Focused Intervention Team

Community Oversight Group

Official Recommendation
On the Implementation of ShotSpotter
Technology as a Focused Deterrence Tool to
Address Gun Violence in Portland

July 18th, 2022

pg. 0
Table of Contents
FITCOG Members .................................................................................................................. 3

Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. 3

RECCOMENDATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................. 4

Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4

Reccomendation ............................................................................................................ 6

Summary of Condtions ........................................................................................... 6

RECCOMENDATION & CONDITON DETAILS ............................................................. 8

Reccomendation ............................................................................................................ 8

Condition A-VIP List................................................................................................... 14

Condition B- Implicit Bias Training ............................................................................ 17

Condition C- Structural Mitigation .............................................................................. 18

Condition D- Privacy & Civil Rights Protections ........................................................ 19

Condition E- Data Collection & Analysis ................................................................... 20

Condition F- Community Input ................................................................................... 21

Condition G- Funding .................................................................................................. 22

Condition H- Pilot Project Timeline ............................................................................ 23

Condition I- Termination of SSP Service .................................................................... 23

Condition J- SSP Sensor Placement ............................................................................ 23

Condition K- EMS & PPB Response Partnership ....................................................... 25

Condition L- Public Transparency............................................................................... 26

Condition M- Judicial Limitations............................................................................... 27

FITCOG Discussion on Peer Review Commentary……………………………………...28

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 32

pg. 1
 APPENDECIES ................................................................................................................... 36

Appendix A: Independent Analysis of the MacArthur Justice Center Study on

ShotSpotter in Chicago…………………………………………………36
Appendix B: Scoring Criteria in the Violent Impact Player List ................................. 43

Appendix C: Victim Impact Player List ...................................................................... 46

Appendix D: Project Safe Neighborhoods ................................................................... 47

Appendix E: ShotSpotter FAQs................................................................................... 49

Appendix F: Peer Review Commentary of the FITCOG

ShotSpotter Recommendation………………………………………….56

EMAILED ATTACHMENTS (To publish w/this reccomendation document)

➢ Independent Audit of the ShotSpotter Accuracy

➢ Independent Analysis of the MacArthur Justice Center Study on ShotSpotter in Chicago

➢ Privacy Audit & Assesment of ShotSpotter Inc.’s Gunshot Detection Technology

* Links to these documents are also listed in the reference section of this reccomendation.

pg. 2
IMPLEMENATATION OF SHOT SPOTTER
TECHONOLOGY AS A FOCUSED DETERRENCE
TOOL TO ADRESS GUN VIOLENCE IN PORTLAND

FITCOG Members
• Pastor Ed Williams, Chair
• Kimberley Dixon, Vice Chair
• Lionel Irving
• Victor Leo
• Ronnie Faavae
• Jaidra Hennessey
• Chanel Thomas
• Gina Ronning

The FITCOG wishes to thank the community and COG members who provided
constructive criticisms of this topic to better inform our recommendation framework.

Acronyms Used in This Recommendation

• COG: Community Oversight Group
• FITCOG: Focused Intervention Team Community Oversight Group
• FIT: Focused Intervention Team
• LEO: Law Enforcement Officer
• MJC: MacArthur Justice Center
• OVP: Office of Violence Prevention
• PPB: Portland Police Bureau
• SOP: Standard Operating Procedure
• SSP: ShotSpotter
• VIP: Violent Impact Player

Recommendation Executive Summary

INTRODUCTION

Gun violence continues to be a major threat to livability and safety issue in the city of
Portland, and has reached the level of being a public health crisis. Efforts to reduce gun
violence are a matter of high priority requiring immediate attention. This FITCOG

pg. 3
recommendation is made with an acknowledgment of both the public health crises and
this high priority.

Gun violence is a complex social issue requiring a multi-faceted approach that includes
both policing and community-based responses. FITCOG fully supports the investment
and inclusion of community-based interventions addressing the root causes of gun
violence; as all of these strategies are critical in bringing about an equitable and peaceful
society. The mission and focus of the FITCOG however, is specifically to review and
give input on focused deterrence policing strategies and tools of the FIT.

No recommendation brought forward by the FITCOG is intended to be an end-all-be-all,

or mutually exclusive strategy in the struggle to end gun violence. FITCOG expects that
the work to end gun violence rests on the shoulders of many within the city, and
community. This group is but one part of the larger efforts being made. FITCOG
members represent various sections of the Portland community, with a myriad of lived
experiences and formal expertise. This recommendation has been informed by our lived
experiences, in addition to months of research including but not limited to: article and
report reviews, conference attendance, panel discussions, public testimony, and more. As
FITCOG members we bring many voices of community input but we are not unmindful
that there are other voices in other parts of the community that should be heard. We
highly encourage the City of Portland to provide continued opportunities for community
input and discussion on this very important matter.

The FITCOG’s mission is to work closely with the Commissioner-in-Charge of the

Portland Police Bureau, the leadership of PPB, and FIT members and command to
understand, inform and provide recommendations to the city’s efforts to reduce gun
violence in Portland. This will be done by remaining informed about gun violence trends,
PPB, and FIT strategies, other City of Portland programs and priorities in supporting this
work, and best practices for prevention, intervention, and response.

FITCOG also provides recommendations to FIT members, the Police Chief, and
Commissioner-in-Charge of the PPB regarding PPB’s gun violence response strategies
through a racial and social justice lens, and provides these recommendations in a manner
seeking equitable and racially just outcomes.

According to its bylaws, FITCOG is also empowered to make recommendations

regarding allocation of City of Portland resources (for example: staffing, training,
technology, funding) to support FIT in accomplishing its mission of specifically reducing
gun violence. FITCOG makes decisions using a consensus model. The following
recommendation was reached through consensus vote after meeting the required voting
quorum.

All regular FITCOG meetings designate time on the agenda to accept public testimony
from community members. This recommendation also includes feedback, insight, and
concerns brought forward by members of the community who have given public

pg. 4
testimony in FITCOG meetings. Due to public health concerns created by the Covid-19
pandemic, FITCOG meetings are held via video conference through Zoom.

FITCOG meetings are public record and subject to Freedom of Information Act requests,
with the exception of confidential briefings. All information regarding non-confidential
portions of the meeting is available on the City of Portland website at:
https://www.portland.gov/wheeler/focused-intervention-team-community-oversight-
group A copy of this recommendation will be posted on the FITCOG web page per
Article 8, Section 4, Subsection 5 under the FITCOG bylaws.

Limitations
This recommendation is based on information and reports made available to the general
public. FITCOG is a volunteer-based community oversight group and despite the
extensiveness of our research, it is important to recognize that members of our group
work full-time jobs and have and responsibilities outside that of the work of FITCOG.
Due to the nature and structure of this work, FITCOG members have natural limitations
of time and capacity. The purpose of this recommendation is to establish an informed
basis to further city and community dialogue on the potential use of ShotSpotter
technology in addressing the gun violence crises in Portland.

An additional limitation to this recommendation is that there are only a handful of

credible, and easily, publicly accessible reports and audits on ShotSpotter technology at
this time. The data we do have is very informative, but it may be helpful for City leaders
and community members to request data reports from individual agencies currently using
the technology. Additionally, one of the most critical reports of the ShotSpotter
technology does not appear to be readily available to the public for review. FITCOG is
still awaiting a response from the MacArthur Justice Center on obtaining a copy of their
ShotSpotter Technology analysis. Without the actual report, an analysis of the
methodology or criterions used for that report are not yet possible. If we are able to
obtain a copy of the actual report, we will share it and add it to our posted documents as
part of the recommendation packet. Third party information and the available
extrapolations made from that report on behalf of the MacArthur Justice Center are
included.

Another limitation we found is that discussions in the general media on both sides of the
topic of ShotSpotter Technology are often incomplete, biased, or selective. The most
accurate data regarding ShotSpotter Technology comes from the hard data reported out
by police departments currently using the technology, along with audit reports. Access to
this information is fairly limited to the general public, and again further exploration into
gaining access to these reports would be desirable for future research and analysis.

Exclusionary Criteria
General news articles and reports were used as guideposts for identifying themes around
public concerns regarding ShotSpotter Technology, but were not considered peer-
reviewed or scientific articles on ShotSpotter Data. Any ShotSpotter data included in this
recommendation was sourced from direct agency statistics, any available third-party audit

pg. 5
reports, and ShotSpotter Inc. We found that general news articles were very helpful in
identifying public sentiment on the use of ShotSpotter technology, but were mostly
comprised of third-party information, and so this recommendation focused more on the
examination direct sources.

Method
The research included in this recommendation was generated through a thematic analysis
of public concerns regarding the use of ShotSpotter technology across the nation. Topic
themes were identified via a series of FITCOG meeting discussions and questions raised
by voting FITCOG members, public input given to FITCOG in those meetings, and
topics raised in headliner news articles spanning from 2016-2021 until the topics/themes
reached conceptual saturation. The public concerns identified in the thematic analysis
were then used as the primary focus of data research.

RECCOMENDATION
The FITCOG makes the overarching recommendation that:
➢ The City of Portland should support and invest in the Portland Police
Bureau for the use and implementation of ShotSpotter Technology as a
focused deterrence tool as part of the overarching gun violence response
strategy.

SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS
This overarching FITCOG recommendation supports the use and implementation of
ShotSpotter technologies on the following conditions pertaining to concerns in the areas
of: community and justice equity, civil rights protections, data collection, data analysis,
public transparency, and community engagement:

A. That PPB in collaboration with relevant City of Portland, and community-

based stakeholders develop a Violent Impact Players (VIP) List specific to
the needs and concerns of Portland to improve and/or enhance data driven
tactics for identifying and apprehending serial trigger pullers for the
purposes of reducing gun violence.
B. That there is ongoing implicit bias training for all PPB FIT officers, and
other patrol officers, and those who would be responding directly to
ShotSpotter technology calls.
C. That PPB conduct ongoing evaluation and mitigation of any unintended
consequences resulting from the implementation of ShotSpotter
technology in light of PPB staff shortages.
D. That City of Portland agencies, policy makers, and PPB create, and tighten
up protections from any potential legal or civil rights violations that may
arise from the implementation of SSP technology, including but not
limited to, either the direct, or indirect capturing and collecting of
information outside that of the scope of gun or ammunition sounds.

pg. 6
 E. That the PPB should invest in comprehensive data collection and analysis
of ShotSpotter technology capabilities to exceed minimum operational and
compliance needs and will conduct public safety research and
performance analytics, and share such findings with the public in a
consistent and accessible manner.
F. That City of Portland leadership invite further community input on SSP
technology as a process step in adopting this recommendation.
G. That City of Portland leadership assist PPB in obtaining full financial
commitment to implement and sustain SSP technology for the duration of
its established contact of service, and ensuring that funding for SSP
technology will not be sourced from any other public service, social
service, or public health service.
H. That City of Portland leadership in collaboration with PPB, establish a
reasonable pilot project timeline to test the efficacy of SSP technology use
in the City Portland, whereby the outcomes and data analysis will be up
for review to determine service renewal.
I. That the City of Portland and PPB secure the contractual right to terminate
any SSP technology service contract or agreement consistent with the laws
governing contracts.
J. That PPB ensure that SSP technology sensors are placed equitably through
an evidenced based approach, reflective of current gun violence shooting
statistics in the Portland-Metro area.
K. That PPB in collaboration with Emergency Service Responders establish
stronger, and more streamlined communication and partnerships with
EMT, and other medical and crisis responders to gun violence scenes.
L. That PPB maintain a high level of public transparency regarding SSP
technology sensor data and gun violence trends in Portland.
M. That City of Portland leadership in collaboration with legal partners
develop judicial and investigative guidelines and limitations on the use
and integration of SSP data in the criminal prosecution and conviction of
gun violence cases.

Recommendation & Conditions Details

Recommendation: The City of Portland should support and invest in the

Portland Police Bureau for the use and implementation of ShotSpotter technology as a
focused deterrence tool in the overarching gun violence reduction strategy.

pg. 7
FITCOG believes that when used in accordance with its best practices, ShotSpotter
technology has the potential to be a highly effective focused deterrence tool for the PPB
FIT in efforts to interrupt gun violence in Portland. Specifically, ShotSpotter technology
will aid in:

1. Increased detection and location of gun fire incidents

2. Increased notification and response time to shots fired
3. Increased access to ballistics and crime scene evidence and data
4. Data driven interventions with violent and known serial/chronic trigger pullers,
thereby further reducing the likelihood of arbitrary stops
5. Assisting in solving cases faster
6. Reducing the impact on 911 service calls

Background
Currently, PPB strictly relies on the community to call 911 if gunshots are fired.
Nationally, roughly only 20% of gun fire incidents are ever called into 911. Additionally,
unless there is a shooting victim or direct witness, gun fire incidents often lack location
accuracy. This creates a large data gap making it difficult for Portland Police to
effectively pre-empt, interrupt, and investigate gun violence. ShotSpotter is a newer
technology capable of filling these data gaps. ShotSpotter is a technology which relies on
a comprehensive network of acoustic sensors that can detect, locate and alert police to
nearly all gunshot incidents. This technology is currently being used and is in successful
operation in more than 120 cities around the country. ShotSpotter technology allows
police to:

1) Respond to a higher percentage of gunfire incidents;

2) Improve response times to crime scenes to better aid victims and find witnesses;
3) Locate key evidence to identify and prosecute suspects.

