TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

PASCHIMANCHAL CAMPUS
LAMACHAUR, POKHARA-16

A
PROJECT PROPOSAL
ON
“DESIGN AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF PROPOSED LANDFILL
SITE WITH TREATMENT FACILITY IN POKHARA
METROPOLITAN”

Prepared by:

1. Aadarsha Timilsina (PAS075BCE002)

2. Aashish Acharya (PAS075BCE005)
3. Ashish Dhakal (PAS075BCE018)
4. Ajay Sharma (PAS075BCE009)
5. Amir Karki (PAS075BCE013)
6. Siddhant Shrestha (PAS075BCE126)

Project Supervisor:
Er.Sunil Rakhal
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Introduction and General Background ............................................................ 1
1.2 Specific Background ............................................................................................ 1
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ...................................................................................... 2
OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................ 2
SCOPE OF STUDY ....................................................................................................... 2
LIMITATIONS .............................................................................................................. 2
LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 3
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2070 (2013) ........................................................... 3
Past Research, Reporsts and Design manual .............................................................. 4
STUDY LOCATION ..................................................................................................... 5
METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 6
1. Collection of data ............................................................................................ 6
2. Surveying ........................................................................................................ 6
3. Review of manuals for selection of site and complete design ........................ 6
EXPECTED OUTCOME .............................................................................................. 7
SCHEDULING .............................................................................................................. 7
BUDGETING ................................................................................................................ 8
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 9
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction and General Background
By 2050, it is estimated that nearly half the world’s population will reside in cities.
With a growing population and increasing income levels, the waste generated by these urban
centers will increase. Cities and towns across the globe, especially in developing countries,
face acute waste management challenges in terms of efficient collection, transportation and
scientific disposal, while complying with the prevailing environment standards and negating
any adverse impact on general public health and the environment. Developing countries like
Nepal are no different.
Nepal generates approximately 7 lakh ton of waste per annum, of which only half is
collected and is disposed without any treatment. Of the 293 urban local level (out of a total 753
local level governments) only a few cities have developed sanitary landfills for the scientific
disposal of collected waste.
1.2 Specific Background
Landfilling of wastes means the final and permanent disposal at a site without the
intention to remove the waste in future SLF refers to an engineered facility designed and
operated for the disposal of MSW to minimize the public and environmental health hazards
and impacts. Landfilling includes monitoring of the incoming waste, compaction, and
placement of the waste and installation of landfill environmental monitoring and control
facilities. In the past, on-engineered facilities and poor management were the major problems
associated with landfills. Therefore, every landfill needs appropriate design and operation to
reduce negative impacts on the environment. There are many potential environmental problems
associated with the landfilling of waste, which are often long-term and includes possible
contamination of the groundwater and surface water bodies, the uncontrolled migration of the
LFG and the generation of odor, noise and visual nuisances In landfills, leachate poses the
greatest threat to groundwater. Leachate is a liquid which percolates through the waste, picking
up suspended and soluble materials that originate from or are products of the degradation of
the waste. Landfill liners are designed and constructed to create a barrier between the waste
and the environment and to drain the leachate to the collection and treatment facilities.
Therefore, the type of liner system required for each type of landfill is determined by the
potential threat posed by the waste. A leachate collection system principally consists of a
drainage layer of inert material with high permeability, the drainage pipes to collect the leachate
to discharge it out of the dumping area, collection and inspection shafts, and collection pipes.
The uncontrolled migration of the LFG, generation of odor, noise and visual nuisances are
another threat encountered at the landfill site. Capping system is designed and constructed to
minimize exposure in the landfill site, to prevent vertical infiltration of water into wastes which
might cause contamination of leachate, to control emission of gas from wastes and to serve as
a land surface for vegetation or other uses etc. Active control of LFG is achieved through an
extraction system designed in the final capping system. Extraction system requires a gas
collection network which comprises gas wells, wellheads and collection pipes. The rate of LFG
generation varies throughout the life of a landfill and is dependent on factors such as waste
types, depths, moisture content, the degree of compaction, landfill pH, temperature and the
length of time since the waste was deposited.

