinder were
estimated to be 0.20 cm/ hour. For the same catchment, the
calculated
hour unit hydrograph is available and is given below. Find the data f
hydrograph due to the storm. direct run.
Time (hours) 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60
Unit hydrograph ordinate (m'/s) 0 10 25 40 100 150 100 75 25 15 0

Hint. PI. follow similar Solved Example 7.6. The excess rainfall (20)
successive 6 hr rainfall periods, will be [3.0 here, in two
-6 x 0.2 1.8 cm] and [6-6 x
cm], respectively. The ordinates of D.R.H. for first rain will be 0.2=4.8
calculated by multi.
plying the given ordinates of U.H. by 1.8. While the ordinates
2nd rain will be obtained by of D.R.H. causedby
multiplying the given ordinates ofU.H. by 4.8. The
ordinates due to 2nd rain will start after 6 hr from those of the
first, as usual. The
summation of the two set of ordinates will give ordinates of total S.R.
hydrograph.
Year 2005 (Engineering Services)
Q.1.a) (i) There are five rain gauge stations viz., P, Q, R, S, T. Theissen
network details are given in Table below. polygon
(EUD).
Compute the equivalent uniform depth
(6)
Table
Rain gauge P R S T
Area (%) 24 21 37 08 10
Rainfall mm) 45 57 65 67 78
Solution : Equivalent Uniform Depth (EUD) as defined in footnote or
Solved Example 4.7 is the mean depth of
rainfall. Hence, here we have to deter
mine the mean rainfall. The areas enclosed
by various rain gauges are
percentages. Thus, rain gauge P covers 24% of area, Q covers 21% area, given
K
37% area, S covers 8% area, and rain Cov
gauge T covers 10% area.
Rainfalls at the given five rain
gauge stations are also
Now, Mean Rainfall
given in mm.

BA+PpAg +PaAg+ PiA +P,A

A
45 mm x 0.24 A +57 mm x 0.21A +65 mm x 0.3t |
+67 mm x 0.08 A+ 78 mm x 0.10 A
A
= 59.98 mm.
Ans.]
Q.1.(a) (ii) What are the limitations of Theissen polygon method when c o m p a r e d

to Isohyetal method ? cOu(4)

(4
Q.3.(c) (i) What are the assumptions made in Unit
hydrograph
Q.3.(c) (ii) A 30 minute unit hydrograph for a catchment theor The
is ven i n Table. giver
o index is 4 mmlhour. The storm details
are given in Table II. Obtain
he
e uno
r u n o f

hydrograph for the storm. (16) (16)

COM
.NAL QUESTIONS OF ENGINEERING SERVICES AS WELL... 587
Table I
Time( m i n ) 30 60 90 120 150 180 | 210 240 270
Runoff( m " s ) 0 1.2 1.2 2.8 1.7 1.41.2 1.1 0.91 0.74 0.61
Time( m i n ) 300 330 | 360 390
Runoff( m ' s ) 0.5 0.28 |0.17| 00

Table II
Time (nin) 0-30 30-60 60-90
Rainfall (cm)| 3.3 2.7 1.9

Solultion. Refer Solved Example 7.6 and compute as below:

Excess rainfall during first 30 min. (%h) of rain = 3.3 cm - Infiltration
=3.3- 3.1 cm

)Excess rainfall during second 30 min of rain

= 2.7 - infiltration = 2.7 - 0.2 = 2.5 cm

n) Excess rainfall during the third 30 min of rain

= 1.9 - 0.2 = 1.7 cm
the
ordinates by 1st rain are obtained by multiplying
The runoff hydrograph the runoff hydrograph
ordi-
ordinates by 3.1. Similarly, unit
hydrograph
gIven unit rain a r e obtairned by
multiplying the given
and 3rd due to
nates for by 2nd The runoff hydrograph
2.5 and 1.7 respectively.
ydrograph ordinates by 30 min, and that for 3rd rain after
60 min, a s
start after caused by 3
2nd rain, however, shall summation of runoff hydrographs
below: The
shown in solution table of the runoff.
shall be the final hydrograph
SuCcessive rains
of year 2005
S o l u t i o n Table
for Q 3 c (ii)
Total ROOH
R.O.H.
R.O.H.
ordinates
Tme from Run off Run off ordinates
ordinates
= (3) + (4
Hydrograph produced by
start n m'/s produced by 3rd excess +(5)
ordinates pro-
nin 2nd excess
duced by 1st excess rain of 1. 7 cm
rain of 2.5 cm
=1.7 x col. (2)
rain of 3. I c m 2.5 x col (2)
= 3. 1 x col. (2) (6)
(5)
(4)
(1) (2) (3)
3.72
0 0 11.68
30 3.72 0
1.2 3.0 14.31
60 8.68 2.04
2.8 7.0 4.76
13.35
90 5.27
1.7 4.25 10.11
120 4.34 2.89
1.4 3.50 8.79
150 3.72 2.38
2 3.00
2.04
7.61
180 1.1
3.41
2.75 6.44
1.87
210 0.91
2.82
2.28 .29
1.55
240 0.74 2.29 85 4.34
1.26
270 0.61 1.89 1.63 .66
1.04
300 0.50
1.55
1.25 0.85
.56
330 0.28
0.87
2.18 1.81
0.48
360 0.17 0.53 1.33 0.29
0.29
390 0 0
420
450
 HYDROLOGY, FLOOD AIER ENGINEER
NGINEERING
The runoff hydrograph ordinates are thus computed in col. (6) with peak rato
te of
14.31 m/ls. Ans.]
Q4.(c) (i) Explain
i)Aquifers; (ii)Aquitard; and (ii) Aquiclude.
(6)
(ii) What is "Well Function"?
2)
Q.5.a) Discuss the structural and non-structural measures for flood manaa
ment and with a specific bias to levee.
(10)
Q.6.a) i) Define recurrent interval and return period.
4)
(ti) A hydraulic structure is sized for a 50 year recurrence interval design dis
charge. What is the risk that the flow capacity will be exceeded during any future 20
year period ? What is the probability that the 50 year recurrence interval peak flou
rate will be exceeded in the next 50 years? (6)
Solution T= 50 years

