Course Content (dkslZ dh varoZLrq)

Lesson ¼ikB½ (Page No.)

1) Before we start 8-17

Letters of Hindi & English Alphabet ¼fgUnh o vaxszth+ o.kZekyk ds v{[email protected]½
Greeting ¼vfHkoknu½
Manners
What is the time? ¼le; fdruk gqvk½ & vaxzt
s +h esa le; crkuk
Numerals & Their Pronunciations ¼la[;k,¡ o muds mPpkj.k½
Punctuation Marks ¼fojke fpUg½
Seven Days of a Week ¼g¶rs ds lkr fnu½
Twelve Months of a year ¼lky ds ckjg eghus½
vaxzst+h dh dqN ewy ckrsa)
(va
2) Few Basics of English (v 18-28
Sentences & Their Types ( okD; o mlds izdkj½
Parts of a sentence ¼fdlh okD; ds Hkkx½
Subjects Types ¼Subjects(drkZ) ds izdkj½
1st Person, 2nd Person, 3rd Person Singular-Plural Concept
¼ dk iz;ksx½
Difference between Living & Non Living ¼ltho o futhZo ds chp QdZ½
Use of Apostrophe s ¼ dk iz;ksx ½
¼vkb, dqN pht+as jV ysa½
3) Pronunciation 29-35
Pronunciation of vowels ¼Lojksa dk mPpkj.k½
dh /ofu½
dh /ofu½
dh /ofu½
dh /ofu½
dh /ofu½
Miscellaneous Pronunciation ¼fofo/k mPpkj.k½
l 'k ¼ l vkSj 'k dk mPpkj.k½
'k - Few exceptions ( & dqN viokn½
t t+ 'k+ t t+ vkSj 'k+ dh /ofu½

ftuesa ds rqjUr ckn u vk;s½

Sound of TH dk mPpkj.k & n vkSj Fk
ds ckn
dk mPpkj.k & ^l^ vkSj ^d^½
dk mPpkj.k & ^x^ vkSj ^t^½
4) Vocabulary & Pronunciation Exercises dk vH;kl 36-49
5) WH Family (WH ifjokj½ 50-52
6) Parts of Speech- 53
7) Noun ¼laKk½ 54-58
Proper Noun ¼O;fDrokpd laKk½
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 Common Noun ¼tkfrokpd laKk½
Collective Noun ¼lewgokpd laKk½
Material Noun ¼inkFkZokpd laKk½
Abstract Noun ¼Hkkookpd laKk½
Gerund¼tSjUM½ & ¼fØ;kokpd laKk½
Countable & Uncountable Noun ¼x.kuh; o vx.kuh; laKk½
The Noun: Gender (fyax)
The Noun: Number ¼opu½
¼ftuds vUr esa gks½
8) Pronoun ¼loZuke½ 59-60
Subjective, Objective, Possessive & Reflexive Pronoun
Difference between possessive cases e.g. My Mine, Our Ours
9) Adjective 61-63
Three degrees of adjectives -
Three degrees of adjectives - Use of more/most
Three degrees of adjectives - Irregular pattern
10)Verbs ¼fØ;k,¡½ 64-67
Types of Verbs - Main Verb & Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb
¼fØ;k ds izdkj & eq[; fØ;k ,oa lgk;d fØ;k½
Three forms of the verbs ¼fØ;kvksa ds rhu #i½
11)Adverbs 68-71
Three degrees of adverbs
Few Examples of Adverbs
12)Interjection ¼foLe;kfncks/kd½ 72
13)Articles A{,}, An{
es (A{
(A n{,su}, The{e{n ;k nh
The{ n }) 73-77
¼dgk¡ ij vkSj dgk¡ ij ½
How to pronounce dks dgk¡ ij ÞnÞ vkSj dgk¡ ij ÞnhÞ cksysa½
dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij½
dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij ugha½
ons ¼¼lEcU/k
14)Prepositions
ions vO; vFkok iwoZlxZ½
lEcU/k lwpd vO;; 78-92
miners ¼fMVjfeulZ
15)Determiners ¼fMVVjfeulZ½ & ¼fu/kkZjd½ 93-95
Articles (A, An, The)
Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)
Possessives (His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its)
Quantifiers (Each, Every, Few, Some, Little, Any, All, More, Less etc.)
16)Simple Sentences ¼ljy okD;½ 96-109
Simple Present