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2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
PMC has developed a sanitary landfill site constructed over 4 hectare land that has been
operational since 2004. However, this is used as a dumpsite i.e., all the waste collected from
the city is dumped here without any segregation and processing. A septage management plant
was also installed within the dumpsite but is currently non-functional. An international airport
has been constructed within two km radius of the current landfill site. Hence this landfill needs
to be scientifically closed by December 2020. Currently the biggest challenge for PMC is
closing existing landfill operations in an environmentally sensitive manner, identifying and
constructing and alternative landfill site on immediate basis.

3. OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of the project is to design the sanitary landfill site for the disposal
of residual solid waste with following specific objectives:
1. To design sanitary landfill for Pokhara metropolitan city
2. To recommend a sustainable solution for landfill leachate treatment
3. To check feasibility of landfill site by environmental study.

4. SCOPE OF STUDY
Based on the analysis and design process adopted by our study other sanitary landfill
sites can be designed in other municipalities. Site selection methodology used in our project
can be used as a base work for suitability analysis of other probable landfill sites. Environment
impact found can be used as a framework to develop mitigating policies and solutions.
Especially the study output could be precious for the metropolitan city office as well as
provincial authority in this aspect.

5. LIMITATIONS
Despite all the definitions and descriptions mentioned above, there are still some
limitations, which we are unable to cover up to now. The limitations are hereby:
1. The study will be based upon available data and study results from secondary data
sources.
2. There are no standards set for the construction of landfill site in Nepal. The government
has mandated only preparation of EIA. So design manuals and research papers
practiced in other landfill sites present inside or outside Nepal is forced as standard
method for our design process.
3. Constraints of time, resources, skills and funds can also restrict to carry out project
100% efficiently at higher depth of study.

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6. LITERATURE REVIEW
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2070 (2013)
The SWM Act has been further strengthened by the enactment of SWM Rules in 2013
which provides the details of execution of the provisions of the relevant sections of the SWM
Act.
SN Parameter Provision
Service delivery Parameters
1 Waste segregation Local government shall make arrangements for
segregation of harmful or chemical waste through the
respective waste generators and the responsibility for
management of such waste lies with the respective waste
generators
2 Management of Individuals or industries generating harmful and
harmful and chemical waste must first obtain permission from the
chemical waste local government for generation, management,
processing and disposal of such waste
3 Management of Individuals or industries generating harmful and
waste from health chemical waste must first obtain permission from the
institutions local government for generation, management,
processing and disposal of such waste
4 Transportation of Local governments, while selecting vehicles for
waste transportation of solid waste, shall ensure that no waste
is visible and there is no spillage of waste during
transportation, no leachate or odor is emitted, the waste
can be easily loaded and unloaded.
5 Sanitary landfill Operation of sanitary landfill facility Operations of the
facility sanitary landfill facility shall be conducted in order to
reduce the adverse impact on the environment that might
be caused by factors like leachate, gas, odor emitted
during the management of waste reaching the landfill
facility. Operations shall also consider possible changes
in geographical condition of the landfill site and the
economic, social and physical effect the operations will
have on the population around the sanitary landfill
facility. Post-closure management Post-closure
management of the landfill facility shall ensure
reduction of negative impact on the environment of the
area from the leachate, gas, obnoxious odor, etc.,
originating from the site. Local government shall also
apply measures to utilize and manage the gas emanating
from the landfill site post closure. Additionally, the local
governments shall also consider the possibility of
reusing the landfill site post closure.

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Past Research, Reporsts and Design manual
The SWM Act and Rules govern the service delivery w.r.t solid waste management,
environmental pollution control, meanwhile, is enforced through the Environment Protection
Act, 2019 (EPA) and the Environment Protection Rules, 1997 (EPR3 ) enacted by the MoFE
The EPA and EPR necessitates to carry out an initial environmental examination (IEE) or
environment impact assessment (EIA) based on annual quantity of waste disposed, population
of the urban centers and size of the current waste management facility. However, the requisite
environment standards to be complied for operations of waste management facilities are yet to
be developed.
EPA, Ireland has prepared necessary guidelines for landfill site selection, development
of infrastructure, operation of landfills, leachate treatment plant and overall sanitary landfill
design. As per research done by Yubraj Dahal and Bikash Adhikari on sanitary landfill design
for sustainable SWM has provided an easy methodology for SLF design to the researchers and
designers terminating the difficulty of following lengthy and confusing manual and to
encourage municipalities in Nepal for SLF practice.
As per report prepared by an extended team consisting of Harsh Goyal, Jonas Ingemann
Parby, Charis Lypiridis, and Manoj Lal, Parthiv Soni, Pompiya Mondal, and Abhay Kantak,
City-level Assessment and Draft Service Improvement Plan for Solid Waste Management For
Pokhara Metropolitan City has been done in June 2020, the study introduced various indicators
for institutional reforms, service delivery and financial assessment.