P=T 50 0.02
The probability of an event occurring at least once in n successive years, called
the Risk, is given by Eq (7.61) as
R [1-(1-p¥]
Hence, the risk that the flow capacity will be exceeded atleast once during next
20 years is given as
or R [1-(1 -0.02)20] =
[1 - 0.6676]
=0.3324 or 33.24%. Ans.
The probability that the 50 year recurrence interval flood flow rate will be
exceeded atleast once in the next 50 years is given as
[1 (1 - p"] [1 -(1 -0.02)50
= -
=

or = 0.6358 63.58% Ans

Year 2006 (Engineering Services)
Q.8.(a) (iü) The catchment area of a drainage basin is 2100 km2. The length
main stream (L) is equal to 80 km. The distance of
along the main stream from
basin outlet to a point on the stream which is nearer
to the centroid
is equal to 50 km. (Compute the widths of the 3-hour synthetic unitofhydrograph
the basin "
50% and 75% of peak discharge using Snyder's method.
Take the coefficients
C= 1.85, C, =0.45
C, coefficient accounting catchment slope.
C, = dimensionless coefficient (10)
Solution. Pl. reter Solved Example 7.24 and compute as
Here, the given values are under
C, = 1.86 C = 0.45

A =2100 km2
L = 80 km
Lc = 50 km

Ws0?
WTS = ?
 ITIONAL STIONS OF ENGINEERING SERVICES AS
cONVE

WELL. 589
Use Eq. (7.12) as

C.(L.L0.3
or
1.85 (80 x 50)0.3
or
t 12.04 h
Now, use Eq. (7.14) as
A
r2.78 C, T
2100
or
p()2.78 x 0.45 x 2 0 = 218.20 m/s
12.04
From Eq. (7.20):

= 218.20
AA 21000.1039m/s. km?

Now, use Eq. (7.18) as

5.87 5.87
(0.1039).0s 6 7 . 7 1 h . Ans.

Also, from Eq. (7.19)

W50 : 38.69 h. Ans.

W78 1.75 1.75
-

Services)
Year 2007 (Engineering
annual rainfall at 18
annual rainfall at station X and the average
Q1.(6) The
1952 to 1970 are follows: as
Surrounding stations during
Annual rainfall in cm at X: 17.3, 22.3, 28.4,
27.4, 32.0, 49.3, 28.4, 24.6, 21.8, 28.2,
30.5, 38.9, 43.7, 32.2,
24.1, 26.9, 20.6, 29.5 and 28.4
in cm
annual rainfull
6 stutions average 23.4, 36.0, 31.2,
28.2, 36.1, 18.4, 25.1, 23.6, 33.3,
2.8, 35.0, 30.2, 27.4, 25.2,
3,1, 23.4, 23.1, 33.2 and 26.4. can be verified and
station X can
how to
record at be (8)
of the in regimne has
Explain how the consistencychange occurred.

determine
errt the yea eur in which a
Example 4.2]
similar Solved
Hint: Pl follow
station for a flood in m3/sec at

stream gauging
T h e run-off
data at a

thre hourly intervals are as follows 80, 70, 60, 55, 61, 50.
145, 110,
90, three
0, 290, 270, is 3 hr. Derive the
,75,5 125, 225,
The
d u r a t i o n of the
rainfull
base flow of
50 m/sec

is 40 km2.
caonstunt
Assume a
n a g e area
nour ydrograph for the basin.
SRO o r d i n a t e s
as
compute
oughout the duration. Example
7.10, and
Solved
Solution. Follow
On. Follow
OWn in Table
similar