Simple Past

Simple Future

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 Simple Sentences-Practice Exercise
Simple Sentences-Test Papers
17)There ¼nsvj½ 110-117
Concept
Concept No 1
Concept No 2
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
18)Position Sense ¼fLFkfr dk Kku½ 118-123
Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
19)Tense & ¼dky½ 124-156
Concept
Present Indefinite Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Indefinite Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Indefinite Tense
Future Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
20)It ¼bV½ & ¼;g]
g] ;s½ 157-166
Concept
Concept No 1
Concept No 2
Concept No 3
Concept No 4
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
21)Modals ¼eksMkYl½ & #ikRed fØ;k,¡ 167-178
Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
22)Conjunctions & leqPp; cks/kd vO;; 179-202
Concept
Practice Exercise

5
 Test Papers

23)Imperative Sentences & ¼vkKklwpd okD;½ 203-210

Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
24)Let & ¼djus nsuk½ 211-218
Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
25)Causative Verbs (Get & Make) 219-226
Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
26)Active & Passive Voice 227-239
Concept

Practice Exercise
Test Papers
27)Special Cases 240-249
Concept
Practice Exercise
Test Papers
28)Fillers 250
29)Question Tags 251-252
30)Phrasal Verbs 253-260
31)Prepositional Phrases 261-262
32)Confusing Similar Words 263-268
Exercise I
Exercise II
33)One
ne Word
Word Substit
Substitution 269-270
34)Special & Complex Sentences 271-282
35)Extensive Translation Exercise 283-294
36)Objective Exercises 295-307
Verbs
Articles
Prepositions
37)Sentence Correction Exercises 308-319
Exercise I
Exercise II
38)Mixed Practice Exercises 320-321
39)Mixed Test Papers 322-331
40)Translation Exercises 332-337

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 English to Hindi Translation Exercises
Hindi to English Translation Exercises

41)Written Conversations 338-364

Conversation-1 ¼okrkZyki & 1½ &
Conversation-2 ¼okrkZyki & 2½ & Shopping (Seema is buying a Teddy Bear)
Conversation-3 ¼okrkZyki & 3½ & Teacher & Student
Conversation-4 ¼okrkZyki & 4½ & Two friends: Sagar & Kamal
Conversation-5 ¼okrkZyki & 5½ & Two friends: Ram & Shyam
Conversation-6 ¼okrkZyki & 6½ & Rohit & Shalini
Conversation-7 ¼okrkZyki & 7½ & Teacher & Student (Priya)
Conversation-8 ¼okrkZyki & 8½ & Gyming
Conversation-9 ¼okrkZyki & 9½ & Living away from Home
Conversation-10 ¼okrkZyki & 10½ & Mr. Goyal & his servent
Conversation-11 ¼okrkZyki & 11½ & A Family
Conversation-12 ¼okrkZyki & 12½ & Brother & Sister
Conversation-13 ¼okrkZyki & 13½ & Two friends
Conversation-14 ¼okrkZyki & 14½ & Professor & his student
Conversation-15 ¼okrkZyki & 15½ & Two passengers
Conversation-16 ¼okrkZyki & 16½ & Two friends over the phone
Conversation-17 ¼okrkZyki & 17½ & Banker & Customer
Conversation-18 ¼okrkZyki & 18½ & Bus conductor & Aman
Conversation-19 ¼okrkZyki & 19½ & Manager & his employee Pooja
Conversation-20 ¼okrkZyki & 20½ & Shopping (Ruby is purchasing a suit)
Conversation-21 ¼okrkZyki & 21½ & A family conversation
Conversation-22 ¼okrkZyki & 22½ & Aditya (Teacher) & Pavitra (Student)
Conversation-23 ¼okrkZyki & 23½ &
Conversation-24 ¼okrkZyki & 24½ & Two friends (Ravi & Saleem)
Conversation-25 ¼okrkZyki & 25½ & Aditya (Teacher) & Vivek (Student)
Conversation-26 ¼okrkZyki & 26½ & Abhishek & Ayushi (Chat on a social site)
Conversation-27 ¼okrkZyki & 27½ & Friends (Boby, Himanshu, Nikhil, Sagar)
Conversation-28 ¼okrkZyki & 28½ & Husband & Wife
Conversation-29 ¼okrkZyki & 29½ & Bikrant & his uncle (Pushkar Singh Rana)
Conversation-30 ¼okrkZyki & 30½ & Families meeting in a party.
42)Few Passages 365-367
43)Idioms
iomss & Proverbs 368-371
44)Englishwale Certification - Written/Telephonic/Recording Assessment 372
45)Written Interviews 373-381
46)English Hindi Dictionary ( ) 382-400

