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Improving Patient Safety IELTS Reading Answers With Explanation

The document discusses improving patient safety through better medication packaging and design. It notes issues like look-alike and sound-alike drug packages that could lead to mistakes. It also discusses making packaging more accessible for people with disabilities or limited dexterity. The document advocates for more user testing of packaging design with target patient groups to help ensure the design supports safe usage.

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2K views9 pages

Improving Patient Safety IELTS Reading Answers With Explanation

The document discusses improving patient safety through better medication packaging and design. It notes issues like look-alike and sound-alike drug packages that could lead to mistakes. It also discusses making packaging more accessible for people with disabilities or limited dexterity. The document advocates for more user testing of packaging design with target patient groups to help ensure the design supports safe usage.

Uploaded by

Ngoc Anh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Improving Patient Safety IELTS Reading Answers

with Explanation
Luyện tập đê
̀ IELTS Reading Practice với passage Improving Patient Safety được lấy
từ cuốn sa
́ ch IELTS Actual Test 5 - Test 1 - Passage 3 với trải nghiệm thi IELTS trên
máy và giải thích đáp án chi tiết bằng Linearthinking, kèm list từ vựng IELTS cần học
trong bài đọc.

DOL IELTS Đình Lực Feb 28, 2022

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Bài đọc (reading passage)
Improving Patient Safety

Packaging
One of the most prominent design issues in pharmacy is that of drag packaging and patient information
leaflets (Pits). Many letters have appeared in The Journal's letters pages over the years from pharmacists
dismayed at the designs of packaging that are “accidents waiting to happen”. Packaging design in the
pharmaceutical industry is handled by either in-house teams or design agencies. Designs for over-th
e-c
ounter medicines, where characteristics such as attractiveness and distinguish-ability are regarded as
significant, are usually commissioned from design agencies. A marketing team will prepare a brief and the
designers will come up with perhaps six or seven designs. These are whittled down to two or three that
might be tested on a consumer group. In contrast, most designs for prescription-only products are
created in-house. In some cases, this may simply involve applying a company’s house design (ie, logo,
colour, font, etc). The chosen design is then handed over to design engineers who work out how the
packaging will be produced.

Design considerations
The author of the recently published “Information design for patient safety,” Thea Swayne, tracked the
journey of a medicine from manufacturing plant, through distribution warehouses, pharmacies and
hospital wards, to patients’ homes. Her book highlights a multitude of design problems with current
packaging, such as look-alikes and sound-alikes, small type sizes and glare on blister foils. Situations in
which medicines are used include a parent giving a cough medicine to a child in the middle of the night
and a busy pharmacist selecting one box from hundreds. It is argued that packaging should be designed
for moments such as these. “Manufacturers are not aware of the complex situations into which products
go. As designers, we are interested in not what is supposed to happen in hospital wards, but what
happens in the real world,” Ms Swayne said.
Incidents where vein has been injected intrathecally instead of spine are a classic example of how poor
design can contribute to harm. Investigations following these tragedies have attributed some blame to
poor typescript.

Safety and compliance


Child protection is another area that gives designers opportunities to improve safety. According to the
Child Accident Prevention Trust, seven out of 1 0 children admitted to hospital with suspected poisoning
have swallowed medicines. Although child-resistant closures have reduced the number of incidents, they
are not: fully child-proof. The definition of such a closure is one that not more than 1 5 percent of children
aged between 42 and 51 months can open within five minutes. There is scope for improving what is
currently available, according to Richard Mawle, a freelance product designer. “Many child-resistant packs
are based on strength. They do not necessarily prevent a child from access, but may prevent people with
a disability,” he told The Journal. “ The legal requirements are there for a good reason, but they are not
good enough in terms of the users,” he said. “Older people, especially those with arthritis, may have the
same level of strength as a child,” he explained, and suggested that better designs could rely on cognitive
skills (eg, making the opening of a container a three-step process) or be based on the physical size of
hands.
Mr. Mawle worked with GlaxoSmithKline on a project to improve compliance through design, which
involved applying his skills to packaging and PILs. Commenting on the information presented, he said:
“There can be an awful lot of junk at the beginning of PILs. For example, why are company details listed
towards the beginning of a leaflet when what might be more important for the patient is that the medicine
should not be taken with alcohol?”