How it works:
ShotSpotter
technology uses an array of acoustic sensors that are connected wirelessly to
ShotSpotter’s centralized, cloud-based application to reliably detect and accurately locate
gunshots using triangulation. Each acoustic sensor captures the precise time and audio
associated with impulsive sounds that may represent gunfire. This data is used to locate
the incident and is then filtered by sophisticated machine algorithms to classify the event
as a potential gunshot. Acoustic experts, who are located and staffed in ShotSpotter’s
24×7 Incident Review Center, ensure and confirm that the events are indeed gunfire.
They can append the alert with other critical intelligence such as whether a fully
automatic weapon was fired or whether there are multiple shooters. This entire process
takes less than 60 seconds from the time of the shooting to the digital alert popping onto a
screen of a computer in the 911 Call Center or on a patrol officer’s smartphone or mobile
laptop.

pg. 8
What ShotSpotter does not do:
ShotSpotter technology is not a tool that will single handedly end all gun violence.
Instead, ShotSpotter technology is a focused deterrence tool that aids police in their
investigative work and increases response time to gun fire incidents, both critical
components in interrupting serial gun crime offenders, and saving lives. Gunshot
detection by itself is not a panacea for gun violence, but if used as part of a
comprehensive gun crime response strategy, it can contribute to a reduction. The vast
majority of cities that have adopted ShotSpotter technology have done so as part of an
overall strategy and have seen great value and experienced positive outcomes such as
reduced gun violence, an increase in arrests and improvement in police-community
relations.

ShotSpotter is not a video surveillance technology. Cities can choose to combine their
own video camera surveillance technologies with ShotSpotter auditory sensors if they so
choose, but this is not a service offered by ShotSpotter.

Challenges
While ShotSpotter technology represents a new wave in 21st century policing, such
technology often develops faster than one can assess unintended risks or outcomes.
However, in a comprehensive review of concerns and critiques over the use of this
technology, FITCOG believes Portland can be pro-active and responsive to such concerns
and mitigate risks by:
➢ Creating a Portland specific framework for usage
➢ Implementing certain legal and civil rights protections
➢ Conducting ongoing data analysis
➢ Provide ongoing community input
Creating Trust
The biggest challenge to implementing ShotSpotter technology is that the public must
trust that usage of ShotSpotter technology will not be used to their detriment. The
majority of critiques on ShotSpotter technology were not on efficacy, but on fears around
how the technology might be used. Therefore, it is imperative that the City of Portland
leadership, PPB, and other public safety partners work collaboratively to mitigate these
concerns so that a meaningful tool may be introduced to help interrupt and reduce the gun
violence crises here in Portland… immediately. All tools have the capability of causing
harm if mis-used. Consequently, this is why investments in training, data analysis, and
being pro-active are integral components to policing reform and a responsive public
safety approach.

Understanding the Problem

FITCOG has been charged with the mission of reviewing and providing critical insight to
the PPB FIT, and the City of Portland so that gun violence response strategies take into
consideration historical inequities and implicit bias as a means of preventing excessive
use of force, or bad outcomes rooted in racism, implicit bias or gaps in knowledge.
FITCOG fully acknowledges the connections between social and racial inequities and the
emergence of gun violence on the streets as a socio-cultural response to oppression.
pg. 9
FITCOG also fully recognizes that marginalized communities remain disproportionately
impacted by BOTH over policing and inter-community violence. These two truths create
complexity. ShotSpotter technology can help limit unnecessary encounters between
community members and the police.

Data driven policing helps to reduce unnecessary interfacing between at-

risk/marginalized communities and the police. However, since many marginalized
communities also experience inter-community violence, it must also be understood that
high impact areas experiencing a lot of gun violence would be areas best served by
ShotSpotter technology sensors. Therefore, the measuring tool used to determine
equitable placement and usage of this technology should be in alignment with what we
know is occurring in current Portland gun violence statistics. We should expect to see
placement of ShotSpotter technology sensors in all high impact areas.
Opportunities
ShotSpotter technology is not a substitute for addressing the root causes of violence.
Addressing the root causes of gun violence is an imperative strategy needed for positive
long-term outcomes. Gun violence is a collective public health crisis requiring
community engagement on all sides of this issue. Identifying and understanding high
impact gun violence areas creates opportunities for greater community engagement in
those areas as-well-as a more data drive approach to policing. FITCOG believes that a
public health approach is a holistic approach which requires the involvement of all public
safety and community stakeholders.
Criticisms
In our research FITCOG has identified several primary categories of concerns regarding
the use of ShotSpotter technology:

• Privacy: A concern over what other sounds are recorded by the technology, and
how this information is stored, and by whom, as well as how this information is
potentially used.
• Implementation: A concern over the potential for disproportionate placement or
usage of ShotSpotter technology sensors in marginalized communities.
• Data Outcomes: A concern over accuracy of gun fire information and data
interpretation, particularly in a changing environment.
• Over Policing: Concerns regarding increased police presence in high risk and
marginalized communities.
• Best Practices: A concern over whether or not City and policing agencies can
adhere to the best practices and remain in fidelity to the recommended
ShotSpotter technology best practices guidelines.
• Cost: A concern regarding the cost and investment in the technologies and
whether or not the resources used for ShotSpotter technology will reduce or
prevent investment in other community-based, gun violence prevention strategies.
• Public Transparency: Concerns over data disclosure of ShotSpotter technology
data for public transparency.
• Use of Evidence: Concerns over how judicial processes will incorporate
ShotSpotter data in the criminal prosecution of gun violence cases.

pg. 10
 • Accuracy & Efficacy: Concerns over how accurate gunshot detection technology
is in being able to identify actual shots fired, and whether or not gunshot detection
technology is an effective tool in combating the problem of gun violence in cities.

FITCOG has established some general findings on these matters, and have used these
findings to inform the following recommendation conditions. In overview:

• On privacy, FITCOG has found no evidence to support that ShotSpotter

technology poses any great threat to privacy at this time. FITCOG supports the
recommendations of the NYU Policing Project on this matter to shore up potential
future risks. The ACLU has also stated that privacy is not a major concern of this
technology at this time. That being said, as a pre-emptive strategy, FITCOG
supports any legal or policy protections required to further protect the rights of
individuals who would be impacted by this technology.
• On implementation, FITCOG believes it is imperative that ShotSpotter technology
sensors are placed equitably throughout all areas of Portland representing high
risk areas for gun violence. Placement should be determined by data.
Furthermore, as the danger of mass shootings are becoming an unfortunate reality
of our time, we would also expect that these sensors may also be placed in areas
where a mass shooting may be likely to occur, not just in communities
experiencing inter-community violence. Communities most at risk for gun
violence, should have a role in helping to inform the placement of these sensors.
• On Data Outcomes, Currently over 120 cities around the nation use ShotSpotter
technology, and have reported successful and positive outcomes. Out of the
hundreds of cities to use ShotSpotter technology, only a handful have
discontinued the use of it. There are several reasons cited for cities discontinuing
its use such as: cities having difficulty in maintaining best practices, public
distrust, police agencies who dramatically struggle with equity, and cities who
lacked legal protections for equitable policing strategies. Out of the cities that
have reported success, the City of Tampa Florida has directly spoken and shared
information on ShotSpotter technology and how this tool has been a successful
aid in developing a Focused Deterrence approach. There are also several studies
referenced at the end of this recommendation that explain in detail the different
outcomes this technology has yielded for different cities. There is a
preponderance of scientific evidence to suggest that ShotSpotter technology does
increase gunfire incident notifications, increases police response time, and assists
with gun violence investigation.
• On Public Transparency, According to ShotSpotter Inc, all ShotSpotter sensor
data collected is related to the detection of the gunshot(s). The gunshot data does
not contain any agency notes or results of an investigation. ShotSpotter does not
provide or sell gunshot data to the media. ShotSpotter’s intent is to use the
gunshot data to support academic research and other research focused on gun
violence in America. City of Portland/Portland Police can share the gunshot
related data with other LE agencies or District/Prosecuting Attorneys for purposes
such as investigating and prosecuting crimes. The City of Portland can choose to

pg. 11
 release any data that is available within the ShotSpotter Respond and Insight
Applications that is collected from ShotSpotter related alerts/incidents. FITCOG
encourages the sharing of ShotSpotter technology information to maintain public
transparency.
• On Use of Evidence, As our society becomes more reliant on technological tools,
we are seeing an increase in dependency and reliance on these tools. Technology
can bring great benefits and convenience to the realms of criminal justice. For
example, DNA technologies have come a long way to help data driven policing.
DNA testing can determine perpetrators and identify victims of crime within 99%
accuracy, and in many cases also exonerate the innocent. However, even DNA
technologies can be flawed, or suffer operator error if mishandled. It would seem
ridiculous to suggest to eliminate the use of DNA testing technologies today.
Instead, comprehensive guidelines and laws were put into place over the
collection, testing, use, and storage of DNA evidence. In the context of policing
and investigations, technological tools like ShotSpotter can serve as a great aid in
criminal investigations and helping to reduce gun violence. However, policing
and investigations on gun violence should not strictly rely on ShotSpotter
technology, or serve as a substitute for good quality investigative work. Data
retrieved from ShotSpotter technology sensors should not serve as the single
determining factor in prosecuting or convicting in gun violence cases. For
example, Michael Williams of Chicago was in the wrong place at the wrong time.
In this case, the District Attorney’s office allowed ShotSpotter data to be the
deciding factor over guilt. After one year, Mr. Williams was fortunately able to
have the case thrown out due to lack of evidence. This example highlights poor
investigative and policing and judicial practice, but not necessarily an issue with
the technology itself. It will be important for the City of Portland to have strict
guidelines over how ShotSpotter data can be used as evidence. Specifically, there
needs to be protections preventing such data from being the only data used to
prosecute a case or convict.
• On Over Policing, Cutting edge tools can move policing towards being more data
driven and can help dramatically reduce the risks of racial profiling, arbitrary
stops, and unnecessary interactions with the police. It is important for City
leadership and the community to understand that communities which are
historically over policed are often the same communities most impacted by inter-
community violence and underserved by police when it comes to interrupting gun
violence. ShotSpotter technology, when used in accordance with its best practice
guidelines, can help to reduce these harmful and unnecessary policing encounters
within high-risk communities. For those in the community who feel more
community engagement with the police is harmful, this is one policing tool that
can help limit unnecessary community involvement. Furthermore, FITCOG
believes that the inclusion of the Violent Impact Player (VIP) List when used in
conjunction with ShotSpotter technology, can even further reduce unnecessary
policing encounters and interventions within marginalized communities.
• On Best Practices: Any tool when used inappropriately can be harmful. FITCOG
has found that the majority of issues concerning ShotSpotter was not in the
technology itself, but to what degree policing agencies were following

pg. 12
 ShotSpotter best practice guidelines. These guidelines are provided to policing
agencies along with a comprehensive plan on how to follow them. These
guidelines include but are not limited to: allowing patrol to respond immediately
when gun fire is detected, gathering evidence, conducting community welfare
checks on the scene, including involving broader community engagement
services, prioritizing injured victims and getting them to a trauma center
immediately.
• Best Practices Continued… Additionally, FITCOG has found that the degree of
racial and equity awareness within a particular agency using the technology also
influenced outcomes for better or for worse. Agencies with greater equity and
diversity training in addition to, having policies protecting against racial profiling
(or other issues of inequity) saw greater positive outcomes with the use of
ShotSpotter technology than agencies who did not have those same reforms.
When evaluating the appropriateness of this technology for the City of Portland, it
will be important to look at Portland specific contexts, experiences and
developments.
• On Cost, according to research, funding for the ShotSpotter technology services
may come from a variety of different sources, much of those sources stemming
from federal grants, and a reprioritizing of police budgeting, and public safety
funds. ShotSpotter technology assists policing agencies to identifying and locating
funds. Additionally, FITCOG supports an end to scarcity culture and does not
believe we must sacrifice community-based interventions in the name of
responsive policing. We can and should have both.
• On Accuracy & Efficacy, The greatest critique dominating the media narrative on
the efficacy of ShotSpotter technology is a single study produced by the
MacArthur Justice Center (MJC) on the review of the efficacy of SSP in the city
of Chicago. Their research was based on selective information extrapolated from
communications of the Office of Emergency management and Communications
data on the Chicago Police Department (OEMC), rather than complete data
documented from the Chicago Police Department. In a third-party analysis of
ShotSpotter data and the MacArthur report, Edgeworth Analytics found that
OEMC data is not an appropriate source of information to base efficacy research
on because OEMC is a distinct office separate from that of the Chicago Police
Department, and the OEMC data does not reflect the ultimate outcomes following
subsequent investigations or reports, and only contains a small parts of much
larger case files. Case files that are created in the “hours, days, weeks, and months
after a gun violence incident has occurred. Edgeworth Analytics goes on to
explain that while the OEMC data can be potentially useful in gaining information
on initial police responses to gunshot detection incidents, miscellaneous incident
codes initiated in the OEMC data is not sufficient to support the conclusion that a
police deployment to gun detection incidents are unfounded, or that no crime has
occurred. The MacArthur study failed to include data tracking investigative
reports or cases that go beyond the initial 12 minutes of deployment in a gunfire-
initiated deployment response.
o The MJC study also made claims asserting that ShotSpotter’s pattern of
deployment in Chicago is in predominantly Black and Latinix

pg. 13
 neighborhoods, and that the “unfounded ShotSpotter alerts… can create a
false ‘techwash’ justification for racialized policing and oppressive
patterns of policing in communities of color.” However, Edgeworth
analytics was able to confirm that placement of ShotSpotter sensors in the
City of Chicago are based on hard gun violence data, and that the sensors
were indeed placed in 12 districts experiencing the highest rate of gun
violence homicides. This data leads us to the difficult reality that
communities who have historically been overpoliced are often also the
same communities disproportionately impacted by both intercommunity
and gun violence.
o Links to the MJC discussion on data from their research is included in the
reference section of this document. Unfortunately, it appears that the MJC
has not made their study in its entirety publicly available at this time. A
copy of the Edgeworth Independent Analysis of the MacArthur Justice
Center Study on ShotSpotter is included in the Appendices, Appendix A.
Citations to numerous other studies on ShotSpotter efficacy from other
states are also included in the reference section.

The following conditions of the FITCOG ShotSpotter Technology Recommendation have

all of these concerns in mind. The Conditions provide a more detailed summary of these
concerns and offer solutions to mitigate these concerns.