I below
 HYDROLOGY, FLOOD cONTROLAND GROUND WATER ENGIN ATER ENGINEERING
590
Table I

Time from start Total streamflow Base flow in SRO col (2)
in m'/sec m/sec col (3)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

0 50 50
3 50 50 0
75 50 25
9 125 50 75
12 225 50 175
15 290 50 240
18 270 50 220
21 145 50 105
24 110 50 60
27 90 50 40
30 80 50 30
33 70 50 20
36 60 50 10
39 55 50 5
42 51 50 1
45 50 50 0

Using Simpson's rule, the area enclosed by the SRO (DRH) hydrograph
calculated as:
H 1st+Last ordinate +4 Even ordinates + 2 Odd ordinates
3 2

3x60x60 sec 0+0

2
+4(0+75
75+240+105+40+ 20 +5+0)mS/sec
m
3
+2 (25+175+ 220+60+30+10 +1)
3600 |1940 + 10421 m = (3600 x 2982) m = 10.735 x 10° m
Catchment area =
40 km2 = 40 x 10 m?.
Depth of water in the
hydrograph
10.735x10 m 0.2684 m
=26.84
40 10 cm

Since the given the

hydrograph encloses 26.84
rain, we ccan
an of
obtain

hydrograph containing 1 em of rain (i.e., unit cm

e ord
nates of the given. direet Runoff hydrograph) by divia af Tab
II, below Hydrograph by 26.84, as shown in co
ONVENTIONA; QUESTIONS OF ENGINEERING SERVICES AS WELL...
591
Table II
Time from Ordinates of Ordinates of 3 hr unit
start in hr DRH (SRO) m*/sec col.(2)
Hydrografh 26.84
in m/sec
(1) (2) (3)
0
0
0
0
25 0.93
9
75 2.79
12
175
15 6.52
240 8.94
18
220 8.20
21
105
24 3.91
60
27 2.24
40 1.49
30
30
33 1.12
20
36 0.75
10
39 0.37
5
42 0.19
45 0.04
0
0
Q.3. (b) Determine the design
for a bridge site with the flood discharge (allowing an increase
following data: of one third)
Catchment area 2 x 105 hectares,
=
duration of storm 8 hr, storm
3 cm, time =

of concentration 2 hr, gauged discharge

= precipitation
raximum daily rainfall of 18 cm was 3400 m"/sec. for a past flood with average
Solution. From article 7.17.1.1, we know that the (8)
Of duration T is given as PIT; and the intensity of a rain storm (p)
aurationt is given as intensity
=

of the same storm of smaller

p', where

P-pT .. i.e., Eq. (7.33)

when t
equals to the time of concentration
(T), then p° becomes P, and is given

where P is in cm and T is in hr.

Substituting givern values for the design storm, we get
3 cm 8+ 1
Is
Pe =

8 hr 2+1 1.125 cm/hr

given by Eq. (7.32) as:

1
Q K. Pe . A, where A is in ha, and
p, is in em/hr
36
Here A = 2 x 105 ha.
 ONEE
592
HYDROLOGT

ERING
Q Kx 1.125 x (2x 105) m/s
36
from the observed value of discho
determined ge of 3400
The value of K can be
of the past,
caused 8 cm of 24
a storm of 18
by dura tion,3400
hr dof
hr
as
m/s for another flood
18cm 24+1|- =6.25 cm/hr
P, for the past
flood =
24 hr2+1
then given by:
for the past flood is
1
Q= 236 K.Pe. A

x Kx 6.25 x (2 x 105)
or 3400 36
3400x 36
0.09792
or K= 105
6.25 x 2x

. Discharge (Q) from (i) is given as

x 0.09792 x 1.125 x (2 x 10) =612 m/sec.

Allowing an increase of one third, design flood discharge

= 612 x 1.33 =816 m°/ sec. Ans.
reach in m'/sec at 12
Q.4.(6) The inflow hydrograph readings for a stream
hourly intervals are as follows
48,5
42, 45, 88, 272, 342, 288, 240, 198, 162, 133, 110, 90, 79, 68, 61, 56, 54, 51,
and 42.
The Muskingum coefficients for the stream reach a r e K = 3 6 hr and x = U.