Design principles and guidelines


Look-alike boxes present a potential for picking errors and an obvious solution would be to use colours to
highlight different strengths. However, according to Ms.Swayne, colour differentiation needs to be
approached with care. Not only should strong colour contrasts be used, but designating a colour to a
particular strength (colour coding) is not recommended because this could lead to the user not reading
the text on a box.
Design features can provide the basis for lengthy debates. For example, one argument is that if all
packaging is white with black lettering, people would have no choice but to read every box carefully. The
problem is that trials of drug packaging design are few—common studies of legibility and
comprehensibility concern road traffic signs and visual display units. Although some designers take
results from such studies into account, proving that a particular feature is beneficial can be difficult. For
example, EU legislation requires that packaging must now include the name of the medicine in Braille but,
according to Karel van der Waarde, a design consultant to the pharmaceutical industry, “it is not known
how much visually impaired patients will benefit nor how much the reading of visually able patients will be
impaired”.
More evidence might, however, soon be available. EU legislation requires PILs to reflect consultations with
target patient groups to ensure they are legible, clear and easy to use. This implies that industry will have
to start conducting tests. Dr. van der Waarde has performed readability studies on boxes and PILs for
industry. A typical study involves showing a leaflet or package to a small group and asking them questions
to test understanding. Results and comments are used to modify the material, which is then tested on a
larger group. A third group is used to show that any further changes made are an improvement. Dr. van
der Waarde is, however, sceptical about the legal requirements and says that many regulatory authorities
do not have the resources to handle packaging information properly. “They do not look at the use of
packaging in a practical context—they only see one box at a time and not several together as pharmacists
would do,” he said.

Innovations
The RCA innovation exhibition this year revealed designs for a number of innovative objects. “The
popper”, by Hugo Glover, aims to help arthritis sufferers remove tablets from blister packs, and
“pluspoint”, by James Cobb, is an adrenaline auto-injector that aims to overcome the fact that many
patients do not carry their auto-injectors due to their prohibitive size. The aim of good design, according
Roger Coleman, professor of inclusive design at the RCA, is to try to make things more user-friendly as
well as safer. Surely, in a patient-centred health system, that can only be a good thing. “Information
design for patient safety” is not intended to be mandatory. Rather, its purpose is to create a basic design
standard and to stimulate innovation. The challenge for the pharmaceutical industry, as a whole, is to
adopt such a standard.
Câu hỏi (questions)
Question 1 - 6
Look at the following statements and the list of people or organisation below.

Match each statement with the correct person or organisation, A-D.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

List of Findings

A Thea Swayne

B Children Accident Prevention Trust

C Richard Mawle

D Karel van der Waarde

1 Elderly people may have the same problem with children if the lids of containers require
too much strength to open.

2 Adapting packaging for the blind may disadvantage the sighted people.

3 Specially designed lids cannot eliminate the possibility of children swallowing pills
accidentally.

4 Container design should consider situations, such as drug used at home.

5 Governing bodies should investigate many different container cases rather than
individual ones.

6 Information on the list of a leaflet hasn’t been in the right order.

Question 7 - 1 1
Complete the notes using the list of words, A-G, below.

Packaging in pharmaceutical industry Designs for over-the-counter medicines

First, 7 make the proposal, then pass them to the 8 . Finally, these designs
will be tested by 9 .
Prescription-only

First, the design is made by 10 and then subjected to 11 .

A consumers

B marketing teams

C pharmaceutical industry

D external designers

E in-house designers

F design engineers

G pharmacist

Question 1 2 - 1 4
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

12 What may cause the accident in “design container”?

A a print error

B style of print

C wrong label

D the shape of the bottle

13 What do people think about the black and white only print?

A Consumers dislike these products.

B People have to pay more attention to the information.

C That makes all products looks alike.

D Sighted people may feel it more helpful.

14 Why does the writer mention “popper” and “pluspoint”?

A to show that container design has made some progress


B to illustrate an example of inappropriate design which can lead to accidents

C to show that the industry still needs more to improve

D to point out that consumers should be more informed about the information
Answer key (đáp án và giải thích)

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2 D https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r
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3 B https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r
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13 B https://www.dol.vn/ielts-r
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