CONDITIONS

Condition A: That PPB in collaboration with relevant City of Portland, and

community-based stakeholders develop a Violent Impact Players (VIP) List specific to the
needs and concerns of Portland to improve and/or enhance data driven tactics for
identifying and apprehending serial trigger pullers for the purposes of reducing gun
violence.
Background
Implementing this recommendation will help PPB create an evidence-based rubric for
determining stops based on crime history and scientifically known patterns of criminal
conduct involving chronic gun violence offenders. This strategy moves away from
“hunch” or “intuitive” based policing strategies which are known to have increased risks
in the areas of implicit bias and racial profiling.
It is well acknowledged through both research and experience that a small number of
individuals account for a disproportionate number of gun offenses. In some regions these
individuals are known as “impact players” acknowledging that these few individuals have
a considerable impact upon violent crime in the local community as well as the fact that a
large impact can be made in the level of community safety if these individuals desist
from engaging in the crimes. For the most part, the criminal justice system is not
structured or organized to respond to this situation. Typically, the majority of efforts are

pg. 14
devoted to responding to cases and situations as they occur. The pressure to respond to
calls for service, citizen complaints and known offenses can often be overwhelming for
many agencies.

This strategy involves the use of specific criteria (e.g., committing multiple gun offenses
over an eighteen (18) month period) to identify the most violent individuals in a
jurisdiction. While these criteria will vary across jurisdictions it is important that
consistent criteria be developed and used within each jurisdiction to identify individuals
having these characteristics. This strategy is data driven because it uses and relies on data
analysis in the identification of offenders to be included on these lists. The serial/chronic
violent offender strategy emphasizes the identification of individuals who are engaged in
gun violence without specific reference to an individual case. The objective is more
focused on identifying those individuals who have demonstrated continued involvement
in gun crimes and thus represent a considerable danger to the community. Thus, data
analysis is used to apply the selected criteria to criminal history data to identify
individuals who share these characteristics. Law enforcement intelligence concerning
these individuals can then be used to refine the list and determine enforcement strategies
and priorities.

Many districts have found that devoting time to analysis and intelligence in the
identification of a set of “impact players” and the integration of this information into
enforcement and prosecution activities can produce considerable results in addressing
gun violence. Additional benefits of this strategy include:

• Increasing awareness of the identities of high-rate gun offenders throughout the

criminal justice system.
• Coordinating information sharing and enforcement activities concerning the most
violent offenders within and across agencies.
• Enhancing officer safety through creating notification systems enacted as these
individuals are encountered on the street.
• Creating a more efficient system through better focusing of resources upon a
smaller number of offenders.
• Enhancing deterrence through enforcement and prosecution of chronic offenders
involved in gun crime.
• Allowing PPB to have a more pro-active, rather than a reactionary response

pg. 15
Challenges
There are many important decisions that must be made regarding the design and
implementation of the components of this approach that are critical to its success. For
example, research indicates that success in such a strategy requires a coordinated
approach across public safety partners. The sharing of information across agencies (local,
state, and federal policing agencies, correctional institutions, district attorneys etc.)
should produce a greater level of awareness of the identities of these individuals and
generate a more efficient response to situations involving these persons. (US Department
of Justice, (2006).
Additionally, it is important that cities and districts formulate their violent gun offender
strategy on a series of fact and need based information. This process involves decisions
that must be made regarding the methods used to identify offenders and how this
information will be integrated into local criminal justice operations. These decisions often
have no direct answer and each jurisdiction will need to resolve these issues through their
own deliberations. What is appropriate for one jurisdiction may not be suitable in others.
A Portland VIP list would need to be in reconciliation of Oregon law.

One of the initial decisions that needs to be made is selection of the criteria that will be
used to determine who is a chronic violent gun offender. What does it take to be included
in the group of individuals who are determined to be “impact players?” Whatever criteria
are selected it should be applied in a standard and consistent fashion. (US Department of
Justice, (2006). Furthermore, a broad spectrum of data sources on offenders should be
examined. The exclusive use of intelligence sources may omit some individuals who are
deserving of being included with this group of offenders. In some districts concerns have
been expressed regarding the creation of a list that may be perceived as biased, a valid
concern. The use of specific standardized criteria that reflect demonstrated prior criminal
violence is extremely helpful in mitigating bias risks, and relying instead on criminal
data. Once agreed upon, the criteria for inclusion on the list may be shared with a broad
range of criminal justice agencies and other stakeholders. (US Department of Justice,
(2006).
Data quality
The first step in generating a successful VIP list is by making sure the information used
to determine offender criteria is based on a strict criminal safety/threat risk assessments
determined by known criminal history and documented patterns of gun violence.
Agencies involved in the establishment of this criteria need to be mindful of the ways in
which social inequities disadvantage certain individuals, disproportionally having them
interfacing with police and the justice system. Any risk/safety assessments created should
include identifiable gun violence patterns specific to the City of Portland, in addition to
broad based patterns.

Condition B: That there is ongoing implicit bias training for all PPB FIT officers,
and other patrol officers who would be responding directly to ShotSpotter technology
calls.

pg. 16
Background
Implicit bias is the unconscious, unknowing differential treatment of another person
based on a number of discriminatory factors, including but not limited to race, color, age,
sex, gender, nationality, disability, and religion. Implicit bias operates as both an
automatic, intuitive thought process and as a product of reflection. Under certain
conditions, those automatic associations can influence behavior—making people respond
in biased ways even when they are not explicitly prejudiced. More than thirty years of
research in neurology and social and cognitive psychology has shown that people hold
implicit biases even in the absence of heartfelt bigotry, simply by paying attention to the
social world around them. Implicit racial bias has given rise to a phenomenon known as
“racism without racists,” which can cause institutions or individuals to act on racial
prejudices, even in spite of good intentions and nondiscriminatory policies or standards.

Implicit bias has been shown to have significant influence in the outcomes of interactions
between police and citizens. Research suggests that implicit attitudes may be better at
predicting and/or influencing behavior than self-reported explicit attitudes.
Reducing the influence of implicit bias is vitally important to strengthening relationships
between police and minority communities. For example, studies suggest that implicit bias
contributes to “shooter bias,”—the tendency for police to shoot unarmed black suspects
more often than white ones—as well as the frequency of police stops for members of
minority groups. Other expressions of implicit bias, such as public defenders’
prioritization of cases involving white defendants, can have major impact on
communities.

It is possible to address and reduce implicit bias through training and policy interventions
with law enforcement agencies. Research suggests that biased associations can be
gradually unlearned and replaced with nonbiased ones. Perhaps even more
encouragingly, one can reduce the influence of implicit bias simply by changing the
context in which an interaction takes place.

Challenges
If marginalized communities are disproportionately impacted by both over policing and
inter-community gun violence, there is a natural concern that police responding to
ShotSpotter technology calls may have heightened implicit biases when working within
these communities. As new technologies make it possible to engage in 21st century
policing, it is equally vital that the social and emotional intelligences of public safety
officers are able to also evolve with the times and be able to responsibly use these new
technologies in a manner that does not cause more harm.

pg. 17
Opportunities
FITCOG believes one of the most effective ways to mitigate implicit bias concerns for
the FIT and PPB more generally, is by introducing implicit bias as a concept to its
officers, and integrate training strategies that help officers identify, interrupt, and counter
implicit bias in their daily interactions with the public. This training should be considered
continuing education and thus should be ongoing (not a one-off training) and receive full
investment and support from the City of Portland.

Condition C: That PPB conduct ongoing evaluation and mitigation of any

unintended consequences resulting the implementation of ShotSpotter technology in light
of PPB staff shortages;
Background
FITCOG recognizes that many City of Portland agencies, including the PPB are facing
staffing shortages and funding cuts. It can be difficult to predict the myriad of ways an
intervention may impact a system until it is underway. Consequently, this why it will be
important to have a culture of open communication both within the PPB, and
across/between other City agencies to monitor and identify how the use of ShotSpotter
technology may be impacting them…for better or for worse.

Challenges
FITCOG surmises that the use of ShotSpotter technology could potentially increase
caseloads for the Office of Violence Prevention (OVP). Community public safety
partners such as OVP should be supported and granted the resources necessary to
continue their work effectively. It will be important for the City of Portland and PPB to
be in partnership and have good communication and offer support to any other City
agencies or community-based organizations that will be directly involved in gun violence
investigations, or cases in any way.

Another question raised among FITCOG members is whether or not PPB will have
capacity to respond to a higher level of gun fire notifications. In discussions on this
matter with members of the FIT, and in data research, the general consensus is that
ShotSpotter technology would allow PPB to concentrate resources in a more data driven
way, thereby reducing waist of limited resources.

Condition D: That City of Portland City agencies, policy makers and PPB create,
and tighten up protections from any potential privacy or civil rights violations that may
arise from the implementation of ShotSpotter technology, including but not limited to:
either the direct or indirect capturing and collecting of information outside that of the
scope of gun or ammunition sounds;

Background

pg. 18
The ACLU, has concluded that it does not believe ShotSpotter technology to pose an
active threat to privacy at this time. There are far easier ways for agencies to engage in
surveillance. Personal cellphones remain the easiest, reliable, and unregulated vector
for questionable surveillance. However, one concern raised by the ACLU is that the
audio recorded from live microphones is stored for days. However, it should be noted
that ShotSpotter received unanimous approval from the municipal privacy
commissions in San Francisco and Oakland, with Oakland holding the distinction
of having the strongest surveillance oversight law in the country. The Policing Project at
NYU Law School conducted an independent review of ShotSpotter Inc. privacy policies
and procedures. They concluded that “The risk of voice surveillance is extremely low.”
The Policing Project further concluded that the audio captured is only temporarily stored,
and only retained if the computer algorithm or human reviewer detects a gunshot. All
other audio is routinely purged from ShotSpotter’s systems. The Policing Project
identified several recommendations to ShotSpotter to improve privacy protections, which
the company unanimously adopted. Some of these additional steps include:

• Reduce audio spool from 72 hours to 30 hours

• Minimize length of audio snippets to 1 second before and after the incident itself
• Strengthen internal access procedures

Storage of any data always raises the specter of security vulnerabilities. It is important for
Portland City law makers to consider and implement any additional protections necessary
to guard against privacy concerns. FITCOG feels would be beneficial for Portland to
consider, additional safeguards as recommend by the NYU Policing Project such as:
1. Substantially reduce the duration of audio stored on ShotSpotter sensors;
2. Commit to denying requests and challenging subpoenas for sensor audio;
3. Commit to not sharing specific sensor location; and
4. Improve internal controls and supervision regarding audio access.
5. Establishing guidelines for information sharing with third parties

Challenges
The ACLU did raise concerns as to whether or not ShotSpotter technology could increase
incidence of stop and frisk tactics by police officers in some neighborhoods. This
concern is reflected by many in the community centered on racial and social justice
issues. This is very valid concern. What is also concerning is that communities who
are over policed also tend be the communities most impacted by inter-community gun
violence. One way to successfully mitigate this concern, is by adopting a strict data
driven VIP list for serial/chronic gun violence offenders. The implementation of the
VIP List removes randomness and arbitrary police stops. Furthermore, it is important
to recognize that different cities which have employed ShotSpotter technology also
have different laws (or lack thereof) in regards to police reform. It should be no
surprise that in districts with the least amount of police reform, and the least number of
trainings or engagements with topics like implicit bias, arbitrary stop and frisk
practices, seem to have an increase of potential abuses with this technology. When
pg. 19
assessing successes, and/or risks in the use of ShotSpotter technology, it is important
to take into consideration the specific city, and/or state laws (or absence thereof) that
may be contributing to outcomes. For example, the Oregon Legislature has recently
approved Senate Bill 1510 which drastically limits the ability of law enforcement to
pull someone over based solely on a minor infraction. This is an additional safeguard
protecting against random stop and frisk tactics. Other Portland specific policing
safeguards may limit the risk of some of these concerns. It would benefit the city of
Portland and the community to identify exactly which policing practices here are
present or absent, to better assess encounter risks.

Condition E: That PPB should invest in comprehensive data collection and

analysis of ShotSpotter technology capabilities to exceed minimum operational and
compliance needs and will conduct public safety research and performance analytics,
and share such findings with the public in a consistent and accessible manner.

Background
To best gauge the effectiveness of the use of ShotSpotter technology in Portland it will be
necessary for PPB to have sufficient investment in its analytics and research functions to
review and assess ShotSpotter technology data. Investments may include but are not
limited to, purchasing relevant software and also the hiring of analytic specialists.
Specifically, engaging in enhanced performance analytics with a research focus will
enable proactive identification of gun fire trends and opportunities to mitigate community
concerns around over policing and improve public safety service. Additionally, it is also
important that PPB be able to communicate its data results to non-technical audiences, as-
well-as establishing and sharing a consistent and accessible reporting process.

Challenges
For a neutral review of the data, it will be imperative for personnel within PPB, the City
of Portland, and the community to understand (a) the complexity of gun violence, and (b)
the communities that are most impacted by gun violence. Further, it will be important for
PPB to explain in detail the reasoning behind ShotSpotter sensor placement as it relates to
the way in which gun violence occurs in Portland as compared to other cities, or regions.

The three biggest challenges to useful analysis are:

1. Asking the right question;
2. Understanding what data are necessary to answer the question;
3. Communicating clearly in a manner appropriate to the audience.

It will be crucial for PPB to resist the urge to focus on answering only those questions
that are easy to answer. Gun violence is a complex issue and at times may have complex
explanations. Fortunately, the technology of ShotSpotter allows for comprehensive data
tracking, that will aide in providing these explanations. Nevertheless, it will be important
for both PPB and the community to identify what other data tracking points should be
identified and used. Some obvious tracking data points are:

pg. 20
 ➢ Response time
➢ Response accuracy
➢ Report accuracy
➢ Types of information detected, and how it is stored and used

Less obvious data tracking points might include:

➢ Shifts in gun violence patterns

➢ Gun violence scenario types
➢ Arrests
➢ Guns seized
➢ Shifts in 911 calls on gun fire
➢ Shifts in response time for non-gun related calls

Condition F: That City of Portland leadership Invite further community input on

ShotSpotter technology as a process step in adopting this recommendation.