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 i) tc vki dgrs gSa & jke dk] fdrkc dk] cPpksa dk] eEeh dk vkfnA bls bafX (possession)
dgrs gSaA
jke dk & , fdrkc dk & , cPpksa dk& , eEeh dk&
ii)
loZuke gks ;k
To make two words one. One of these words needs to be a helping verb and the other

Does not (Mt+ ukWV) (Mt+UV) ;k (Mt+u)

Is not (bt+ ukWV) (bt+UV) ;k (bt+u)
Do not (Mw ukWV) (MksUV)
Has not (gSt+ ukWV) (gSt+UV) ;k (gSt+u)
I have (vkb gSo) (vkbo)
You are (;w vkj) (;ksj)
;gk¡ ij lgk;d fØ;k,¡ (helping verbs) gSa vkSj o loZuke
(pronoun) gSaA loZuke ds ckjs esa ge vkus okys loZuke pSIVj esa foLrkj ls i<+asxsA

g¶rs ds lkr fnu (Seven Days of a Week)

lkseokj & Monday eaMs

eaxyokj & Tuesday V~;t w M
+ s
cq/kokj & Wednesday osUt+Ms ¼ osMuslMs o osUt+Ms nksuksa rjhdksa ls mPpkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ½
c`gLifrokj & Thursday Fkt+ZMs
& Friday ÝkbMs
& Saturday lSVjMs
jfookj & Sunday laMs

lky ds ckjg eghus (Twelve Months of a year)

tuojh & January tSU;qjh tqykbZ & July tqyk;

Q+jojh & February Q+Scjjh vxLr & August vkWxLV
ekpZ & March ekpZ flrEcj & September lSIVSEcj
vizSy & April ,fizy vDVwcj & October vkWDVkscj
ebZ & May es uoEcj & November uoSEcj
twu & June twu fnlEcj & December fMlSEcj

EnglishWale.com
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki
YouTube Channel esa tkdj esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj,

Aditya Sir

17
 Lesson 2
Few Basics of English (vaxzst+h dh dqN ewy ckrsa)

vkb,] vaxzst+h ds Basics dh FkksM+k vkSj tkudkjh ysaA bl pSIVj ds vUr esa
dks Hkh vPNh rjg ;kn dj yhft,A vkidks budk egRo vkus okys pSIVlZ dks le÷krs oDr eglwl gksxkA

Sentences ¼okD;½

g ftlesa fdlh ckr dk

k
irk py ik;sA
In every language, there is a need of group of words to communicate. Such group of words that
communicate a complete message is called a sentence.