As per research done by K.K. Shrestha, The treated leachate from the landfill site of
Pokhara is not contributing towards pollution in the adjoining river with major test parameters
remaining within the range of National Drinking Water Quality Standard but has could have
slight effect as per international standard of effluent before disposal of waste water

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7. STUDY LOCATION
Pokhara is the second largest metropolitan city in Nepal after Kathmandu. It is the
largest metropolitan area in Gandaki Province (Pradesh) spread over 424 km2 and housing for
PMC has 458000 with 33 administrative wards. Per capita waste generation varies across the
city. The household waste generation in core, outer and rural areas is 282, 382 and 188 grams
per capita per day, respectively. Combining various use categories such as domestic,
commercial and institutional, the city-level daily per-capita generation is 354 grams.
For the sanitary landfill site a land has been identified at Timurpato in Ward 33 of Pokhara.
Site located near Dandagaon village.
Location of the site: 28°07'54.5"N, 84°01'53.2"E

Fig;1;Geographical map of PMC showing wards(Source:PMC website)

Fig 2;Satellite image of proposed landfill site(Source:Google Earth)

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8. METHODOLOGY
In order to meet our objectives and to direct our project towards achievement of expected
results we carried out work with systematic process. Some major methodologies are:
1. Collection of data
Various parameters and data used in our design process is extracted from secondary sources.
The quantification of solid waste done by World Bank Group and GBPRA is considered as our
secondary data source.
2. Surveying
Topographic survey is to be carried out by using Total Station.The data thus obtained can be
used to develop topographic map with the help of softwares like CAD, Civil 3D and ArcGIS.
Various earthwork calulation is carried out.
Physical visit of site is to be done to perform environmental study of our purposed area. It
consists of physical, biological and social study of environment.
3. Review of manuals for selection of site and complete design
Various design manuals, guidelines, designs and past papers is involved in the design and
analysis process. The detailed drawing will be developed with the help of drafting softwares
CAD drawing and infrastructure design software like Civil 3D and others.

Collection of data from secondary sources

Review of manuals for selection of site

Reconnaissance of proposed landfill site

Use EPR 2075/76 for environmental study

Topographic survey of Study Area

Following of design guidelines for SLF

Design of SLF with suitable treatment facility

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9. EXPECTED OUTCOME
After the completion of project, we expect the following outcomes:
• Topography of landfill site
• Environmental study of the proposed landfill
• Detailed design of sanitary landfill and treatment facility system.

10.SCHEDULING
June,2002 Literature Review
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30

July,2022 Literature Review, Field visit and Topographic Survey

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
31 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30

August,2022 Working holiday entire month

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31

September,20022 Design work

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30

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October,2022 Environmental study
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30

November,2022 Preparation of detailed project report

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30

December,2022 Preparation of detailed project report

Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Working days
Non working days

11.BUDGETING
SN Name Quantity Rate Total
1 Transportation fees - - 10000
2 Miscellaneous - - 7000
3 Survey - - 5000
4 Lab test -- - 5000
Total 42000

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12.REFERENCES

Tchobungolous,G, and Kreith,F.(2002).Handbook of solid waste management:(2nd

ed.).Newyork: McGraw Hill professional

Bijay, T. (2011). Solid waste management at landfill sites of Nepal. Indian Journal of
Science and Technology,

Pokhrel, D., & Viraraghavan, T. (2005). Municipal solid waste management in Nepal:
practices and challenges. Waste Management.

Dahal,Y.,& Adhikari,B.(2019). Sanitary Landfill Design for Sustainable Solid Waste

Management in Jeetpur Simara Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal

World bank & GPRBA (2020.) City-level Assessment and Draft Service Improvement
Plan for Solid Waste Management For Pokhara Metropolitan City

Shrestha,K.K.(2019). Sustainable Management of Solid Waste in Nepal: Comparative

Study of Landfills in Kathmandu and Pokhara

Yachiyo Enginnering Co. ltd (2004). The Technical Guideline for Sanitary Landfill,
Design and Operation. The Study on The Safe Closure and Rehabilitation of Landfill
site on Malaysia .5(1)