Background
FITCOG members represent a myriad of voices and lived experiences from the Portland
community. In a review of the research and data available to us, we feel that the
ShotSpotter technology, if used in accordance with best practice guidelines, and in
mitigation of the conditions laid forth in this document, would benefit the people of
Portland in the urgent need to respond to the gun violence crises. However, we recognize
and acknowledge that communities of Portland are highly diverse and that the views and
opinions of FITCOG members are not representative of every voice or community group
in Portland. FITCOG highly encourages the City of Portland to continue to offer
opportunities for other public and community input, specifically those who would be
most impacted by the use of this technology.

Opportunities
FITCOG recommends that any continuing public input on this complex issue should also
engage in a series of best practices. These best practices should seek to help protect
neutrality, balance power, create greater accessibility, and invite more direct stakeholders
to participate. To do this, it is imperative that before members of the community are
asked to give input, that there are opportunities for information sharing about ShotSpotter
prior to feedback sessions. Information sessions should provide neutral, and accurate
information about what ShotSpotter is, what it is not, in addition to both the pros and
cons. Members of the community should be given a wide array of options on how to
weigh in. Public input should come in a variety of forms such as: Online surveys, written
surveys, small in-person, facilitated listening sessions, Virtual (Zoom) sessions etc. Any
session, be it informational, or listening session should also be offered on a variety of
days and times to accommodate the needs of working peoples. Furthermore, City of
Portland leadership should engage in due diligence practices, to expand community input
beyond the familiar faces who attend town hall sessions regularly, and reach in to
communities typically not represented at these forums such as those from immigrant

pg. 21
communities, and other community members at the center of inter-community violence,
who may not feel safe attending meetings where police are present.

FITCOG also recommends that if Portland were to pursue and implement ShotSpotter
technologies, that a special community based advisory group be formed to help oversee
and advise the pilot project, and to help ensure public transparency and data reporting.
This advisory group should also be diverse and represent community members who are
living in the actual areas where ShotSpotter sensors are placed and being used.

Public input will help stakeholders learn and understand how this technology assists or
hinders communities in addressing the issue of gun violence. Public input should happen
prior to any pilot project renewal, and community members should be given advance
notice on when, where, and how such processes will be made available to them.
Notification or announcements of these opportunities should also be made on a variety of
platforms to help ensure wide notification, such as social media, City of Portland and
PPB website, neighborhood association announcements, and notifications to community
based advisory and oversight groups etc.

Condition G: That City of Portland leadership assist PPB in obtaining full

financial commitment to implement and sustain ShotSpotter technology for the duration
of its established contact of service and that the funding for ShotSpotter technology not
be sourced from any other public service, social service, or public health service;

Background
It is important for the ShotSpotter pilot project to be fully funded in a manner conducive
to producing efficacy and maintaining project sustainability. Fortunately, there are a
variety of potential funding sources to help make this possible. A variety of alternative
funding resources available to fund ShotSpotter technology for Portland including but not
limited to: federal grants and formula funds, private sector asset forfeiture funds, business
sponsorships, community policing funds, security grants, and other funds allotted for
public safety endeavors through community safety partners. The PPB should be given
ample time, resources, and ability to implement this project with fidelity to its service
mission. Additionally, PPB should be given ample resources to monitor and conduct the
data analysis necessary for effectively measuring outcomes and impacts.

Challenges
Although it is true that Portland agencies everywhere are confronted with challenges to
resources, it is also true that people prioritize funding to things that matter to them. As a
society we are often faced with a false sense of scarcity and this generates a culture of
adversarial competition between and across agencies, and organizations. Scarcity culture
also tends to convince others that in order for something to be funded something else
must go away. This is a very binary approach to handling complex social problems.
Utilizing a restorative and public health approach, the FITCOG supports investment in
ShotSpotter technologies but does not support divestment from other important social or
public health services in order to do so. As mentioned previously in this document, gun
violence is complex social issue that requires the engagement and participation of all

pg. 22
public safety, public health, and community-based partners. Therefore, it is not desirable
to financially constrain those who are partners in this important work. Based on the
information FITCOG has researched, we believe ShotSpotter technologies can and
should be funded independently without negatively impacting other important
community-based organizations, or social services.

Condition H: That City of Portland leadership, in collaboration with PPB,

establish of a reasonable pilot project timeline to test the efficacy of ShotSpotter
technology use in Portland, whereby the outcomes and data analysis will be up for
review to determine service renewal;

Background: The FITCOG recognizes aspects of public concern and uncertainty with
the implementation of ShotSpotter technologies. Therefore, we recommend that this first
implementation be a trial (pilot project) run with an experimental time-line and expiration
date, with the opportunity for renewal. The timeline for this pilot project should be
reasonable in that the project must be given ample time to be able to measure outcomes,
and gauge impact. Renewal of this project should be based on evidence based,
measurable outcomes to be determined by PPB, and the city, and public safety partners.

Condition I: That the City of Portland and PPB secure the contractual right to
terminate any ShotSpotter technology service contract, or agreement consistent with the
laws governing contracts.

Background
FITCOG supports the right of PPB, the City of Portland, and Public Safety Partners to
not renew ShotSpotter, or to end service at any time in accordance with contractual law
or agreements if at any time it is deemed that the harms of this project outweigh the
benefits. Harms should be defined as measurable (both qualitative, and quantitative)
impacts to the community, and agencies involved (directly, or indirectly).

Condition J: That PPB ensure ShotSpotter technology sensors are placed

equitably through an evidenced based approach, reflective of accurate gun violence
shooting statistics in the Portland-Metro area;

Background
ShotSpotter sensors are stationed at least 30 to 40 feet off the ground and deployed in
elevated locations such as building rooftops, street light poles, cell towers, etc. Each
sensor captures precise time, location, and audio snippets associated with boom and bang
sounds (impulsive noise) that may represent a gunshot. Acoustic sensors are strategically
placed in an array of 15-20 sensors per square mile to detect and triangulate gunshot
activity.

pg. 23
This data is first filtered by sophisticated machine algorithms then qualified and
confirmed by human acoustic experts staffed in the 24x7 Incident Review Center (IRC)
located at ShotSpotter headquarters in Newark, Calif. The alerts include number of shots
fired, the precise time and location (latitude and longitude) represented on a map and
other situational intelligence such as multiple shooters etc. and are immediately sent to
the police department.

Law enforcement agencies and cities that have adopted ShotSpotter solutions and best
practices have experienced reductions in gunfire of up to 80% and reductions in related
violent crime and homicides of as much as 40%.

Challenges
Cities and police agencies can adopt a wide array of sensor placement strategies, based
on individual community needs and concerns. Places that do not have equity or implicit
bias awareness are at higher risk of utilizing such technologies in a biased and
unequitable manner. Portland has been working very hard on improving its implicit bias
awareness, and has been focused on integrating more critical perspectives when it comes
to policing here, in comparison to other regions.

It will be important to ensure that ShotSpotter sensors are placed throughout Portland
using accurate gun-violence data, and evidence-based reasoning. Sadly, gun violence
disproportionately impacts communities of color. According to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), the number one cause of death among young Black men
between the ages of 18-44 is gun violence, and the number one risk to Black and Brown
communities nationwide is gun violence. Coverage areas will include regions of the
community experiencing gun violence. However, Portland experiences various forms of
gun violence. Therefore, it will also be important for city officials and the PPB to be
transparent about how this technology can best serve the gun violence issue as a whole.

The PPB Focused Intervention Team is a policing response team specifically created to
address the crises of gun violence broadly defined. Therefore, this technology can, and
should be used to aid in the investigations and interruptions of the many forms of gun
violence that exist including but not limited to: intercommunity violence, domestic
violence, potential mass shootings, and incidents of interpersonal gun violence (such as
the incidents increasing in Portland’s houseless communities). Sensors should be
equitably distributed to reflect the various at-risk communities. Furthermore, as gun
violence patterns change, it will be important for ShotSpotter sensors to be adjusted and
made responsive to the gun violence trends occurring in the community.

Concerns over officer involved shootings, specifically those involving members of

marginalized communities is a valid concern and one that should be examined through
city and agency specific data. One concern regarding SSP has been whether or not the use
of the technology will increase chances of fatal outcomes for members of marginalized
communities. The answer to this question for Portland, will largely depend on what has
or is being done to eliminate explicit bias, excessive use of force, fear-based police
practices, and inadequate information support. The City of Portland and PPB are taking

pg. 24
large steps to reduce and eliminate harmful policing practices. Additionally, as Portland
further explores this subject, it is important to recognize the difference between
correlation and causation. The case of Adam Toledo of Chicago highlights this point. In
March of 2021 a SSP sensor detected gunfire which sent Officer Stillman to respond to
the scene. Adam Toledo was a 13-year-old boy who was initially armed with a 9mm
semi-automatic pistol. Body cam footage shows Toledo running from Stillman. Toledo
tosses the gun behind the fence before putting his hands up. Unfortunately, Stillman shot
at the boy less than a second after he dropped the gun, killing him. There are many
factors that go into an officer’s decision to engage in deadly force. Some of these factors
are justified, while other factors are rooted in racism, bias, racial fear. Some factors
involve a lack of training, fear-based training, incompetence, or all of the above. It is
important to note that the Civilian Office of Police Accountability did not pursue criminal
charges against Officer Stillman in the Adam Toledo Case.

There is no doubt that the issue of lethal force used by police officers is a critical issue.
The question we are exploring is whether or not SSP technologies causes police to use
more lethal force. ShotSpotter does increase police calls and responses to scenes where
active gunfire is occurring. Situations where police are confronting active shooters, or
openly armed individuals might increase chances of officer involved shootings. This
might be particularly true for cities already experiencing high rates of officer involved
shootings even without the use of SSP technologies. Of particular concern would be cities
experiencing both high levels of officer involved shootings, and excessive use of force
incidents. Would the Adam Toledo shooting have occurred if the encounter had happened
without the ShotSpotter technology? There is no way to know the answer to this question,
but even a casual review of officer involved shootings and excessive use of force
complaints involving the Chicago Police Department might give us an inkling. What is
clear, is that SSP technology does not by itself cause officer involved shootings or
excessive use of force. Police culture, practice, attitudes, and types of trainings determine
encounter outcomes. The City of Portland should examine current Portland Police data
involving official complaints of officer involved shootings, and excessive use of force
cases to gauge if SSP technology would be an appropriate tool for Portland Police.

Condition K: That PPB in collaboration with Emergency Service Responders

establish stronger, and more streamlined communication and partnerships with EMT,
and other medical and crisis responders to gun violence scenes.

Background
One of the best practice guidelines in using ShotSpotter technology is in prioritizing
injured victims, and getting them to trauma centers as quickly as possible. In some cities,
officers are allowed to transport victims to hospitals, decreasing wait time for rescue
services and saving lives. However, city and state laws can dictate to what degree police
officers are allowed to engage in such practices. Based on a casual overview of PPB
protocols involving injured victims there may not be a process or protocol structure
allowing this best practice guideline to occur in the exact manner outlined by ShotSpotter
Inc. Therefore, FITCOG recommends that PPB, and specifically the FIT build a stronger
partnership and emergency response plan with EMT and crises responders in order to

pg. 25
increase response time for the arrival of medical and trauma services that might be
needed when responding to ShotSpotter alerts.

That being stated, a newer EMS delivery model that is slowly becoming more popular is
that of police paramedics, police officers who are trained paramedics and respond to
medical and trauma emergency calls. This model may be a useful consideration in gun
violence response calls, where life and death may hinder on a matter of minutes. The
duality of the role can be challenging because sometimes a situation requires an officer
and a paramedic on the same scene. Obviously making sure a scene is safe is always the
top priority. There may be a benefit in having certain officers within the PPB, such as FIT
officers, be trained as medical responders who can jointly respond in ShotSpotter alerts.
On average, police and injured peoples experience wait times averaging between 15-30
minutes before paramedics arrive on the scene. A police paramedic program could be an
innovative way to increase crises response and save lives.

Condition L: That PPB maintain a high level of public transparency regarding

ShotSpotter Data and gun violence trends in Portland.

Background
FITCOG supports and recommends that PPB share ShotSpotter technology information
in order to maintain and preserve public transparency. Reports on ShotSpotter technology
data should be reported on a regular basis and can be presented to the community in the
form of links to documents on the PPB website, media releases, community
presentations, through a ShotSpotter community advisory board, social media, townhalls,
and PSAs/videos etc.

ShotSpotter states that the company will provide Portland 24/7, 365-day support from
their Incident Review Center, and Portland will be assigned an experienced Customer
Success Director (CSD) to help manage the relationship with ShotSpotter. Their CSDs
are former Deputy Police Chiefs, ATF Members and Command Staff from agencies who
have used ShotSpotter at their previous agencies. They will share sample procedural
directives and best practices, tips for transparency and coordinate annual account reviews
to make sure the PPB, Stakeholders and Command Staff is aware of their results,
statistics, trends, and other useful information.

Through the ShotSpotter Respond and Insight applications, the City of Portland and PPB
will also have the ability to query, export, download, share, and analyze the data. This
ability is included as part of the annual subscription.

Customer agencies often publish articles on ShotSpotter alerts that have led to arrests;
reduced response times, comparing ShotSpotter notifications to correlating 911 calls, if
any; making arrests, or sharing stories about finding victims and saving lives resulting
from a faster response from police and precise location of where the gunfire occurred.

Challenges

pg. 26
 It will be important for City of Portland leadership and PPB to examine closely
contractual agreements with ShotSpotter Inc regarding information collected from
technology sensors placed on commercial and private property. Although ShotSpotter in
a formal statement has stated that there are no access limits to data from sensors placed
on private or commercial property, in a presentation given to FITCOG, there was
mention from ShotSpotter Inc presenters that there may be some limits to accessing
information from sensors on commercial or private property. There is a need for clarity
here. Furthermore, any potential limitations to data access from any ShotSpotter
technology sensor (regardless of placement) should be made publicly transparent as part
of the public review/advisory process.

Condition M: That City of Portland leadership in collaboration with legal

partners develop judicial and investigative guidelines and limitations on the use and
integration of ShotSpotter data in the criminal prosecution and conviction of gun
violence cases.