eku yhft, vkius eq÷kls iwNk D;k vkWfQl tkvksxs\ eSaus mÙkj fn;k ugha vki le÷k x;s fd eSa vkWfQl ugha tkÅ¡xkA
D;k vkWfQl tkvksxs\ Hkh ,d okD; gS vkSj esjk mÙkj ugha Hkh ,d okD; gSA ;s ckr vyx gS fd esjk okD;
dgs x;s
okD; ;k ughaA vxj vki /;ku ls lkspas rks esjs dgus dk rkRi;Z Fkk fd eSa vkWfQl
ugha tkšxk ] blfy, esjk okD; iw.kZ o i;kZIr gSA

Sentence Types:
Classification 1

okD;ksa dks muds Hkko o vFkZ ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr 4 oxksZa esa oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS &
On the basis of their sense & meaning, sentences are classified in following 4 categories

1. Assertive or Declarative Sentences (LohdkjkRed ;k dFkkRed okD;):

,sls okD;ksa esa dqN crk;k tkrk gS ;k fdlh ckr dk o.kZu gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh ckr pkgs oks ,d rF; gks ;k ,d lkspA
Such sentences state a fact, opinion or idea.

(Example):
1. Ayansh is my son.
2. Aman is not at home. ¼veu ?kj ij ugha gSA½
3. ¼vjuoh Ldwy ugha tkrh gSA½
4. Mom scolds me. ¼eEeh th eq÷ks Mk¡Vrh gaSA½

Åij fn;s x;s lHkh okD;ksa esa dqN crk;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ fdlh ckr dk o.kZu gSA vke cksypky esa lcls vf/kd tks okD;
iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa os blh oxZ ds gksrs gSaA

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2. Interrogative Sentences ( okD;):

Sentences, where a question is asked.

(Example):
1. Is Aman not at home? ¼D;k veu ?kj ij ugha gS\½
2. Do you play? ¼D;k rqe [ksyrs gks\½

Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa x;s gSaA bl rjg ds okD; ge vDlj lqurs gSaA

3. Imperative Sentences (vkKklwpd okD;):

,sls okD; tks vkKk ;k izkFkZuk O;Dr djsaA

Sentences, which are used to permit, command or request are known as imperative sentences.
(Example):
1. Sit there. ¼ogk¡ cSBksA½
2. Let me go. ¼eq÷ks tkus nksA½
Åij fn;s x;s igys okD; esa vk fn;k x;k gS tcfd nwljs okD; esa izkFkZuk vFkkZr fuosnu fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg ds
okD; ge vkxs vkus okys pSIVj esa i<+saxAs

4. Exclamatory Sentences (foLe;kfncks/kd okD;):

,sls okD; ftuesa vpkud mRiUu gqbZ Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gksA

Sentences, which are used to express sudden emotions such as joy, grief, shock, fear etc.
(Example):
1. Wow! ¼xtc! ;k cgqr cf<+;k!½
2. Thank God!
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa eu esa vpkud mRiUu gqbZ Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gSA bl rjg ds okD; ge fiNys pSIVj esa i<+
pqds gSa vkSj vkxs vkus okys pSIVj esa Hkh i<+saxsA

Classification 2
nwljs oxhZdj.k ds vuqlkj okD; fuEufyf[kr pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSa &

Sentence
(Sentence Type) Example-1
Affirmative¼ldkjkRed½ jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gSA
,sls okD; ftuesa u ugha dk iz;ksx gks] Ram is a good boy.
Negative¼udkjkRed½ jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gSA
,sls okD; ftuesa ugha Ram is not a good boy.
Interrogative okpd½ D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gS\
,sls okD; ftuesa ugha Is Ram a good boy?
Negative Interrogative D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gS\
,sls okD; ftuesa ugha Is Ram not a good boy?

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 okD; ds rhu Hkkx (Three parts of a sentence)

1. Subject ¼lctSDV½ & drkZ

Subject oks gksrk gS ftlds ckjs esa okD; esa ;k rks ckr gks jgh gks ;k fQj oks tks fdlh fØ;k ;kfu dke dks dj
jgk gksA Subject fdlh Hkh okD; dk izeq[k dsUæ gksrk gSA
Subject is the one whom/which we talk about or the one who performs an action.