Determine the attenuation in peak flow discharge and the time of peak outjiou
(8)

Hint: Please refer and follow similar Solved Example 11.2

1500
Q.8.6) A 0.5 m diameter gravity well is being pumped at a steady rutels
u
litres per minute. The drawdowns of 6 m and 2 m were observed in nearby test e a a

at distances
of 6 m and 16 m from the well being pumped respectively, afe ofth
statehas been reached. Assume the well to be
well is 100 m below the undisturbed
fully penetrating. 7
ne o
Assuming thot ll o
ground water table. well being
served points lie on Dupuit's curve, compute the drawdown in
pumped.
Solution.
Pl. follow similar Solved
Example 12.9, and compute as follows
Use Eq. (12.17) for unconfined i.e.
gravity wells, as:
. e . Eq. (1217

Q= TKIh -h
2.3log10
Here 16 m T2 16 m
s6 m S22mn
CONVENI
ENGINEERING SER ICESAS WELL..
593
Q 1500 Vmin 1.5 m'/min=

h 100-6 94 m
h 100-2 98 m
1.5 TK 98 -941 TK (9604 8836)
-

16
2.3lo8106 2.3x0.426

1.5x 2.3x0.426
tK= = 1.914 x 10-3
768
K 6.091 x 10-4 m/min
For the given well

F 0.5 m 0.25 m
2
ra16 m
h = 98 m

h=?
TK= 1.914 x 10-3 m/min
1.5 m/min
1.5 914x10" [982-h2
2.3 16
1og10 0.25

1.5 1.914x10(98-h
2.3 log10*
1.5x 2.3x log1064
982-h = 1.914x 10
3256
9604 h] =

9604 3256 = h,
Of h 79.67 m.
79.67 20.32 m
S 100.

well = 20.32 m. Ans.]

Hence, rawdown in the pumped
Services)
(Engineering
Year 2008 y in a confined
mm diameter
penetratefully
each of 200 one well to the
d) (i) T'wo tube wells the ratio
of aischarge from
Find Take radius.of influence as
juifer de spaced at
are
150 m.
the same
drauwdown.
5)
hiseharge
Mm.BE
1 from both
wells under

identical
wells
excavated through con-

two ual to Q, and Q,

yield of (12.31), as equal
ation. The discharge
given by Eq. one well to the
discharge lrom
are

ed aquifer, distance B apart, ratioof

at Naturally,
the
here =
Q( say).
2
arge from both wells
0.5 Ans.l
= 2 2
+
 HYDROLOGY, FLOOD CUNT
RING
594
m m and the depth
n the ofwnt
well hasa radius of 150
the adius
radius infiuee of influene
Q.1.(d) (ii) A gravity
not been
s t a r t e d . If is
well is 30.5 m when
pumping has permeability
= 0.003125 m/min 03125 m/min, ecom
and the coefficient of at which water co
twenty times the yield the well and
the m a x i m u m rate be
pute the specific capacity
of
5)
pumped. Example 12.9,
and compute:
Solution. Pl follow Solved
= 150 mm
=0.15 m
d 30.5 m

R 20. Q
0.003125 m/min
K =

Specific capacity = Discharge-2=?

Drawdown S

we have
Using Eq. (12.23) for gravity wells,
Q=T.R.(a2-

2.3log10 w
should be equal to the
The Specific capacity for the well, from its definition, of
be computed for the first metre
discharge per unit drawdown, and it should
drawdown, as it may not be the same for all drawdown values. Hence to compute,
consider drawdown = l m.
specific capacity, we should
h d-s =
30.5 - 1= 29.5 m
0.256
o Tx0.003125 x(30.5-29.5) .

20 log10 133.3Q
2.31o810 0.15
Solving by hit and trial, we get, Q = 0.18 m/min

0.18 m°/min
Specifie capacity 1m
= 0.18 m/min. Anns.

(i) Max rate at which water can be pumped (Q) can be obtained when

o -Ttx 0.003125 x (30.5) 3.97

20m
2.3lo810 0.15 log10133.3Qm
Solving by hit and trial, we get
1.69 m'/min. Ans.
Q.3. (a) Define unit
hydrograph. What are its limitations? When do y dis
mend to use
triungular unit
hydrograph ? Write down the expressions 0 (10
charge, buse width and period (10

of rise for triangular unit

Q.5.(e) Using the
hydrograpn. as a t0 6

equation V(m/s) 0.65 N +0.03, obtain the

=

surfuce. Here N stands for revolutions.ve

times the
depth from the free
rent meter observations
on
o ncur

are
given in
tabular form on next page. v
Also compute the
dischurge through the section.
l e t o
 ENTIONAL QUESTIONS OF ENGINEERING SERVICES
CON As WELL..
595
Distance from Depth (m) (y)
one bank (m) Current meter observation at 0.6 y
No. of revolutions
Time in seconds
3.0 0.4
30
6.0 0.8 150
50
9.0 1.2 130
70
12.0 2.0 100
15.0
100
3.0 80
50
18.0 2.5 60
200
21.0 2.2 50
130
24.0 1.0 40
90
By symmetry, we can
assume that the river 130
iepth = 0 at 27 m distance from width stretches upto 27 m uwith
one bank. water
Solution. River X-section is now divided
shown in Fig. 8.6(a). inton-1 = 8 verticals (segments) as
Average width of the first section
b, from Eq. (8.16) is given as :