Background
ShotSpotter states that district attorneys and federal prosecutors rely on ShotSpotter
evidence to assist them in prosecuting gun crimes. ShotSpotter does provide detailed
forensic reports as evidentiary documents which include precision positioning
calculations of each gunshot, exact timing of shots, and map placements of firing
locations for every shot fired. This evidence has received favorable rulings in Daubert
and Frye challenges, and as a result has been used in trials at both the local and federal
level. ShotSpotter Inc. states it also provides expert witnesses to present the data at trial;
to date they have testified in 17 states and the District of Columbia.

Challenges
More information is needed to understand how Portland specifically would integrate the
use of ShotSpotter data as forensic evidence. While technologies can help greatly
advance the field of forensic science, relying solely on technology and algorithms can
create harmful and costly mistakes, as made evident by the case of Michael Williams in
Chicago. FITCOG recommends that ShotSpotter data be used in addition to, not in lieu of
other criminal forensic and investigative evidence in the prosecution of gun violence
cases. Specifically, a series of legal rules and guidelines should be created to protect
against ShotSpotter data being considered the only admissible evidence needed to
prosecute such cases.

pg. 27
FITCOG Discussion on Peer Review Commentary

The FITCOG official recommendation on the implementation of ShotSpotter Technology

has undergone peer review by Reygan Cunningham, with the California Partnership for
Safe Communities and David M. Kennedy, professor, author and criminologist at the
John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Copies of their original commentary are attached in
Appendix E of this document. This recommendation is currently also undergoing review
by Walter Katz, Vice President of Criminal Justice at Arnold Ventures. FITCOG will
update this document and our website when the additional peer review commentary is
submitted.

In response to the received peer review commentary of this recommendation, FITCOG

finds itself to be in general alignment and agreement with the observations and insights
provided with a few additions. It is not the intention of this recommendation to suggest
that ShotSpotter technology will eliminate gun violence, or should be the only tool in the
tool box of focused deterrence. As we know, the root causes of gun violence are complex,
and deeply seated in sociological, economic, and political factors including but not
limited to: racial inequities, economic inequities, socio-cultural pressures of young boys
and men to resolve conflicts through violence, easy access to guns, lack of access to
comprehensive and affordable mental health care, and many more. No single intervention
or tool should bear the burden of eliminating all gun violence everywhere. The question
we are exploring in this recommendation is whether or not ShotSpotter technology is a
meaningful tool in helping to deter, interrupt, and investigate gun violence incidents.
Based on the data FITCOG has reviewed, we believe ShotSpotter Technologies (when
used under best practices and with the conditions listed in this recommendation) to be a
beneficial and useful tool for PPB and the City of Portland.

FITCOG would like to respond and highlight several points that were made in the peer
review that we believe City of Portland leaders, the PPB, and members of the community
should take into serious consideration as discussions on the potential use of ShotSpotter
technology in Portland continues:

As FITCOG has stated previously, the issue of gun violence is a complex social and
public health issue requiring a multi-faceted approach. We fully support the development
and investment of community-based interventions that seek to address root causes of
harm doing. We also believe the work of the FIT should include data stemming from
those on the ground working to address these root causes. We also agree that the long
term of goals of criminal justice reforms should ultimately seek to reduce dependency on
deterrence and enforcement systems of policing. We also recognize the gravity of the gun
violence crises in Portland requiring an immediate need to respond to public safety
concerns of shots fired, injuries, and murders on the street. In the words of David M
Kennedy,

pg. 28
 “- nearly all focused deterrence interventions go as far as possible to avoid
enforcement and to do as much violence prevention as possible through the
engagement of key community figures with the high-risk population, and by
constructing a highly focused and granular structure of support and outreach
designed to keep those at high risk “safe, alive, and free.” Regardless of the
larger strategic and operational approach the city and the FIT pursues, the work
of the FIT should be closely linked to non-enforcement resources and
interventions. Information about gun violence gathered and analyzed by law
enforcement – through front-line reviews, criminal history analysis, FIT
operations, ShotSpotter, or any other means – should be shared with non-law
enforcement actors in legal, structured, and accountable ways to enhance the
safety and well-being of those at high risk and to minimize the need for either
deterrence or enforcement as much as possible.”

FITCOG agrees that City of Portland leaders and PPB should encourage and help
cultivate greater communication and positive working relationships between non-law
enforcement justice workers and law enforcement representatives. Specifically, FITCOG
would like to see this happen between the PPB FIT and the existing non-law enforcement
agencies and groups working on the issue of gun violence. FITCOG also supports the
need for agencies and organizations working together to identify and respect certain
professional boundaries regarding information sharing, but also identify what information
can and should be shared in an effort to generate a more holistic response while
prioritizing community public health and safety needs.

Although a good amount of the data suggests that ShotSpotter technology when used in
accordance with best practices, can and does deter gun violence incidents over time, the
main purpose of this technology is to aid in improving policing response time and
investigative information regarding gun violence incidents. It is also important to note
that the role and purpose of the FIT is to serve as an immediate policing response to shots
fired. The strategies and tools assessed by the FITCOG potentially used by the FIT, are
specifically related to the role of the FIT as defined by the City of Portland and PPB. As
David Kennedy also states, “Thinking of the FIT more as a short- and medium-term
investigative body, with a focus on the most violent groups and individuals, would be
more in line with focused deterrence practice, would be more effective, and would go
even further to address the equity, legitimacy, and use of force concerns the FITCOG
properly highlights.”

Gun violence occurs in a myriad of ways, from interpersonal disputes, to inter

community violence, domestic violence and mass shootings. Equitable usage and
placement of ShotSpotter technology should take into consideration place specific
concerns and data regarding gun violence risks. However, it is important to recognize that
how risks are determined should also consider the unique nature each form of gun
violence may present in a community. For example, in response to Reygan
Cunningham’s comments on ShotSpotter sensors and school shootings,

pg. 29
“ShotSpotter is not going to prevent school shootings. I don’t think criminologist really
know (there are some great ideas and even some small pilot projects, but no real
evidence, yet) what will prevent school shootings. So, there's no real answer there
(unfortunately). BUT if a shooting were to occur at a school and if there were
ShotSpotter sensors within in range it would pick it up and alert PPB pretty quickly. The
challenge is knowing which schools are at higher risk of being victimized by school
shootings compared to others.”

ShotSpotter technology is not going to prevent school shootings, just as it will not
prevent the myriad of other forms of gun violence that exist. This is not a claim FITCOG
makes, nor is it the basis for our recommendation on the potential use of this technology.
It is true that the nature of mass school shootings can be difficult to predict. This
unpredictability at first glance, throws a wrench in data driven ShotSpotter sensor
placement. If we don’t know when or where the next school shotting is to occur, how can
we know where to place sensors, or if we should even invest in having those sensors? All
of these are good questions. The fact remains that several cities across the country such as
the City of Newark California have installed ShotSpotter sensors to address actual and
potential school mass shootings. If ShotSpotter sensors are only placed in areas
experiencing inter-community violence, and other areas experiencing other forms of gun
violence are ignored, we can make an assertion that the technology is not being used in
an equitable manner. At the same time, governments have limited resources and will have
to prioritize which areas may be in most need. This is where accurate gun violence data
will be very critical in helping to make these difficult determinations. That being said,
FITCOG also believes parents, guardians, and students who are most likely to be
impacted by the increasing rates of school mass shootings should have a weighted say in
whether or not this technology is right for them in their communities.

On the heels of the Uvalde mass shooting where it took officers almost 45 minutes to
respond to the scene, there has been increasing concerns over how law enforcement can
be better alerted when an active shooter event is taking place. What we do know is that
according to data from Gun Violence Archive, compiled by the Ceasefire Oregon
Education Foundation, since 2014 Oregon has suffered from 21 mass shootings. Thirteen
of those mass shootings occurred between December 31, 2020 and June 8, 2022. Almost
half of all mass shooting deaths in the State of Oregon were a result of the Umpqua
Community College Mass Shooting event. Furthermore, in a recent federal report on
Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2021produced by the US Department of
Education and the US Department of Justice, mass school shootings are on an
unprecedented rise in the United States. According to the report there were 93 incidents
with casualties at public and private schools in 2020-21, compared to 23 in the 2000-01
school year.

While we may not be able to predict exactly where and when a mass shooting might
occur, there are certainly clear and identifiable high-risk targets such as city college
campuses, large public gathering spaces, and schools that may benefit from sensor
placement in the terrible event an active shooting incident were to occur. Mass shootings
are on the rise and are becoming an unfortunate part of American reality. No city or town

pg. 30
thinks it will happen to them, until it does. Until root causes of mass shootings are
meaningfully addressed in our society, city leaders, law enforcement agencies and
community members should become responsive to the changing risks and realities of our
time. The point being, that when it comes to mass/school shootings, our community
might require a different rubric to engage in risk assessment and ShotSpotter sensor
placement to address this specific form of gun violence.

One the conditions listed in the FITCOG recommendation of ShotSpotter is that PPB
continue to invest and implement in implicit bias training for its officers, specifically the
FIT as a means to help raise more awareness on the different forms of racism and how
these different forms of racism can impact policing decisions. Mr. Kennedy argues that
“It’s not clear at present that implicit bias training succeeds in significantly altering the
behavior that leads to biased and inequitable outcomes”. There is much research and data
out there on this topic. Some of the greatest challenges to creating anti-racist police
departments is that one-off trainings, inconsistencies between training and cultural
practices/norms are never going to be able to dismantle generations of cultural and
systemic racism. Additionally, the personal values, attitudes and mindsets of individuals
within police departments plays a significant role in determining where people align in
their developmental learning processes. Offering a training without participant buy-in to
that training is one of the main reasons such training may not yield successful outcomes.
Additionally, when transformational learning is successful, automatic, subconscious
behaviors (even under stress) change, because underlying meaning schemes have shifted
from unconscious incompetence to unconscious competence. This is where the field of
educational psychology, rather than criminology has much to teach in the way of
cultivating transformative learning and moral development. From a transformative
learning perspective, capability and capacity building are integral components to
developing organizational and cultural change.

Challenges to implementing diversity, equity, inclusion, and anti-racist training in police

departments is not any indication that we should divest from such endeavors. On the
contrary, it simply indicates that the City of Portland, PPB, and the community hold
higher standards regarding what type of anti-racist training is occurring, and how it is
implemented. Additionally, such trainings should accompany policy and structural
changes within police departments, otherwise all such trainings are merely performative.
FITCOG fully supports holistic policing reforms that include both training and structural
changes. For more information on this topic please see citations in the resources section
of this document on the subject of transformational learning and implicit bias training.

pg. 31
 REFERENCES

Burke, G., Mendoza, M., Linderman, J., & Tarm, M. (2022). How AI powered tech
landed man in jail with scant evidence. Associated Press News.
https://apnews.com/article/artificial-intelligence-algorithm-technology-police-crime-
7e3345485aa668c97606d4b54f9b6220

Briscoe, S. (2020). Is implicit bias training in law enforcement successful?

Today in Security.
https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/latest-news/today-in-
security/2020/september/Is-Implicit-Bias-Training-in-Law-Enforcement-Successful/

Civilian Office of Police Accountability Chicago. (2021). Case portal: Log# 2012-
0001112 (Adam Toledo Investigation).
https://www.chicagocopa.org/case/2021-0001112/

Clark, R. (2021). Viewpoints: ShotSpotter delivers for 120 cities and can keep Buffalo
safer. The Buffalo News.
https://buffalonews.com/opinion/viewpoints-shotspotter-delivers-for-120-cities-and-can-
keep-buffalo-safer/article_d857d12a-1571-11ec-a166-dba2ad5e0d29.html

Choi, K.S., Librette, M., & Collins, T.J. (2013). An empirical evaluation: gunshot
detection system and its effectiveness on police practices. Police Practice and Research
an International Journal. (15)1, 48-61. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2013.800671

Edgeworth Analytics. (2021). Independent Audit of the ShotSpotter Accuracy.

https://edgeworthanalytics.com/independent-audit-of-the-shotspotter-accuracy/
https://edgeworthanalytics.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Shotspotter-2022-Accuracy-
Study.pdf

Edgeworth Analytics. (2021). Independent Analysis of the MacArthur Justice Center

Study on ShotSpotter in Chicago.
https://edgeworthanalytics.com/independent-analysis-of-the-mjc-study-on-shotspotter-in-
chicago/

Erich, J. (2022). Making the most of police partners. EMSWorld

https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/emsworld/original-
contribution/making-most-police-partners

Ferguson, J.M., & Witzburg, D. (2021). The Chicago police department’s use of
ShotSpotter technology. City of Chicago Office of the Inspector General.

pg. 32
https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/chicago-police-
shotspotter.pdf

Fox, B., Scott, A.F., & Toth, A. (2021). Evaluating the impact of Project Safe
Neighborhoods (PSN) initiative on violence and gun crime in Tampa: does it
work and does it last? Journal of Experimental Criminology.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-021-09461-2

Garibay, J. (2018). Unconscious bias isn’t enough: 7 tips for transformative racial equity
trainings. Checking the Code.
https://medium.com/racial-equity-in-tech/beyond-unconscious-bias-7-tips-for-
transformative-racial-equity-trainings-8605de8e75f2

Here and Now Podcast. April 22, (2021). Why implicit bias training for police-doesn’t
work-And what can be done to combat racism. WBUR.
https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2021/04/22/implicit-bias-training-police

Jackson, J.L. (2018). The non-performativity of implicit bias training. The Radical
Teacher. 112, 46-54. DOI:10.5195/RT.2018.497

Kegan, R. (2009). What “form” transforms? A constructive developmental approach to

transformative learning. In Illeris, K. (Ed). Chapter 3, Contemporary theories of
learning: Learning theorists in their own words. 35-52.
https://people.bath.ac.uk/edspd/Weblinks/MA_ULL/Resources/General/Illeris%2
02009%20Contemporary%20Theories%20of%20Learning.pdf#page=44