2. Verb ¼fØ;k½ & deZ] dke ;k dk;Z

fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
Verb is the one, which describes the action or the state of the subject.

( )

ekuk eSa dg¡w lks jgk gSA bl okD; esa gS Subject gS & vkSj Verb gS & lksukA bl okD; esa
Subject ds }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA ;gk¡ ij Subject lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA
blh rjg] eku yhft, eSa dg¡w Subject
dj jgk cfYd mlds ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd og 8 eghus dk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd
voLFkk@fLFkfr dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA voLFkk dk lh/kk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Subject fdl le; esa & orZeku esa] chrs gq,
dy esa ;k fQj vkus okys dy esa fdl voLFkk@fLFkfr esa gSA

xkSj dfj, &

Ayansh is sleeping.
¼ lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh is 8 months old.

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd orZeku voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh was 8 months old.

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd chrs gqbZ le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh will be 8 months old.

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd vkus okys le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

ftu okD;ksa esa Subject fdlh dk;Z dks dj jgk gks ,sls okD; Tenses(dky) esa vkrs gSa vkSj ftu okD;ksa esa Subject
dksbZ dk;Z u dj jgk gS] dsoy Subject dh voLFkk@fLFkfr ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gks] ,sls okD; Simple
Sentences(ljy okD;) esa vkrs gSaA nksuksa rjg ds okD;ksa dks vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls i<+saxsA

fØ;k,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa (Verbs are of two types):

a (Main Verb)

;g fØ;k subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh nsrh gSA eq[; fØ;k dk lh/kk lk eryc gS dksbZ Hkh dke tSls ukpuk]
xkuk] lkspuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk] ns[kuk] fgyuk] ;kn djuk] ihVuk vkfnA
Main verb describes the action of the subject such as to dance, to sing, to think, to read, to
write, to see, to move, to miss, to beat etc.

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 t+#jh ugha fd dke ogh gks tks gkFk iSjksa ls fd;k tk jgk gks ;kfu physical gksA vxj vki dqN lksp jgs gSa rks
Hkh fnekx dke dj jgk gS ;kfu Mental work rks gks gh jgk gS blfy, Hkh ,d dk;Z gh gSA

is also an action ; hence it is a verb.

b (Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb)

;g fØ;k subject dh voLFkk ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA Subject ds vuqlkj
vuqlkj budk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls le÷ksaxAs
Examples:
is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will etc.

3. Object ¼vkWctSDV½ & dkjd

dkjd og gksrk gS ftl ij drkZ ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk dk izHkko iM+rk gSA
Object is the one, which gets affected by the action or the state of the subject.

uhps nh x;h rkfydk esa dqN mnkgj.k fn;s x;s gSa (A few examples are appended in the table) &

Main Verb
Sentence ¼okD;½ Subject Object
¼eq[; fØ;k½
jke esjk nksLr gSA jke esjk nksLr &
oks ikxy ugha gSA oks Ikkxy &
ge lc eEeh ds lkFk FksA ge lc eEeh &
jkgqy ;gk¡ ugha gSA jkgqy ;gk¡ &
ikik [ksyrs gSaA ikik & [ksyuk
ikik ikdZ esa [ksyrs gSaA ikik ikdZ [ksyuk
jke vk;sxkA jke & vkuk
eSa rqEgsa ;kn djrk g¡wA eSa Rkqe ;kn djuk
jkgqy ds ikl iSls ugha gSaA jkgqy iSls &
jf'e dh pkj cgusa FkhA jf'e pkj cgusa &
jke ikdZ esa FkkA jke ikdZ
rqe esjs fny esa jgrs gksA rqe esjk fny jguk
oks Ldwy ugha tkrk FkkA oks Ldwy tkuk
cPps D;k ns[krs gSa\ cPps & ns[kuk

Subjects nks rjg ds gksrs gSa (Subjects are of two types)

Singular - flUxqyj ¼,dopu½ tc Subject ,d O;fDr] ,d oLrq ;k ,d LFkku dk cks/k djk;sA

When the subject refers to one person/place/thing.

