United International University

Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Course No. : EEE 122

Course Title: Structured Programming Language

Lab Sheet 1
Introduction to C
Outcomes
After finishing this lab students should be able to

1. get familiarized about computer programming.

2. get familiarized about the C programming environment.

3. Compile and run sample programs

4. write simple programs with formatted input and output.

Contents
1 A theoretical overview 2
1.1 Computer Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Levels of programming language: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 The Translator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 C compilers and IDE 3

2.1 C Compilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Integrated development environment (IDE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 A short tutorial on Code::Blocks 4

4 Creating a new project: 5

5 Writing first program 6

6 Building and running the project 6

7 Saving and closing 7

8 Programming Examples 7

9 Practice session 8

10 Lab Assignments 9
EEE 122: Structured Programming Laboratory 2

1 A theoretical overview
1.1 Computer Programming
Computer programming (often shortened to programming) is a process that leads from an original
formulation of a computing problem to executable computer programs.
Source code is written in one or more programming languages.

1.2 Levels of programming language:

Programming languages can be broadly classified into three categories:

1. MACHINE LANGUAGES: Computers are made to understand only two states pulse and no
pulse (or 1 and 0) conditions. Computers do not understand English, Bangla or any other
common language. They respond only to 1 and 0.A language composed of only 1 and 0 is called
the machine language. Since computers are not identical in architecture, each computer has its
own machine language.
Thus the programmer himself should convert his code to language composed of 1 and 0(i.e. to
machine language). For example if one wants to make understand ADD 0184 to an early IBM
machine, it would have been written :
000100000000000000000000000010111000
Again, every computer has its own machine language, the programmers cannot communicate
with other computers, if he does not know his machine language.

2. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGES:
In assembly language instructions are given in English like words, such as MOV, ADD, SUB
etc. Hence it is easy to write and understand assembly programs. As you know computer can
understand only machine level language. Hence assembly language program must be translated
into machine language. The translator which is used for translating is called assembler.

In assembly language data are stored in the computer registers. Every computer has different
set of registers. Hence the assembly language program is also not portable.

Since the low level language is related with hardware, the execution time of low level program
is faster.
3. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES:High level language is designed keeping in mind the features of
portability, means these languages are machine independent. These are the English like lan-
guage, so it is easy to write and understand the programs of high level language. For translating
high level language program into machine language, compiler or interpreter is used. Every lan-
guage has its own compiler or interpreter. The language in this category is FORTRAN, COBOL,
BASIC, PASCAL etc.

C is the middle level language which is in between these two categories. In C program can be
written same as other high level language and it may be also possible to interact this with low
level language. For this reason, some call C the high level language.

1.3 The Translator

As we know computer can understand only machine level language which is in binary 1 or 0. It is
difficult to write and maintain the program of machine level language. So the need arises for converting
the code of high level and low level language into machine level language. So the translator are used
to achieve this process. These are:
EEE 122: Structured Programming Laboratory 3

1. Compiler: Compilers are used to convert high level languages (like C, C++ ) into machine code
(i.e. gcc , Microsoft Visual Studio)

2. Assembers: Assembler are used to convert assembly language code into machine code.

3. Interpreter:An interpreter is a computer program which executes a statement directly (at run-
time). (i.e.python , LISP, Ocamle)

2 C compilers and IDE

2.1 C Compilers
C programming language uses compiler to process C source code. There are many compilers used for
C language. Popular C compilers Include:
Name Platform License Details
Microsoft Vi- Windows Free Version Powerful and student-friendly version of
sual Studio an industry standard compiler.
Express
Tiny C Com- GNU/Linux, LGPL Small, fast and simple compiler.
piler (TCC) Windows
Clang GNU/Linux, University of A front-end which compiles (Objective)
Windows, Illinois/NCSA C/C++ using a LLVM backend.
Unix, OS X License
GNU C Com- GNU/Linux, GPL The De facto standard. Ships with most
piler MinGW (Win- Unix systems.
dows), Unix,
OS X.