Lawrence, D.S., La Vigne, N.G., & Thompson, P.S. (2019). Evaluation of gunshot
detection technology to aid in the reduction of firearms violence. National
Criminal Justice Reference Service.
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/254283.pdf

La Vigne, N.G., Thompson, P.S., Lawrence, D.J., & Goff, M. (2019). Implementing
gunshot detection technology: Recommendations for law enforcement and
municipal partners. Urban Institute.
https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/101161/implementing_gunshot_dete
ction_technology_recommendations_for_law_enforcement_and_municipal_partners.pdf

Manes, J. (2021). The state of Illinois v. Williams (Amicus brief). MacArthur Justice
Center.
https://www.macarthurjustice.org/case/the-state-of-illinois-v-williams-amicus-brief/

Mares, D., & Blackburn, E. (2021). Acoustic gunshot detection systems: a quasi-
experimental evaluation in St. Louis, MO. Journal of Experimental Criminology
17, 193–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-019-09405-x

Mazerolle, L., Frank, J., Rogan, D., & Watkins, C. (1999) Field Evaluation of the

pg. 33
 ShotSpotter Gunshot Location System: Final Report on the Redwood City Field
Trial. A Report Submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice.
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/180112.pdf

Mezirow, J. (2009). An overview of transformative learning. In Illeris, K. (Ed). Chapter

6, Contemporary theories of learning: Learning theorists in their own words. 90-105.
https://people.bath.ac.uk/edspd/Weblinks/MA_ULL/Resources/General/Illeris%2
02009%20Contemporary%20Theories%20of%20Learning.pdf#page=44

National Initiative for Building Community Trust & Justice. Implicit Bias.
https://trustandjustice.org/resources/intervention/implicit-bias

National Institute of Justice (1998). Using gunshot technology in high crime areas.
U.S. Department of Justice.
https://www.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh241/files/archives/ncjrs/fs000201.pdf

Nix, J., Arnio, A.N. & Spohn, R. (2019). Project Safe Neighborhoods Assessing the
Effectiveness of ShotSpotter in Omaha: Addendum to 2016 final evaluation
report. University of Nebraska Omaha.
https://www.unomaha.edu/college-of-public-affairs-and-community-service/nebraska-
center-for-justice-research/documents/addendum-2016-psn-final-eval-report.pdf.pdf

Renda, W., & Zhang, C. H. (2019). Comparative analysis of firearm discharge recorded
by gunshot detection technology and calls for service in Louisville,
Kentucky. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(6), 275. MDPI AG.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8060275

ShotSpotter. Frequently asked questions.

https://www.shotspotter.com/system/content-uploads/SST_FAQ_January_2018.pdf

Silvestro, E. (2015). How cops-turned-medics are improving EMS response. Lexipol.

https://www.police1.com/police-products/tactical/tactical-medical/articles/how-cops-
turned-medics-are-improving-ems-response-8pdtSSfq0lrHmxWi/

Stanley, J. (2021). Four problems with ShotSpotter gunshot detection system. ACLU.
https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/four-problems-with-the-shotspotter-
gunshot-detection-system

Stanley, J. (2015). ShotSpotter CEO answers questions on gunshot detectors in cities.

ACLU.
https://www.aclu.org/blog/privacy-technology/surveillance-technologies/shotspotter-ceo-
answers-questions-gunshot

Taylor, E.W. (2010). Transformative learning theory: A neurobiological perspective of

pg. 34
 the role of emotions and unconscious ways of knowing. International Journal of
Education. 20(3), 218-236.
http://www.uwyo.edu/aded5050/5050unit12/transfor.pdf

Teale, C. (2021). 3 in 5 adults back the use of gunshot detection technology generally.
Even more support its use by law enforcement. Morning Consult.
https://morningconsult.com/2021/09/13/data-privacy-security-gunshot-detection-
technology-poll/

The Policing Project. (2019). Privacy audit and assessment of ShotSpotter Inc.’s gunshot
detection technology. New York University. https://www.policingproject.org/shotspotter
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58a33e881b631bc60d4f8b31/t/6065e7d81422241f5
92ce0e5/1617291232883/Privacy%2BAudit%2Band%2BAssessment%2Bof%2BShotspo
tter%2BFlex.pdf

US Department of Justice. (2006). Chronic Violent Offenders Lists: Case Study 4

Project Safe Neighborhoods: Strategic Interventions
https://www.justice.gov/archive/olp/pdf/chronic-violent-offenders-final.pdf

U.S. Department of Justice. (2020). Project Safe Neighborhoods Annual Progress Report.
Accessed at: https://www.justice.gov/psn/file/1336701/download

pg. 35
 APPENDECIES

Appendix A: Independent Analysis of the MacArthur Justice Center Study on ShotSpotter

Technology

pg. 36
pg. 37
pg. 38
pg. 39
pg. 40
pg. 41
pg. 42
pg. 43
Appendix B. Scoring Criteria in the Violent Impact Player (VIP) List

The Violent Impact Player (VIP) List is an evidence-based risk assessment,

comprised of six risk factors drawn from the criminological literature as robust
behavioral predictors of the repeated commission of violence and gun crime. Importantly,
these risk factors also represent measures consistently available to law enforcement in
their records management systems. As police typically do not have access to in-depth
personality, social, and community risk factors, it is critical to include measures that both
have high predictive validity and are readily available in standard police databases. These
include the following empirically-derived risk factors for repeat violence and gun crime:

1. Prior arrest for an offense involving a firearm. Research consistently suggests that
prior use of a firearm in the commission of a crime is a strong predictor of future
violence and gun crime (Farrington, Loeber, & Berg, 2012; Felson & Steadman,
1983; Loeber et al., 2005). That an individual has already demonstrated that s/he is
capable of possessing and using a firearm to commit crime underscores the predictive
validity of this risk factor. This item was given 5 points if present, given the
association with future violence and gun crime behaviors.

2. Prior arrest for a violent crime. Prior violent offending is also considered one of the
best predictors of future violence (Farrington & Welsh, 2006). In a study by Braga,
McDevitt and Pierce (2006), homicide and aggravated gun assault offenders in
Lowell, MA committed an average of 3 to 12 prior violent offenses before the most
recent homicide or gun assault charge. As only official (vs. self-reported offending)
are available to law enforcement conducting the risk assessment, was used in the VIP
List, and was worth 5 points if present.

3. Member or associate of a gang. Being a documented gang member or associate is

consistently shown to be a strong predictor of violence and gun crime, in large part
due to the close association between gang membership and propensity for
interpersonal violence (Braga & Weisburd, 2012; Decker, Melde, & Pyrooz, 2013;
Kennedy, 1997; Melde & Esbensen, 2012; Pyrooz, Turanovic, Decker, & Wu, 2016).
Given the strong association between recent gang membership and violent crime, 5
points were given to this item in the VIP List.

4. Probation or release from prison within the past three years. Studies consistently
indicate that an offender is at highest risk of re-offending within five years of
probation or post-release. For instance, one study on the probation status of homicide
and aggravated gun assault offenders found that nearly half were currently on
probation at the time of the offense (Braga et al., 2006), and a study by Kurlychek,
Brame, and Bushway (2006) found that the risk of re-offending was highest in the
five years post-release, but substantially decreased after that. Taking a conservative
estimate of these studies, any individual released from prison or on probation within
the past three years were given 5 points in the VIP List score.
5. Suspect, associate, or a victim of a shooting. Based upon the criminological research
previously reviewed, it is clear that being a suspected shooter would increase the risk

pg. 44
 of committing future gun crimes and violence. If police had evidence and/or
intelligence that rose above probable cause, but did not reach the burden of “beyond a
reasonable doubt” in order to prosecute a shooting, the individual was considered a
shooting suspect and given 5 points in the VIP List inclusion calculation.
Additionally, research on peer associations and social learning suggests that if an
individual is the friend/associate of a shooter, s/he is at higher risk of modeling the
behavior and committing similar violence in the future (Akers 2009; Borum, 2000;
Fagan & Wilkinson 1998; Ferguson, San Miguel, & Hartley, 2009). This item was
operationalized using police report data and intelligence, to determine if an individual
self-identified as a friend or associate of an individual who committed a gun crime, or
if a police report placed both individuals together in the recent past (e.g., in the same
car during a traffic stop or the same house during a probation status check). Those
identified as an associate of a shooter received 3 points if present.
Victimization is also a strong predictor of future criminal behavior, in certain
circumstances (Agnew 2001; Hay & Evans, 2006). Research suggests that victims of
shootings are at an increased likelihood of retaliating with violence against the
offender (Braga et al., 2006). As most shooting victims tend to be gang members or
associates, Pyrooz, Moule, and Decker (2014) found that gang membership increased
the risk of being the victim of and committing violent crime by more than 200%.
Therefore, all shooting victims received 1 point in the VIP List scoring.

6. Quality contacts in the past two years. A “quality contact” includes arrests for any
non-violent felony in the past two years. While, for instance, committing a property
crime is not a strong predictor of future violence, prior criminal activity is a valid
predictor of future criminal activity (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990), particularly if the
prior offending was recent. All quality contacts in the past two years were given 1
point each toward an individual’s VIP score.

References

Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the
types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in
Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 319-361.
Akers, R. (2009). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and
deviance. New York: Routledge.
Borum, R. (2000). Assessing violence risk among youth. Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 56(10), 1263-1288.
Braga, A. A., & Weisburd, D. L. (2012). The effects of focused deterrence strategies on
crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49(3), 323-358.
Braga, A. A., McDevitt, J., & Pierce, G. L. (2006). Understanding and preventing gang
violence: Problem analysis and response development in Lowell, Massachusetts.
Police Quarterly, 9(1), 20-46.
Decker, S. H., Melde, C., & Pyrooz, D. C. (2013). What do we know about gangs and
gang members and where do we go from here? Justice Quarterly, 30(3), 369-402.
Fagan, J., & Wilkinson, D. L. (1998). Guns, youth violence, and social identity in inner
cities. Crime and Justice, 24, 105-188.

pg. 45
Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., & Berg, M. T. (2012). Young men who kill: A prospective
longitudinal examination from childhood. Homicide Studies, 16(2), 99-128.
Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2006). A half century of randomized experiments on
crime and justice. Crime and Justice, 34(1), 55-132.
Felson, R. B., & Steadman, H. (1983). Situational factors in disputes leading to criminal
violence. Criminology, 21(1), 59-74.
Ferguson, C. J., San Miguel, C., & Hartley, R. D. (2009). A multivariate analysis of
youth violence and aggression: The influence of family, peers, depression, and
media violence. The Journal of Pediatrics, 155(6), 904-908.
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime.
Stanford University Press.
Hay, C., & Evans, M. M. (2006). Violent victimization and involvement in delinquency:
Examining predictions from general strain theory. Journal of Criminal
Justice, 34(3), 261-274.
Kennedy, D. M. (1997). Pulling levers: Chronic offenders, high-crime settings, and a
theory of prevention. Valparaiso University Law Review, 31(2), 449-484.
Kurlychek, M. C., Brame, R., & Bushway, S. D. (2006). Scarlet letters and recidivism:
Does an old criminal record predict future offending? Criminology & Public
Policy, 5(3), 483-504.
Loeber, R., Pardini, D., Homish, D. L., Wei, E. H., Crawford, A. M., Farrington, D. P, …
& Rosenfeld, R. (2005). The prediction of violence and homicide in young
men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1074-1088.
Melde, C., & Esbensen, F. A. (2013). Gangs and violence: Disentangling the impact of
gang membership on the level and nature of offending. Journal of Quantitative
Criminology, 29(2), 143-166.
Pyrooz, D. C., Moule, R. K., & Decker, S. H. (2014). The contribution of gang
membership to the victim–offender overlap. Journal of Research in Crime and
Delinquency, 51(3), 315-348.
Pyrooz, D. C., Turanovic, J. J., Decker, S. H., & Wu, J. (2016). Taking stock of the
relationship between gang membership and offending: A meta-analysis. Criminal
Justice and Behavior, 43(3), 365-397.

pg. 46
Appendix C. VIP List Scoring Sheet utilized by Tampa, FL Police Department
NOTE: ** Gang designation is not allowed in the State of Oregon and thus would not be
a part of the VIP scoring criteria used by Portland Police Bureau. This is only a sample
of what a VIP list might include.

VIP Scoring Sheet

1. **Gang Member/Affiliate – 5pts

_______

2. Prior arrest with Firearm or Offense involving a Firearm – 5pts

__

3. Violent Criminal History – 5pts

__

4. Probation or Prison Release (w 3/years) – 5pts

__

5. NIBIN – 5pts
__

6. Shooter – 5pts
__

OR

7. Victim of Shooting (points obtained in this category only awarded if not a

shooter) – 3pts
_

OR

8. Associates of a shooter (points awarded only if subjects were not previously

allotted the points for being shooter or victim of a shooting) – 1pt _______

9. Quality Contact (within 18 months) – 1pt each

__

Total Points:
__

pg. 47
Appendix D: Implementation of the Project Safe Neighborhoods

Strategy in the Tampa Police Department

The Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN) initiative was established in 2001 by the
United States Department of Justice (DOJ) as “an evidence-based violent crime reduction
program” that “emphasizes data-driven strategies that focus on the most violent offenders
and locations, while also forging partnerships with a wide range of stakeholders in local
communities to achieve a sustained reduction in violent crime” (DOJ, 2020, p. 1).

To implement the PSN strategy, the Tampa Police Department (TPD) adhered to
the five key program elements: 1) leadership; 2) partnerships; 3) targeted enforcement; 4)
prevention efforts; and 5) increased accountability. These implementation elements are
described in detail, with case study examples, on the PSN website at
www.justice.gov/psn and the 2020 PSN Progress Report, available at
www.justice.gov/psn/file/1336701/download. TPD’s implementation of these elements
are described briefly below.