Plural IY;wjy ¼cgqopu½ tc Subject ,d ls T+;knk O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku dk cks/k djk;sA
When the subject refers to more than one person/place/thing.

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 Singular Plural
Ram ¼,d yM+dk gS½
Shyam ¼,d yM+dk gS½ Ram & Shyam ¼,d ls T+;knk ;kfu nks yM+ds gS½
Sky ¼vkleku ,d gS½ People¼yksx½
This- ;g] ;s ¼,d ds fy,½ Crowd¼HkhM+½
That- og] oks ¼,d ds fy,½ These- ;g] ;s ¼,d ls T+;knk ds fy,½
It- ;g] ;s ¼,d ds fy,½ Those og] oks] os ¼,d ls T+;knk ds fy,½
Pen ¼,d iSu dh ckr gks jgh gSA½ Pens ¼,d ls T+;knk iSuksa dh ckr gks jgh gSA½

Personal Pronoun Subjects: Singular & Plural

First Person, Second Person & Third Person

Person Singular Plural

First Person
I ¼eSa½ We ¼ge½
The person or people speaking
Thou¼rqe ;k vki {,d O;fDr}½ You¼rqe ;k vki
Second Person
(Obsolete now & replaced with {,d ls T+;knk
The person or people being spoken to Y O;fDr}½
He ¼og {,d yM+ds ds fy, }½ They - os ¼,d
Third Person
She ¼og {,d yM+dh ds fy, }½ ls T+;knk yksxksa ds
The person or people being spoken about fy, ½

ekuk eSa vkils jke ds ckjs esa ckr djk g¡w] rks ;gk¡ ij eSa¼I½ First Person g¡w , vki ¼You½ Second Person gks vkSj
jke¼Ram½ Third Person gSA

/;ku nhft,] You You dks cgqopu dh rjg gh iz;ksx fd;k

tkrk gS o You ds lkFk ogh lgk;d fØ;k,¡ iz;ksx dh tkrh gSa ftUgsa cgqopu subject ds lkFk iz;ksx djrs gSa tSls are,
have, do etc.
ys treated as a plural subject & its singular form is obsolete now.
is always followed by the helping verbs, which are used with Plural subjects.

dk iz;ksx ( )

vkb, le>sa fd This, That, These & Those dk iz;ksx dSls djuk gSA
This, That, These & Those.

Singular ¼,dopu½ Plural ¼cgqopu½

Near ¼ikl½ This ¼;s] ;g½ These ¼;s] ;g½

Far ¼nwj½ That ¼og] oks] os½ Those ¼og] oks] os½

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vxj dksbZ O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku gekjs lkeus gS] rks Åij nh x;h Vscy ds vuqlkj ge ;k rks dk iz;ksx djsaxs ;k
fQj dkA vxj ,dopu gS rks vkSj vxj cgqopu gS rks A blh rjg vxj dksbZ O;fDr] oLrq ;k
LFkku gels nwj gS] rks Vscy ds vuqlkj ge ;k rks dk iz;ksx djsaxs ;k fQj dkA vxj ,dopu gS rks
vkSj vxj cgqopu gS rks A

If a person, place or thing is nearby, as per the table we must use

a person, place or thing is afar, we must
use t

bls vkSj csgrj le÷kus ds fy, uhps nh x;h rkfydk dks le÷ksaA
This concept can be better understood with the help of the table below:

;g@;s fdrkc This book fdrkc ikl gS vkSj ,dopu gS blfy, dk iz;ksx fd;kA vxj fdrkc
nwj gksrh rks eSa Þ;g@;s fdrkcÞ ugha cfYd Þoks@og fdrkcÞ dgrkA

og@oks fdrkc That book fdrkc nwj gS vkSj ,d gS blfy, dk iz;ksx fd;kA

;s@;g fdrkcsa These books fdrkcsa ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, dk iz;ksx fd;kA

Okks@og@os Those books fdrkcsa nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, dk iz;ksx fd;kA
fdrkcsa Books are a
os cPps Those/They cPps nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, dk iz;ksx fd;kA p¡fw d cPps
children ltho gSa blfy, dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Children are a

;s eNfy;k¡ These fishes eNfy;k¡ ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Fishes are near and plural, hence
;s lc yM+ds These all yM+ds ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, dk iz;ksx fd;kA
boys Boys are near and plural, hence
oks nksuksa yM+ds Those/They yM+ds nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, dk iz;ksx fd;kA p¡wfd
both boys yM+ds ltho gSa blfy, dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
Boys are afar and plural, hence

ltho o futhZo dk QdZ (Difference between Living & Non-Living)

ltho mls dgrs gSa ftlesa tku gksrh gS ;kfu tks lk¡l ysrk gSA
Living is the one that breathes.
futhZo mls dgrs gSa ftlesa tku ugha gksrh ;kfu tks lk¡l ugha ysrk gSA
Non-living is the one
bUlku] tkuoj] isM+ ikS/ks vkfnA
dksbZ pht@oLrq vkfnA

23
rkTtqc gksrk gS fd isM+ ikS/ks ltho dSls gSa ! ij lR; ;gh gS fd os ltho gSa D;ksafd oks Hkh bUlku dh rjg lk¡l ysrs gSA
QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd bUlku lk¡l ysrs oDr vkWDlhtu vUnj ysrk gSa vkSj dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM ckgj fudkyrk gSa tcfd
isM+ ikS/ks dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM vUnj ysrs gSa vkSj vkWDlhtu ckgj fudkyrs gSaA

lHkh ltho uhps fn;s x;s lkrksa dk;Z djrs gSa] tcfd futhZo ughaA
1. Feeding
2. Breathing
3. Excretion(Removal of waste)
4. Growth
5. Reproduction

dk iz;ksx (Use of Apostrophe S)

jke dk iSu

Pen of Ram

lhrk dk HkkbZ rother / Brother of Seeta

jkgqy dh eEeh / Mother of Rahul
yM+dh dk HkkbZ her / Brother of the girl
yM+fd;ksa ds HkkbZ the girls
esjs ikik ds nksLr dh csVh
esjs HkkbZ dk iSu
esjs HkkbZ;ksa ds iSu
esjs fny dh ckr
rqEgkjs eksckbZy dh vkokt+
dh ngkM+ roar / Roar of the lion
xhrk dh vkokt+ / Voice of Geeta

/;ku nhft,] vxj eSa dg¡w ÞyM+dh dk HkkbZÞA yM+dh ,d gh gS blfy, ÞyM+dh dkÞ ds fy, ge dgsaxAs ij vxj eSa
dg¡w ÞyM+fd;ksa dk HkkbZÞA yM+fd;k¡ ,d ls T+;knk gS blfy, ÞyM+fd;ksa dkÞ ds fy, ge ugha dgsaxs cfYd flQZ
dgsaxs s yxkuk gks rks
ds ckn okyk s ugha yxk;k tkrkA

, it is clear that there is only one girl but if there are more than
one girl, then I . Whenever
we need to use
after apostrophe.

24
 vkb, dqN pht+sa jV ysa

uhps fn;s x;s Nk kus okys pSIVlZ esaA

Words or group of words given below will help you in coming chapters so you are
requested to learn them.