2.2 Integrated development environment (IDE)

Though not absolutely needed, many programmers prefer and recommend using an Integrated de-
velopment environment (IDE) instead of a text editor. An IDE is a suite of programs that developers
need, combined into one convenient package, usually with a graphical user interface. These programs
include a text editor, linker, project management and sometimes bundled with a compiler. Popular
IDEs Include:
EEE 122: Structured Programming Laboratory 4

Name Platform License Details

Eclipse CDT Windows, Mac Open source EclipseIDE for C/C++ developement, a
OS X, Linux popular open source IDE.
Netbeans Cross- CDDLandGPL A Good comparable matured IDE to
platform 2.0 Eclipse.
Anjuta Linux GPL A GTK+2 IDE for theGNOMEdesktop
environment.
Geany Cross- GPL A lightweight cross-platform GTK+
platform notepad based on Scintilla, with basic
IDE features.
Little C Com- Windows Free for non- Small open source compiler.
piler (LCC) commercial
use
Xcode Mac OS X Free Available for free atMac App Store.
Pelles C Windows, Free A complete C development kit for Win-
Pocket PC dows.
Dev C++ Windows GPL Updated version of the formerly popular
Bloodshed Dev-C++.
Microsoft Vi- Windows Free A powerful, user friendly version of an
sual Studio industry standard compiler.
Express
CodeLite Cross- GPL2 Free IDE for C/C++ development.
platform
Code::Blocks Cross- GPL3.0 Built to meet users’ most demanding
platform needs. Very extensible and fully config-
urable.

3 A short tutorial on Code::Blocks

1. Obtain Code::Blocks from the Internet at this website: www.codeblocks.org and install it. We
will use version 13.12 of this software

2. It starts just like any other program does: Locate its icon on the Start button menu, or you may
also find the Code::Blocks shortcut icon on the desktop, which is the easiest way to start the IDE
in Windows 7/8/10.
EEE 122: Structured Programming Laboratory 5

The main areas in the workspace are:

• Toolbars: These messy strips, adorned with various command buttons, cling to the top of
the Code::Blocks window. There are eight toolbars, which you can rearrange, show, or hide.
Dont mess with them until you get comfy with the interface.
• Management: The window on the left side of the workspace features four tabs, though
you may not see all four at one time. The window provides a handy oversight of your
programming endeavors.
• Editor: The big window in the center-right area of the screen is where you type code.
• Status bar: At the bottom of the screen, you see information about the project and editor
and about other activities that take place in Code::Blocks.
• Logs: The bottom of the screen features a window with many, many tabs. Each tab displays
information about your programming projects. The tab you use most often is named Build
Log.

4 Creating a new project:

The examples presented in this lab are all console applications, which means that they run in Text mode
in a terminal window.Thats the best way to teach basic programming concepts without overwhelming
you with a large, complex, graphical beast of a program. So even though an IDE is capable of more,
you use it in this book to create simple, console-based programs.
1. Start Code::Blocks. You see the Start Here screen, which displays the Code::Blocks logo and a
few links. If you dont see the Start Here screen, choose File ->Close Workspace.
2. Click the ”Create a New Project” link.
3. Choose Console Application and then click the Go button. The Console Application Wizard
appears. You can place a check mark by the item Skip This Page Next Time to skip over the
wizards first screen.
EEE 122: Structured Programming Laboratory 6

4. Click the Next button.

5. Choose C as the language you want to use, and then click the Next button.
C is quite different from C++, you can do things in one language that arent allowed in the other.

6. Type eee12201 as the project title.

All the code in this lab follows this same project title convention. When you set the project title,
the projects filename is automatically filled in.

7. Click the Browse button to the right of the text box titled Folder to Create Project In.

8. Use the Make New Folder button in the Browse for Folder dialog box to create a project folder.

9. Click the OK button to select the folder and close the dialog box.

10. Click the Next button.

11. Remove the check mark by Create Debug Configuration.

12. Click the Finish button.

5 Writing first program

Into the Management box navigate to workspace –>eee12201 –>Sources –>main.c. Now double click
on main.c. Now our main source code will be open into our Editor Box. Make sure that your code is
look like as follows:

# i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h>

i n t main ( void ) {
printf ( ” Hello world ! \ n” ) ;
return 0;
}

6 Building and running the project

To create a program in the Code::Blocks C integrated development environment, you must build the
project. This single step does several things. If youve already started your first project, eee12201, and
its open and displayed in Code::Blocks, youre ready to build. Heed these steps:

1. Ensure that the project you want to build is activated in the Management window.
Activated projects appear in bold text. If you have more than one project shown in the Projects
window, activate the one you want to work with by right-clicking the project name (by the
Code::Blocks icon) and choosing the Activate Project command.

2. Choose Build –>Build from the menu.

The Build Log tab in the Logs part of the window displays the results of building the project.
You see a few lines of text.

3. Choose Build–>run from the menu. You see the terminal window appear, listing the programs
output, plus some superfluous text as shown in following figure -
EEE 122: Structured Programming Laboratory 7

Congratulation !!! You have completed your first program, and you became a
programmer. ”Welcome to Programming world!!!”

7 Saving and closing

When youre done with a project, or even after youve changed a minor thing,you should save. In an
IDE, however, you have several things to save, such as the source code file, the workspace, and the
project. Commands are found on the File menu to save each of those items individually.