b 2 b1 2x3
= 3.375 m

Similarly, the width of the last section from

Eq. (8.16a) is

Width of other 6 segments

. 2 6
2

2x3
= 3.375m

Since the given m =

i.e., ba b, 3
(each),
=b,=b5= bg= b, 3 m.
=
=
velocities are at 0.6 depth, the
elocity at that vertical. The measured velocity is the
SOWn in table calculation of discharge by mid-section average
below, which is self method is
exploratory.
Distance AverageDepth N= Rev.7Time No. of
from width (y) (m) of current Mean vel. over the
orne
(b) (m)
taken | Rev. per vertical in each Segmenutal
bank meter (Ne)| in Sec.| second section = 0.65 discharge
(N) = x (6) +0.03 (m/s) (2)x(3)x(7)
(4)/(5) m/s)
1)
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
3.375 0.4 0 150 0.2 0.16
0.8 50 130 0.385 .216
0.280 673
1.2 70 100
2 0.7 0.485
15 2.0 100 80 1.746
1.25 0.843
8 3.0 150 60 2.5
5.055
1.655 14.895
21 2.5 200 50 4.0 2.63 19.725
24 2.2 130 40 25
3.375 2.143 14.141
27 1.0 90 130 0.692 0.480 2.619

Totaldischarge, Q 59.07 m/s Ans.] 59.07 m/s

 ANL

ENGINEERING
CONTROL
FLOOD
HYDROLOGY,
596
m'/s and standard deir
mean equal to 300 a5
Q.6.(d) A flood series have
using Gumbel and Cho
how methods.
years flood
m'/s. Compute the
magnitude of 50
Distribution uses the general eou
Probability uation
ISolution. Gumbel's by Chow (1951) a s :
analysis given
for hydrologic frequency
ATX + K.a
Here A60)?
X 300 m/s
5 0 nn/s

K= ?
infinite size, K is given by Eq. 7.74(a) as
Assuming that the series has

Tn
K S
where J = 0.577 (max. value at N ->n)

S 1.2825 (max. value at N >«)

K= 0.577 for N whereYn=-n.n In - i E q 7.72
..

1.2825
Here T= 50 years

Y(50) In. In 50-1J

- -3.902] = 3.9022

3.902-0.577
= 2.593
K 1.2825

X50 300 + 2.593 x 50 429.6 m/s. Ans.]

Year 2009 (Engineering Services)
Q.1. (6) Wuter is pumped fromu well tapping an unconfined aquifer ar a te of

2400 mlduy. A no-druwdown boundary exists at a distance of 5 km from tne

centre. Assuming the well to be fully penetrating, compute the steady state u
doun at the well fuce. Given: Initial saturated thickness = 50 m, hydruute e
tivity = 20 mhlay, effective well radius = 1 nm.
Solution. Q = 2400 in/d
R 5 km = 5000 m
d =50 m
K 20 m/d

For unconfined aquifers, the governing eq. is given asS

..(Eq.12.28

2.3 10 R
Substituting values, we
gel
2400 3.14x 20 150 - h)

2.3 log 10 5000

 ENTIONAL QUESTIONS OF ENGINEERING SERVICES AS WELL
NVENTIONA

597
or
502 h) = 325.13
or h 46.63
S d - h = 50 -46.63 = 3.36 m.
Ans.]
0.2.6) The recorded annual rainfall from five
raingauge stations in a catch-
ment and the corresponding Thiessen polygon areas are as follows
e

Thiessen polygon areas (cm2) Rainfall (cm)

25 125
30
175
30 225
10 275
5 J25

The scale of the map is 1: 50,000. Estimate the volume and the mean
depth ofthe
ruinfall. Estimate the average annual discharge at the outlet, if the runoff coeffi
cient of the catchment is 0.3. (10)
Solution. The given Thiessen polygon areas in cm2 when multiplied by scale
50,000 will give the actual field areas (A,). Hence
A 25 x 50,000 cm2 = 125 m2
Ag 3 0 x 50,000 cm= 150 m2
Ag = 30 x 50,000 cm2= 150 m2
A = 10 x 50,000 cm2 50 m2 =

50,000 cm 25 m2
As = 5 x =

The rainfall values (P) given for these areas are

1.25 m, 1.75 m, 2.25 m,2.75 m and 3.25 m.

Using the governing Eq.