Leadership. In 2016 TPD established the Violent Crimes Bureau (VCB), led by Captain
Paul Lusczynski, to serve as the agency’s centralized unit aimed at reducing violence and
gun crime through the PSN initiative. The VCB, based at TPD headquarters, led the
agency’s comprehensive PSN efforts, to include: a) scoring, maintaining, and monitoring
the VIP List; b) leading proactive investigations and building strong cases on violent
crime and gun crimes committed by VIPs in conjunction with the FBI, ATF, United
States Attorney’s Office (USAO) and more, with a focus on increasing the certainty and
swiftness of arrest; c) meeting regularly with the USAO to review VIP cases to jointly
decide the best forum for prosecution, with a focus on enhanced enforcement of the law
for re-offenders.

Partnership. TPD’s VCB worked closely with federal, state, and local law enforcement
agencies, to include the FBI, ATF, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE),
and more, to coordinate efforts and share information on prolific violent offenders
operating across jurisdictions and statutory violations. For instance, TPD would routinely
share their VIP List with the FBI and ATF on a monthly basis, as these agencies may
have concurrent ongoing investigations that TPD was not aware of, but can contribute to
in a proactive manner. Additionally, TPD partnered with the USAO during the
investigations of these cases, in order to build the strongest possible cases and ensure that
the certainty and severity of sanctions for repeat offenders was upheld. Finally, TPD
partnered with the academic community, to include PSN developed Ed McGarrell and the
authors of this paper, in order to identify the research based used to develop the risk
factors on VIP List, implement the PSN initiative, and independently evaluate the
progress and efficacy of the program.

Targeted Enforcement. The focus on violent offenders who are responsible for a
disproportion amount of violence and gun crime using the evidence-based VIP List

pg. 48
assessment was the hallmark of TPD’s PSN approach. While other individual-level
approaches are more subjective (e.g. gang audits) or broader in nature (e.g. all gang
members), the use of the VIP List was intended to make targeted enforcement more
precise, accurate, and objective. The criteria for the VIP List are described in text, in
Appendix A, and in the PSN TTA Podcasts from August 2020, available at:
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/psn-tta-podcasts/id1530280488.
To implement the targeted enforcement, all individuals exceeding the scoring cutoff
using the VIP List scoring criteria were identified by TPD and eligible for
prevention/outreach and potential enhanced enforcement and sanctions if violent
recidivism occurs.

Prevention and Outreach. A core element of PSN is that violent crime can be prevented
through specific deterrence messaging targeted at a small group of prolific offenders who
are responsible for committing a disproportionate amount of violent crime. To implement
this, TPD implemented strategies to directly influence the perception of the certainty,
severity, and swiftness of enforcement among those identified as prolific offenders using
the VIP List. These include the centralization of violent crime investigations in the VCB
to ensure the most effective use of police resources so VIPs who commit additional
violence and gun crimes are prioritized and charged with these offenses, enhanced
investigative efforts and inter-agency collaborations aimed at increasing the swiftness and
certainty of response if a subsequent violent or serious crime is committed by the VIPs,
and close collaboration with the USAO and State Attorney’s Office to increase the
certainty and severity of punishment for VIPs who commit additional violent and serious
crimes to serve both as a deterrent and to physically prevent these individuals from
committing future violence and gun crimes. Finally, TPD engaged in messaging with
news media outlets about the PSN initiative, and VCB detectives notified VIP’s that any
future violence and gun crimes will result in swift and enhanced enforcement, prosecuted
to the fullest extent of the law.

Accountability. As the goal of the PSN strategy is to reduce violent crime and gun
violence, it is vital that the effectiveness of the initiative is evaluated to ensure
accountability and demonstrate efficacy of the program, and whether this changes over
time. The element was implemented through collaboration with an academic research
partner, and the evaluation of TPD’s PSN initiative presented in this study.

pg. 49
Appendix E: ShotSpotter FAQ, ShotSpotter Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is ShotSpotter?
ShotSpotter is gunshot detection technology that uses sophisticated acoustic sensors
to detect, locate and alert law enforcement agencies and security personnel about
illegal gunfire incidents in real-time. The digital alerts include a precise location on a
map (latitude/longitude) with corresponding data such as the address, number of
rounds fired, type of gunfire, etc. delivered to any browser-enabled smartphone or
mobile laptop device as well as police vehicle MDC or desktop. This information is
key to better protecting officers by providing them with increased tactical awareness.
It also enables law enforcement agencies to better connect with their communities and
bolsters their mission to protect and serve.

2. Who uses ShotSpotter and what types of cities use it?

ShotSpotter is used in more than 85 cities across the United States and one city in
South Africa. It is highly regarded by law enforcement agencies as a critical
component in their gun violence prevention and reduction strategies. The customer
base for ShotSpotter includes a diverse set of cities -- by size, geography and socio-
economic standards. Police departments and security personnel are the primary users
of ShotSpotter, while the data has proven to be valuable to prosecutors in court cases
and to elected city officials for community engagement and smart city initiatives.

3. How does ShotSpotter work?

ShotSpotter uses acoustic sensors that are strategically placed in an array of
approximately 20 sensors per square mile. These sensors are connected wirelessly to
ShotSpotter’s centralized, cloud-based application to reliably detect and accurately
triangulate (locate) gunshots. Each acoustic sensor captures the precise time and
audio associated with impulsive sounds that may represent gunfire. This data, from
multiple sensors, is used to locate the incident, which is then filtered by sophisticated
machine algorithms to classify the event as a potential gunshot. Expertly trained
acoustic analysts, who are located and staffed in ShotSpotter’s 24x7 Incident Review
Center, then further qualify those highlighted incidents. These analysts ensure and
confirm that the events are in fact gunfire. In addition, the analysts can append the
alert with other critical intelligence such as whether a full automatic weapon was
fired and whether the shooter is on the move. This process typically takes no more
than 45 seconds from the time of the actual shooting to the digital alert (with the
precise location identified as a dot on a map) popping onto a screen of a computer in
the 911 Call Center or on a police officer’s smartphone or mobile laptop.

4. How does ShotSpotter help law enforcement?

ShotSpotter helps protect officers by rapidly notifying them of gunshot crimes in
progress with real-time data delivered to dispatch centers, patrol cars and even
smartphones and tablets. Nearly eight out of ten gunfire events go unreported to 911.
Police cannot respond effectively if unaware of an incident. Having a ShotSpotter

pg. 50
alert come in with contextual information ShotSpotter FAQ enhances officer safety
and effectiveness with critical intelligence such as: real-time access to maps of
shooting locations and gunshot audio; actionable intelligence detailing the number of
shooters and the number of shots fired; accurate and precise locations for first
responders who are aiding victims; and searching for evidence and interviewing
witnesses. With ShotSpotter, officers can more quickly arrive at the scene of a crime
with an increased level of safety because they know exactly where the gunfire took
place. In many cases, an officer can arrive with the shooter still at the crime scene or
if the criminal has fled, shell casings and/or other evidence can be recovered and used
for investigative and potential prosecution purposes and key witnesses can be
interviewed at the crime scene.

5. Does ShotSpotter replace police officers?

This investment in technology should not be considered an either/or decision. The
fact is, police departments need both manpower and technology. ShotSpotter is a tool
that augments and enhances the existing manpower as a force multiplier to improve
both the timeliness and quality of response. By pinpointing the precise location of
gunshot incidents, and by more accurately tracking geographic patterns underlying
gun violence, limited law enforcement resources can be deployed more effectively
and more proactively. This technology is capable of something that no amount of
manpower can accomplish, which is to comprehensively report in real-time all
outdoor illegal gunfire occurring in a ShotSpotter coverage area.

6. I heard ShotSpotter failed in a couple of cities. Is this true?

There has never been a single city where ShotSpotter did not technically work (i.e. -
detecting, locating and alerting on illegal gunfire). ShotSpotter has gained valuable
experience in more than 85 cities across the United States and one city in South
Africa, and with proven best practices has shown that integrating ShotSpotter into an
overall gunfire reduction strategy with other policing programs works. We also know
that cities that do not implement standard best practices do not have the highest
success rate. The bottom line is that cities following best practices experience a
positive outcome in their gunfire reduction strategies and often achieve measurable
year-over-year reductions in gunfire activity. The very few cities that did not have a
positive experience had suboptimal deployment strategies and poor practices around
the following:
• Too small a deployment area to effectively drive the procedural change
management necessary to have a meaningful impact;
• Failure to respond to ShotSpotter gunfire alerts when they come into the
PD and not responding to the precise location (the “dot on map”) that
ShotSpotter indicated;
• Not including ShotSpotter data as part of an overall gunfire intelligence
and crime reduction program;
• Lack of community engagement
The most successful deployments have engaged communities to educate residents on
the benefits of improved police response, working together to help reduce crime and
empowering community members to feel safe in their own neighborhoods. In

pg. 51
particular, here is a sampling of cities that have been successful in their overall
gunfire crime reduction strategies, and have expanded their ShotSpotter service after
initial deployment:

• Birmingham, AL – expanded from 8 to 16 square miles

• Camden, NJ – expanded from 2.5 to 7 square miles
• Chicago, IL – expanded four times from 3 to more than 60 square miles
• Denver, CO – expanded twice from 3 to 11.5 square miles
• Fresno, CA – expanded twice to cover 12 square miles
• Hartford, CT – expanded from 3 to 11.25 square miles
• Milwaukee, WI – expanded twice from 1 square mile to 3 to over 11
• Nassau County, NY – expanded from 3 to 7 square miles
• New York City, NY – expanded to cover 60 square miles after a 15-mile
initial deployment
• Oakland, CA – expanded three times, from 6 to 16 square miles
• Peoria, IL – expanded from 3 to 6 square miles
• Sacramento, CA – expanded 2 times from 3 to 6.2 square miles
• San Francisco, CA – expanded 3 times to 13 square miles
• Springfield, MA – expanded from 3 to 6 square miles
• Wilmington, NC – expanded from 3 to 6 square miles

7. How does ShotSpotter provide value to its customers?

Saving lives and improving the quality of life in neighborhoods, while improving
officer safety, is our number one mission. Furthermore, the health care costs of
treating gunshot injuries cost nearly $630 million in 2010 with American society
collectively paying these costs. In 2010, the total firearm assault injury costs were just
under $630 million (Howell and Abraham 2013). Gun violence leads to higher
associated costs across the criminal justice system because of prevention,
investigation, court, and prison costs. All these factors translate into monetary costs
for which the public and society at large pay. At ShotSpotter, we believe that we will
be able to measurably reduce gun violence and improve public safety, and in the
process, enhance the resiliency of the communities we serve. In the long term, the
positive impact of improved public safety is reflected in better social and economic
outcomes. For these reasons, we believe ShotSpotter is well worth the money.

8. How much does ShotSpotter cost?

ShotSpotter is a cloud-based subscription service. The cost for ShotSpotter is $65-90k
per square mile per year, with a $10K per square mile one-time Service Initiation fee.
A ShotSpotter subscription includes: ShotSpotter FAQ
• Incident Review Center – Staffed 24/7/365 by trained acoustic analysts
who review and classify gunfire in mere seconds by distinguishing
gunshots from other impulsive sounds. Included is additional contextual
information such as multiple shooters, fully automatic weapons, or
moving shooter alerts;
• ShotSpotter Integration Services – Enables customers to export
ShotSpotter data to other law enforcement agency systems;

pg. 52
 • Data Analytics – Provides valuable information for Proactive Policing;
• ShotSpotter Forensic Products – Supports customer investigation efforts
and strengthens court cases, including: Forensic Audio Search, Enhanced
Incident Reports, Detailed Forensic Reports, Expert Testimony for court
cases;
• Technical Support – 24/7/365 – available to provide assistance;
• Best Practices – a team of law enforcement consultants, analysts and
trainers are available as part of the ongoing subscription to assist the
agency in adopting best practices to maximize the efficacy of the
ShotSpotter solution.

9. What is a city missing without ShotSpotter?

The communities most affected by gunfire are least likely to call in when they hear
gunshots. With fewer than 1 in 5 shooting incidents reported to 911, gun crime is
vastly underreported. When 911 calls are made, the location information provided is
typically inaccurate. Without knowing exactly where to respond, police waste
valuable time and resources driving block by block looking for evidence as criminals
escape the scene. In addition, dispatching officers to an active shooting without all
available intelligence is a threat to officer safety and needlessly places the public and
the officers at risk. Without ShotSpotter, a city may be missing many gunshot
incidents and as a result, may not have the opportunity to respond to save victims and
apprehend shooters in the act.

10. Where else is ShotSpotter deployed and has it been successful there?
ShotSpotter is deployed in more than 85 cities in the United States, deployed across
23 states and the District of Columbia, covering more than 500 square miles. In
addition, ShotSpotter is deployed in Cape Town, South Africa. Here is a sample of
our successes:
• New York City: Deployed ShotSpotter in March 2015. In 2017, it was
reported by Jessica Tisch, the NYPD deputy Commissioner of Information
Technology, that only 16% of ShotSpotter alerts have 911 calls associated
with them. Tisch said 1,740 shootings were detected and Police
responding to the detections had seized 31 guns and made 61 arrests,
according to the Wall Street Journal – August 3, 2017
• Chicago, IL: From 2014 to March 2017, ShotSpotter sensors alerted police
to 1,600 gunshots in the Englewood district. “This technology doesn’t
supplant what our officers do, it supports what our officers are already
doing,” said Mayor Rahm Emanuel. “CPD’s smart policing strategy helps
officers be more effective, proactive and professional while working
toward our one goal to get more police on our streets and get gangs, guns
and drugs off our streets.” ShotSpotter FAQ
• Denver, CO: Since the technology was installed in January 2015, police
say it is tied to 100 arrests (Denver channel 7, March 29, 2017). "60% of
shots fired in Denver go without a call to the police, and with ShotSpotter,
police are getting notified within 40 seconds of the gunshots and

pg. 53
 responding to within 25 feet of the actual crime scene," according to Lt.
Aaron Sanchez (9/21/16, KUSA).
• Sacramento, CA: ShotSpotter detected 1,096 gunshot incidents from June
15, 2015 to May 31, 2017, and of these incidents only 272 times was there
an accompanying citizen call to 911. In that timeframe, information
captured by ShotSpotter led to the arrest of almost 90 people and the
seizure of 90 guns, according to the Sacramento Bee.
• Fresno, CA: There is a 98.5% accuracy of not missing gunfire or alerts
from ShotSpotter or a corresponding 911 call. Police response time from a
ShotSpotter alert is 4 minutes or less, whereas from a citizen call it’s 8
minutes or less. 70% of ShotSpotter alerts did not receive a phone call to
911, said Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer.
• San Diego, CA: According to the San Diego Police Department, in 2017
only 23% of the overall activations were called in to the Dispatch Center.
“By using ShotSpotter, we are notified and respond 100% of the time and
to a more precise location.”
• Louisville, KY: After the first two weeks of being implemented in
Louisville, ShotSpotter technology enabled police officers to respond to
89 shootings that might not otherwise have been reported, and one gang-
related arrest, LMPD Major Josh Juda said. "Most of these were incidents
that we wouldn't have responded to anyway," said Juda. In addition,
ShotSpotter has been integrated into the Real Time Crime Center. Real
Time Crime Center director Jennifer Corum said “Our analysts keep
ShotSpotter on their desktops with the notifications and sound on at all
times…it has become an integral part of our organization.”
• Kruger National Park, SA: ShotSpotter has potential other benefits besides
urban communities. With only a very small proof of concept deployment,
ShotSpotter detected two poaching events that led to the capture and
prosecution of several poachers as well as the recovery of a baby rhino
(named Dot) whose mother rhino was poached.