A handy way to save everything all at once is to use the Save Everything command. This command
is found on the File menu, and its handy keyboard shortcut is Alt+Shift+S. If you havent yet saved
the project, do so now.

You can also close the current project by choosing File–>Close Project.

8 Programming Examples
In this first lab, be familiar with the environment of C editor, create and run some elementary C
programs as the instructor suggests.
Example: 1
Description: Write a C program that asks the user to enter two integers and find their sum.
Source Code Output
# i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> Enter two integers: 10 20
i n t main ( void ) { 10 + 20 = 30
i n t a , b , sum ;
printf ( ” E n t e r two i n t e g e r s : ” ) ;
scanf ( ”%d %d” ,&a ,&b ) ;
sum = a + b ;
printf ( ”%d + %d = %d” , a , b , sum ) ;
return 0;
}
EEE 122: Structured Programming Laboratory 8

Example: 2
Write a C program that converts a temperature in Centigrade to its Fahrenheit equivalent. The relation
between Centigrade and Fahrenheit scale is:
C
5 = F−32
9
Source Code Output
Enter a temperature in centigrade:
# i n c lu d e <s t d i o . h> 36.9
i n t main ( void ) { The equivalent temperature in
float c ,f;
printf ( ” \ nEnter a temperature i n c e n t i g r a d e : ” ) ;
Fahrenheit is 98.42.
scanf ( ”%f ” ,&c ) ;
f = 1 . 8 * c +32;
printf ( ” \nThe e q u i v a l e n t temperature i n F a h r e n h e i t i s %.2 f . \ ←-
n” , f ) ;
return 0;
}

9 Practice session
Students will type the following codes in individual file and analyze the output. They will help
students understand beginner level syntax of C programs.
Sl Source Code
Practice 1 # i n c l ud e <s t d i o . h>
i n t main ( void ) {
float c ,f;
printf ( ” \ nEnter a temperature i n c e n t i g r a d e : ” ) ;
scanf ( ”%f ” ,&c ) ;
f = 1 . 8 * c +32;
printf ( ” \nThe e q u i v a l e n t temperature i n F a h r e n h e i t i s %.2 f . \ n” , f ) ;
return 0;
}

Practice 2 # i n c l ud e <s t d i o . h>

i n t main ( void ) {
printf ( ”Welcome\ t t o \ tUIU \n” ) ;
printf ( ” Department \ t o f \ tEEE \n” ) ;
return 0;
}

Practice 3 # i n c l ud e <s t d i o . h>

i n t main ( void ) {
char ch ;
printf ( ” E n t e r a c h a r a c t e r : ” ) ;
scanf ( ”%c ” ,&ch ) ;
printf ( ”%d\n” , ch ) ;
return 0;
}

Practice 4 # include<stdio . h>

i n t main ( void ) {
float b = 123.1265;
printf ( ”%f \n” , b ) ;
printf ( ” %.2 f \n” , b ) ;
printf ( ” %.3 f \n” , b ) ;
return 0;
}
EEE 122: Structured Programming Laboratory 9

Practice 5 # i n c l ud e <s t d i o . h>

i n t main ( void ) {
f l o a t al , bl , a2 , b2 , a3 , b3 ; al =2;
bl = 6 . 8 ;
a2 = 4 . 2 ;
b2 = 3 . 5 7 ;
a3 = 9 . 8 2 ;
b3 = 8 5 . 6 7 3 ;
printf ( ” %3.1 f , % 4 . 2 f \n” , al , bl ) ;
printf ( ” %5.1 f , % 6 . 2 f \n” , a2 , b2 ) ;
printf ( ” %7.1 f , % 8 . 2 f \n” , a3 , b3 ) ;
return 0;
}

10 Lab Assignments
1. Write a C program which prints a line of text ”Welcome to EEE”.

(a) In one line

(b) In three lines each containing one word
(c) Create errors omitting semicolons, brackets or inverted comma and see what error messages
are shown. Correct them and run again
(d) Replace main with Main, printf() with print().What happens?

2. The base and height of a triangle are given. Find it’s area.

3. Accept the radius of a circle and calculate the area and perimeter of the circle.

4. Write a C program which will swap two integers. Swapping means exchange values. For
example, If a=10 and b=20; after swapping, a=20 and b=10.

5. Repeat number 4 (Swapping) without using a third variable.

Acknowledgment
First OBE version, prepared by: Second Update , prepared by:
B.K.M. Mizanur Rahman, Nazmul Alam,
Assistant Professor, Part Time Faculty,
Department of EEE, UIU Department of EEE, UIU