P-BA+P4 +PAj+P,A
A
+2A, we g

150 +2.25 x150 +2.75x 50 +3.25 x 25

1.25 x 125x 1.75x
P Mean Rainfall =
125 x 150 +150+50+25

137.5 +81.25975 m = 1.95 m

156.25+ 262.5+337.5 + 500 m
500
rainfall = 1.95 mn. Ans.
mnean annual depth of Total area
Dce, Mean depth
x
rainfall
Volume of annual 1.95 mx 500 m
= 975 m3 Ans.
=

0.3 x 976 m*= 292.6 m3

K. P. =
=

Annual Runoff volume

outlet
Average discharge at the 292.5 m
Annual volume
366x 24 x 3600
in sec in the year
Time 0.009275 L/s Ans.
10- m s
=

9.275 x
=
 CNGI
GINEERING
Q.2.(i) Watertable in a canal command receives a recharge at the
mmlday. Sub-surface ditch drains at a spacing of2 km areprovidedfor rate
t25
surfuce drainage. Estimate the maximum riseof the water table atsteady
ady state.
Given: hydraulic conductivity of the soil 10 mlday, depth f the impervio
=
of the imper
layer below initial water table position = 20 m. Assume the ditches to ho
to be fully
penetrating.
(10)
Original position Raised Unifom recharge
of W.T water table rate R (m/d)
Ground
surface

'
dhT
.
hmax.'-
.

d Unconfined
.. ... '
aquifer
L2
2
1st Ditch
Impervious layer 2nd Ditch
L Spacing between ditch
Fig. 18.2.
Fig. 18.3 shows the given conditions
with two ditch drains located at a
distanceL metre, completely
penetrating the unconfined
occurring uniformly over the aquifer. Byaquifer
rate of R (m/d) with recharge
it can be symmetry,
seen that the seepage flows from
half length into one ditch through one ot
its face.
With Dupuit's assumptions, the seepage
aquifer (1 to paper) is given as discharge through unit width (G
equal to
= KiA
or
q =

(-)K||hx1 (The -ve sign shows that his decreasius

x is increasing)
where K
x
=

is the
Permeability (m/d)
direction of flow.
h is the
continuity at steady stage, height
Also, by
h the
acquifer of length will be X
the recharge
entering tho
or equal to q:
= R.x
Equating )and (ii), we get
- K. h. dh =R.x
dx
Or h .dh = R
K Xdx
cONVENTIONAL QUESTIONS OF ENGINEERING SERVICESAS WELL
599
Integrating both sides using the limits
atx = 0, h = hnax i and

at x= h = hi, we get

h h,
ch=h1 *=L/2
h.dh =-
--
x. dx
Jh- max

max

(hf - hanax ) = -

or E. K 4
R 4K

or naxh? +RL ..(18.1)

4K

Using the given values as

R = 2.5 mm/d = 2.5 x 10-3 m/d
L =2000 m
K= 10 m/d
h 20 m
(assuming that the water level in the ditch drains
is maintained at equal to the original water table
level either through pumping or by gravity flow to
outlet.
we get
Substituting values in Eq. (18.1),
( 2 0 ) 2 2 5 x 10
x (2000)27
h 4x 10

or hmax 25.5 m
the previous level
maximum rise of W.T. above
Hence, the
Ans.
25.5 20 =
5.5 m.
also help us to compute the discharge entering
calculations
Note. The above
to 2 x RL =RL.
it equals
cach ditch (through its two faces) as 2

streams, then the term RL will

considered to be
ditches are stream fronu the raised
Moreover, if the entering each
but the base flow rainy season
present nothing ground during
table in the adjoining
POSition of the water
 ROLANDGROUNDWATER ENG
HYDROLOGY, FLOOD CONTR
600 NGINEERING
ordinates of 6 hour unit hyarograph of a catchment.
ent are as
Q. 6. (c) The
follows:
Time (hours) Discharge (m'/sec)
0
10
6
12 40
18 55
24 45
30 30
36 7

42
The unit depth of the unit hydrograph is 1 cm. Arrve at the direct runa
hydrograph resulting from the following excess-rainfall hyetograph occurring
ng
over the catchment.
Duration (hours) Rainfall intensity (cm/hr)
0-6
6-12 0.5 (10)
Solution. Follow Solved Example 7.4 and compute as under.
The first rainfall accruing in 0-6 hr produces 1 cm/h x 6h= 6 cm effective
rain; while the second rainfall occurring in 6-12 hr produces 0.5 cm/h x6h
= 3 cm of effective rain.

The hydrograph ordinates produced by first rain will be obtained iy

multiplying ordinates of unit graph by 6; while those from 2nd rain will be
obtained by multiplying them with 3. These ordinates due to 2nd rain will
evidently start after 6 hr. The calculations are completed in the Solution table
given below:
Solution Table for Q.6 (c) of the year 2009
Tine from Unit graph Ordinates of Ordinates of Total DRH
start, hr
ordinates, in'/s DRH due to DRH caused by ordinates
first rainfall 2nd rain of 3 cm =| (m's)
of 6 cm col. (3)+ (4)
col (2) x 6
col (3) x 3-plotted
after a gap of6 hr |
(ms) (m'/s)
(1) (2) (3) (4) 5)
0
0
6 10
60 0 60
12 40
240 30 270
18
330 120 450
24 45
30 270 165
435
30
36 180 135
315
7
42 42 90
132
0
48 0 21 21
0
cONVENTIONAL QUESTIONS OF ENGINEERING SERVICES AS WELL.. 601