11. Does ShotSpotter have video monitoring capability?

No. ShotSpotter is an acoustic based system. The sensors do not have any optical
capability and cannot produce images of any kind. However, ShotSpotter can
integrate with video systems by sending an alert to a video management system,
which can then separately pan, tilt and zoom an IP addressable camera in the
appropriate area or direction. By combining these technologies, ShotSpotter enables
law enforcement agencies to benefit from the best in video monitoring technology,
while also benefiting from the best in acoustic gunshot detection and location
technology.

12. Does ShotSpotter catch shooters?

There are many cases in cities where the ShotSpotter alert has led to the arrest of a
criminal. Critical forensic evidence such as shell casings are often retrieved from a
scene, resulting in recovering key investigative data, which led to the introduction or
arrest of a shooter. Local DA agencies also rely on ShotSpotter to prosecute some of

pg. 54
the toughest criminals in our country. Currently, federal homicide prosecutors are
using ShotSpotter analysis and evidence to determine if a gunshot has occurred and
the precise location of the shooting. ShotSpotter has been deemed admissible in court
cases in 17 states and the District of Columbia, as well as in federal court. But keep in
mind our primary goal is to prevent shooting incidents, so deterring the gunfire is
more valuable than capturing the trigger puller.

13. Do you have any supporting data to show that your technology helps to reduce
gunfire in coverage areas?
Today, ShotSpotter is highly regarded as a critical component of any comprehensive
gun violence reduction strategy and is playing an active part in making communities
safer for future generations. ShotSpotter technology is helping communities and law
enforcement agencies work together to prevent gun violence on a global level. The
ShotSpotter National Gunfire Index (NGI) reports that law enforcement agencies and
cities which have adopted ShotSpotter solutions, along with best practices, have
experienced up to an 80% reduction in gunfire and as much as a 40% reduction in
related violent crime and homicides. The Company is becoming a recognized thought
leader in the annual published National Gunfire Index Report (see 2016 National
Gunfire Index - http://www.shotspotter.com/2016NGI), which details a
comprehensive analysis and overview of instances of gun violence.

14. How is ShotSpotter data being used in court?

District attorneys and federal prosecutors rely on ShotSpotter evidence to assist them
in prosecuting gun crimes. ShotSpotter provides Detailed Forensic Reports as
evidentiary documents which include precision positioning calculations of each
gunshot, exact timing of shots, and map placements of firing locations for every shot
fired. This evidence has received favorable rulings in Daubert and Frye challenges,
and as a result has been used in trials at both the local and federal level. ShotSpotter
Inc. provides expert witnesses to present the data at trial; to date they have testified in
17 states and the District of Columbia.

15. What access to data does a ShotSpotter subscription give users?

The city where ShotSpotter is deployed is considered the subscriber. Subscribers have
unrestricted use of their data, with the ability to integrate with internal systems, such
as video management and reporting, which provides the greatest value for the data.
ShotSpotter only limits the export of detailed electronic data to outside entities such
as research institutions or other agencies that would use the data for derivative
products.

16. Will ShotSpotter violate my privacy?

Can it record conversations? No. ShotSpotter uses acoustic sensors designed to
detect, locate and alert on gunfire – not record conversations. The acoustic sensors are
located on top of buildings, rooftops and poles, roughly 30 feet or more above street
level. The sensors are designed to trigger (or activate) on very loud, impulsive noises,
such as when a gun is fired. The sensors are designed to record seconds of the gunfire

pg. 55
17. Does ShotSpotter detect gunshots from gun silencers?
“Silencers” are more accurately called suppressors as they suppress the impulsive
sound of gunfire, they do not wholly eliminate it. ShotSpotter has successfully, if not
inadvertently, detected confirmed suppressed gunfire within our existing deployments
in some cases. Although we have not formally tested our system to measure our
detection rate of suppressed gunfire, we intend to do some targeted testing in the near
future. Were there to be demand to detect suppressed gunfire, we believe our
technology would present a number of options, ranging from increasing the density of
our sensor array, to developing new software/firmware.

18. Does ShotSpotter work on school campuses?

Yes, ShotSpotter works on school campuses and is in use by leading colleges and
universities of all sizes. ShotSpotter can detect gunfire accurately, provide increased
situational awareness to first responders, and integrate seamlessly with existing
security systems for enhanced campus/facility security. Our real-time active shooter
alerts are critical so that first responders can arrive almost instantaneously to the
proper location with improved situational awareness. Schools, colleges, and places of
business are often targets of gun violence with statistics showing, on average, more
than one incident per month in the U.S. Average active shooter incidents are shown to
last 12 minutes or less, and the first calls to 911 don’t typically don’t come in for
several minutes, so ShotSpotter’s real-time detection is particularly valuable in these
situations. Campuses and universities are particularly vulnerable to shootings both on
and off campus. ShotSpotter has been successful at helping campus police, as well as
city police, when shootings have occurred near or on a campus. Recently, a late-night
shooting incident happened in a popular bar area near a world-class west coast
university and ShotSpotter helped to swiftly contain the incident, read about it here:
http://www.shotspotter.com/system/content-uploads/106SST-university-case-study-
online.pdf

pg. 56
Appendix F: Peer Review Commentary of the FITCOG ShotSpotter Recommendation

The following peer review comments are transcribed from a phone interview between
Stephanie Howard, Director of Community Safety for the City of Portland and Reygan
Cunningham (RC) of the California Partnership for Safe Communities held on Tuesday,
June 28th, 2022 at 12:07 PM.

❖ You expressed that you are glad to see Portland moving in this direction, as many
other cities have been utilizing ShotSpotter tech for some time. However,
expectations need to be managed around the recommendation because these tools
only work when appropriate infrastructure and resources are also dedicated.
▪ (RC) Yes
❖ Resources needed to maximize ShotSpotter would include (but are not limited to)
assigning a specific PPB unit to respond to ShotSpotter calls and ensuring that that
team has sufficient licenses to receive and review ShotSpotter data in real time.
▪ (RC) Yes. If they put the sensors in a particular area, they could ensure that all
officers working in that area have access to the technology. But bottom-line
people need to have the ability to respond in short order.
❖ You cautioned that ShotSpotter can be part of a focused deterrence strategy, but it is
not a focused deterrence strategy in and of itself. It can also be a tool to improve
legitimacy of law enforcement in the community. By way of example, you noted that
often people living in communities with high rates of gun violence do not call 911
when they hear gunshots. ShotSpotter can help with identifying the location of these
shootings.
▪ (RC) If nothing else, evidence can be collected and analyzed that could help in
solving the crime. Again, though this requires resources meaning that even if
we don’t have police that can immediately respond, that we at least have
evidence techs that can collect data in a timely manner and analyst that have
the resources to analyze the casings.
❖ With regard to ensuring equity in how ShotSpotter is implemented, you stressed the
importance of using data to drive decisions about where to locate ShotSpotter
sensors. Data regarding gun violence hotspots should be the primary criteria.
▪ (RC) Yes. The Problem Analysis that we'll discuss this week has incident
maps in it from 2019-2021. These maps have both homicide and shooting
incidents. There are clearly some hotspots, but also some areas where it seems
to be more dispersed.
❖ You also noted that ShotSpotter is not a tool that is particularly useful in relation to
school shootings. In other words, locating sensors around schools is not likely to
yield a great deal of useful information, so location should be determined based on
data around areas where gun violence is frequently occurring.
▪ (RC) I think the better phrasing is that ShotSpotter is not going to prevent
school shootings. I don’t think criminologist really know (there are some great
ideas and even some small pilot projects, but no real evidence, yet) what will
prevent school shootings. So, there's no real answer there (unfortunately).

pg. 57
 ▪ (RC) BUT if a shooting were to occur at a school and if there were
ShotSpotter sensors within in range it would pick it up and alert PPB pretty
quickly. The challenge is knowing which schools are at higher risk of being
victimized by school shootings compared to others. So, unless PDX has an
unlimited amount of $$ and can put sensors in every area where there are
schools (and maybe for this there is $$...I don’t' know), it would be hard to
use this technology effectively to address potential (not prevent...because the
shooting would have already happened once ShotSpotter picks it up) school
shootings.

2.) David M. Kennedy, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

To: Stephanie Howard

From: David M. Kennedy
Re: FITCOG ShotSpotter Recommendation
Date: 6.30.22

The report of the Focused Intervention Team Community Oversight Group is

exceptionally well done. It is well framed, well researched, well thought through, and
well presented. The FITCOG should be commended for its commitment and work on
a matter of deep importance to the city.

The framework the FITCOG brought to its report appears to be one of how the FIT
can follow an evidence-based focused deterrence approach – it looked particularly at
the one implemented in Tampa, Florida and judged by outside evaluators to be
markedly successful – enhanced by ShotSpotter gunfire detection technology, in ways
that will be effective, equitable, and transparent. Given that framework, its
recommendations are very strong and on point. If the city continues to think of the
FIT and its deployment in that same way, I would encourage the city to review them
carefully and follow them as closely as possible.

However, I believe that what we know about evidence-based violence prevention

suggests that it may be possible – and in some important ways easier, faster, and less
expensive – to bring a wider framework to bear on the FIT and the issues the
FITCOG has considered. I would encourage the FITCOG and the city to consider the
following points.

1.) As the FITCOG correctly says, community gun violence is now known to be
concentrated, in terms of both victimization and perpetration, amongst a very
small high-risk population mostly involved in groups and heavily driven by group
dynamics. Most successful focused deterrence interventions focus on those groups
and group dynamics (the Tampa intervention and one other in the focused
deterrence portfolio, the “Chicago PSN”

pg. 58
intervention, are outliers in this regard in that they focus on individuals). Identifying
those groups and group dynamics is routinely done through a relatively simple and
cheap process of convening front-line law enforcement personnel and sharing what
they know about those key groups and individuals and about incidents of gun
violence. The city could have such a process up and running literally within days of
deciding to do so, at no additional cost. It will identify individuals driving gun
violence and at high risk for victimization by gun violence who does not have
extensive criminal records and will thus not be identified by an examination of
criminal records, and will also identify violence dynamics not effectively
addressed by attention to individuals (such as a running vendetta (“beef”) between
groups). This now-routine practice, will produce more immediate actionable
information than a ShotSpotter implementation will. It would be very usefully
enhanced by a Shotspotter implementation, as has happened in, for example, New
Haven, Connecticut.

2.) The FITCOG is correctly concerned about the use of stops by the FIT, and its
recommendations here – as with the rest of the report – are excellent. However,
stops have not played an important role in focused deterrence interventions, or in
fact in most other effective police approaches to preventing gun violence.
Thinking of the FIT more as a short- and medium-term investigative body, with a
focus on the most violent groups and individuals, would be more in line with
focused deterrence practice, would be more effective, and would go even further
to address the equity, legitimacy, and use of force concerns the FITCOG properly
highlights.
3.) The Tampa focused deterrence intervention the FITCOG highlights appears to be
an exclusively deterrence- and enforcement-focused approach. It is very much the
exception in this regard; nearly all focused deterrence interventions go as far as
possible to avoid enforcement and to do as much violence prevention as possible
through the engagement of key community figures with the high-risk population,
and by constructing a highly focused and granular structure of support and
outreach designed to keep those at high risk “safe, alive, and free.” Regardless of
the larger strategic and operational approach the city and the FIT pursues, the
work of the FIT should be closely linked to non-enforcement resources and
interventions. Information about gun violence gathered and analyzed by law
enforcement – through front-line reviews, criminal history analysis, FIT
operations, ShotSpotter, or any other means – should be shared with non-law
enforcement actors in legal, structured, and accountable ways to enhance the
safety and well-being of those at high risk and to minimize the need for either
deterrence or enforcement as much as possible.
4.) It’s not clear at present that implicit bias training succeeds in significantly altering
the behavior that leads to biased and inequitable outcomes. The most effective
way to avoid those outcomes is to reduce the actions and situations that produce
those outcomes: to avoid inequities in stops, for example, by reducing or
eliminating the stops themselves. Shifting the work of the FIT in the ways
suggested above would probably be more effective in addressing the equity
concerns the FITCOG correctly raises.

pg. 59
5.) ShotSpotter is not essential to any of the steps suggested above. The city can
relatively quickly mobilize its existing insight into high-risk groups and
individuals, bring community and service resources to bear, and focus deterrence
and where necessary enforcement (Including by the FIT) in ways that will be
more effective, equitable, and transparent and that will reduce actual police and
criminal justice actions. ShotSpotter will enhance those steps, as the FITCOG
correctly says, by bringing important new information to the city. The city’s
priority, however, should be in getting those other elements in place and effective
as it considers whether to implement ShotSpotter, and ShotSpotter if implemented
should be considered to be an adjunct to those more important elements.

pg. 60