The ordinates of DRH hydrograph are finally tabulated in col. (5). The peak
is 450 ms at 18 hr after the start.
Ans.
Year 2010 (Engineering Services)
Q.1.(6)iüü) An aquifer of 25 n average thickness is overlain by an impervious
lcyer of 30 m thickness. A test well 0.4 m in diameter and two observation wells
at a distance of 12 nm and 48 m are located in the aquifer. After pumping at a rate
of 0.2 m'/s for a long time, drawdowns in the wells were observed to be 3.5 m
nd 1.5 m respectively. Determine the coefficient of permeability in m/day. (2)
Solution. Use Thiem's formula for confined aquifers, given in article
12.9.2, i.e. Eq. (12.21) as:
o 2nKH (s1-s)
Q ..i.e. Eq. 12.21)
2.3 log2

where K=?
H= Ht of aquifer = 25 m
r= 12 m, s, = 3.5 m

r 48 m, s, = 1.5m
Q=0.2 m/s
. 0.2= 2x3.14 xK x 25 (3.5- 15)
48
2.3 1og 10
12
or K= 8.82 x 1 0 m/secc
= 8.82 x 10x (3600 x
24)m/day
76.17 m/day. Ans.
Q.8. (a) i) Flood frequency computation yields the following results:
Return period Peak flood
Years mls
50.0 20,500
100.0 25,400

Using Gumbel's method, estimate the flood for a return period of 150 years.
(4)
Solved Example 7.36 and compute as
Solution. Follow exactly similar
under:
. E q . 7.73)
+K.a
Xy, = X

where K= T
Y .(Eq. 7.74a)

100) JuG= 25400 ..)

100)X +|
...(iu)
60)ad = 20500
and X50X *|S S
 DVATERB

602
HYDROLOGY, F L O O D C O N T R O L A N U

ENGINEERINING
w e get
Subtracting (i) from (i),
100)50)|o =4900
Sn Sn

But n- .Eq.7.72)
a o - 4 9100
94.60015

is0)-| =3.90194
and
values in (iüi), we get
Substituting above

4.600153.90194 = =4900
Sn Sn
4900 7017.95 .u)
-
or
0.69821
T, we have
Also, for given 150 years
150
a50)- 145.00729
149
we have
Also, from basic eqns. for 150 years and 100 years,

Y(150)100) 150)-Xu00)
Substituting values, we get

5.00729-4.60015 7017.95 =Xa50)-25400

or 2,587 X150)-25,400
or 150)27,987 mS/s. Ans.]
Year 2011 (Engineering Services) the
.1. a)i)The areus between the isohyets aregiven in
equivalent uniform depth. What is the depth of flow if the coefficient of runo
table below.
(3
0.4' Find the volumne
of runoff (1
What are the limitations of the isohyetal method?
What is coefficient of variation?
Isohyets (mm) 75
80

9 100 12 140 15
Area between 60.0 120
275 260 150 380 215
isohyets (sq. km)

Solution. Equivalent uniform arlier defined

depth (EUD) is earet We

Example 4.7 as Mean Rainfal Hence

footnote to solved
have to
determine the
Mean Rainfall,
sohye
Isohyeu
which for
method is given
by Eq. (4.14) as
1, which
P= AP + AP +
AgPs t.. +A,Pr
A
NVENTIONAL QUESTIONS OF ENGINEERING SERVICES AS WELL..
603
Now, substituting given
values, we get
60 x 75+90
2 +2750+100-260 2 2 +260 100+125
2
+1500t140.380140+150 +215150+
150+165
165
2 2 2
+120 65 + 180)
P= 2
60+275 +260+ 150 +380 +215+120 1460
60 x 82.5 + 275 x 95 +260 x 112.5 + 150x 132.5
or P = +380 145 +215
x x
157.5 + 120 x 172.5
1460
189863 =
130.04 mm = 13 cm Ans.
1460
The isohyetal method suffers from the following
limitations:
i) Variation in rainfall due to elevation
difference is not
taken care of; and
(i) The method gives accurate results if rain
gauges are
under homogeneous climate.
The coefficient ofvariation
(C,) is defined in article 4.6.1, as
coefficient of variation of rainfall based on existing rain
gauge
stations, and given by Eq. (4.11) as:
C 100
P ..i.e. Eq. 4.11)
where d = std. deviation of various known values of data such
as av. annual rainfall values of different rain
gauge
stations, etc, given by Eq. (4.10)
P Mean of considered data of rainfall
value
values. Ans.]
Q.1.6)(i) The watershed at a particular site on a river has 77000 ha. The mean
an nual precipitation is 950 mm. About 25% ofprecipitation reaches the basin
ullet as stream flow. Estimate the mean flow rate at this site in m's-1 (3)
in
Ifthehead available at the site m
is 150 and assuming thetransm
s5of 10%, what would be the power that can be generated in MW? (2)
Solution. (i) Annual Runoff at outlet
(77000x 10 ) m* x 950 m25% = 182.875 x 10 m3
1000
82.875x 10 =5.8 mS/s Ans.
Discharge at o u t e 3 6 5 x 24 x 3600
with Q = 5.8 ms
Water Power produced
(ii) Water Energy or
as
and H= 150 m, is given
Water Energy =Yu QH
 ENG
9.81 x 5.8 x 150 m 8534.7 kNm/s
8534.7 k
= =
=
m
Accounting transmission loss of 10%, we get the
producedd power
8534.7 x 0.9 =
7681.23; say 7681 kW Ans.]
Q.5. (a) (i) Drawdown from multiple observation wells in a
under steady statefl ow conditi on when confined aguit.
100 m/day 1s pumped is given belo
Determine the transmissivity assuming the linear variation semi log
thegiven data: graph an
on

r(m) distance sím) drawdown

30 2.79
40 2.505
50 2.38
100 1.83
200 1.28
400 0.73
4)
(Solution. The given values of r and s are used to plat a curve on a semi
log graph paper, as shown in Fig. 18.3. A st. line of best fit is
drawn, from which two values of r and s, lying on the st. line
are chosen, say as
T 130 m; s 1.6 m
r2 250 m; s1.1 m
Now, for confined aquifers, from Thiem's formula, we have
from Eq. (12.22) as

Q= 27TS-s2)
C...e. Eq. 12.22)
T2
2.3log102
r
Substituting the value Q = 100 m/day, and above mentioneu
values of
ri, S, T2 and s2, we get
100m/d =2tT(1.6-1.1).
4.81 T
250
2.3 log
2.3 log 10
130
or T 100
4.81
20.79 m/d Ans.
Note: If the semilog graph
then the paper is not available in the
given two values may be chosen as the values ofr
a n d

iand corresponding values s, and s,. For examp let

us

chooser = 50 m, s, = 2.38 m,ofand r,= 100 m, s, L0 m

Now, Q = 2nT 8 - 8 )
2.3 log101
 NVENTIONAL QUESTIONS OF ENGINEERING SERVICESAS WELL..
CONVE

605

8 9 10 7 8 9 10

2.8T

2.6
2.4
. *****

2.2 **** **

2.0
.

.
gi ..: . . h rninsd. "** ***"******7************************* T

tAiavdrialu

1.8 * : 1

, ****"

1.6 *****
ar *************** .2'

rsindýý* ***,"" . . 3

****

****

ra****** :"*1**"*** **

1.2+ * * . .

*****

1.0 **** .. . i .

* . *
.dv..wu av.wiwrnafi*** ..
0.8 . *** . .

0.6- . ** . : '

3
.gad. - .
0.4 .

* *** .
- * . . .. **" 2... ** . .

0.2
.. .
200 400
7080 90100
30 40 50 60
20
7 8 910 (log scale)-
r in m

Fig. 18.3

2xT(2.88-1.83)
100 100
or
2.3 lo810 50
Ans.]
20.04 m'/day. saturated
mediumm

or T permeability ofa
water

the g r o u n d
water is
What is the intrinsic mldayf Assume viscosity
Q.6. (6) i ) conductivity of15.24
nas a
d e n s u y of 998.2
kg/m", and
(4)
hydraulic and
that hasa a t 20°C
pressure as

at
atmospheric
is given by Eq. (13.16)
10-1 kg/ms. (K,) ...i.e. Eq. 13.16)
of 1.002 x
Intrinsic
permeability

Solution.

K, K.

or
K, =K.| p.8
606 NTROLAND GROUND
HYDROLOGY, FLOODCONT
ERENGINE
where u is dynamic viscosity, which is
15.24
given.
Here K= 15.24 m/d =
m/s =
1.764 x 104 m/s
24 x 36000

= 1.002 x 10- kg/m.s

p 998.2 kg/m*
g 9.81 m/s2.
Substituting values, we get

1.764 x 10 x 1.002 x 10-3 gkg

K, =. S m.s
998.2 x 9.81
m s
or K= 1.805 x 10-11 m2. Ans.
But 1 Darcy = 9.87x 10-13 m2
= 8 0 5 x 10-11
K =
o00*
9.87 x 1013 Darcy
= 18.29 Darcy Ans
Q.7.(6) (i) Analysis of the maximum annual flood over the past 150 years in
a small river indicates the following cumulative distribution:

Number PX<
0

25 0.19
3 50 0.35
4 75 0.52
5 100 0.62
6 125 0.69
7 150 0.88
8 175 0.92
9
200 0.95
10 225 0.98
11
250 1..00
Estimate 10, 50, 100 years flood. (5
(Solution. The given data is analysed shown in Solution Tabie's
as
given

below, so
as to help compute std. deviation a for using mbel

u
equation ve the problem.