Both ¼nksuksa½
ge nksuksa We both / Both of us oh cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ vl
rqe nksuksa You both / Both of you ;w cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ ;w
os@oks nksuksa They both / Both of them ns cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ nSe

All ¼lc ;k lHkh½

ge lHkh We all / All of us
rqe lHkh You all/ All of you
;s lHkh These all ¼ltho@futhZo ds fy,½ (For living & non living)
oks lHkh Those all ¼ ltho@futhZo ds fy,½ (For living & non living)
os@oks lHkh Those/They all ¼ltho ds fy,½ (For living being)
;s lHkh fdrkcsa These all books / All of these books
oks lHkh iSu Those all pens / All of those pens
oks lHkh yksx Those / They all people

ftruk gks lds] ;kn dj yhft,A buls vkidks dkQh enn feysxhA ;s lHkh okD;ksa esa vDlj iz;ksx esa vkrs gSaA
Learn the following. It will help you significantly while making sentences.

ge rhuksa We three / Three of us oh Fkzh@Fkzh vkWQ+ vl

ge pkjksa We four / Four of us oh Q+ksj@Q+ksj vkWQ+ vl
oks ik¡pksa They five/Those five ns Q+kbo@nkst+ Q+kbo
rqEgkjh vkokt+ Your voice ;kSj okWbl
jke dh vkokt+ jkEl okWbl
rqEgkjs eksckby dh vkokt+ ;kSj eksckbZYl lkmUM
rqEgkjs dEI;wVj dh vkokt+ Your c ;kSj dEI;wVlZ lkmUM
,slk rksgQk Such a gift lp v fx¶V
,sls rksgQs Such gifts lp fx¶V~l
,slh dgkuh Such a story lp v LVksjh
,slh dgkfu;k¡ Such stories lp LVksjht+
,slk fnu Such a day lp v Ms
,sls fnu Such days lp Mst+
,sls yksx Such people lp ihiy
rqEgkjh ckrsa Your words ;kSj oM~Zl
esjh ;knsa My memories ek; eSejht+
rqEgkjk xqLlk Your anger ;kSj ,sUxj
vkidk cM+Iiu Your kindness ;kSj dkbUMusl
esjh et+hZ My will ek; foy
esjh bPNk My desire ek; fMt+k;j
ml yM+ds ds iSls nSV ckW;t+ euh
bu cPpksa ds fy, For these children/kids Q+kj nht+ fpYMªu@fdM~l
esjs [okc My dreams ek; MªhEl
25
mldh ckrsa His/Her words fgt+@gj oM~Zl
ge nksuksa dh fdrkcsa Books of we both cqDl vkWQ+ oh cksFk
dejs dh f[kM+fd;k¡ dejs dh f[kM+fd;k¡
eNfy;ksa dk [kkuk
gj iy dh [kcj ,ojh ekWeSUV~l U;wt+
fdlh dk nksLr friend leoUl ÝSUM
fdlh ds lkFk With someone fon leou
fdlh vkSj ds lkFk With someone else fon leou ,sYl
fdlh dk HkkbZ brother leoUl cznj
dqN@FkksM+k ikuh Some water le okWVj
esjs eksckby dh dher ek; eksckbYl dkWLV
fdlh vkSj dh dgkuh leou ,sYlt+ LVksjh
fdlh vkSj dk ?kj leou ,sYlt+ gkÅl
dksbZ vkSj Someone else leou ,sYl
dksbZ vkSj ugha No one else uksou ,sYlt
fQj dHkh Some other time le vnj VkbZe
vkSj fdlh fnu Some other day le vnj Ms
,slk gh dqN Something like this lefFkax ykbd fnl
,slk dqN ugha Nothing as such ufFkax ,st+ lp
Qkyrw esa Unnecessarily vuuSlslSfjyh
Tkkucw>dj Knowingly uksbaxyh
vuTkkus esa Unknowingly vuuksbaxyh
fny yxkdj Whole heartedly ÝkWe n dksj vkWQ+ ek; gkVZ@gksy gkVZsMyh
fdlh vkSj ds lkFk With someone else fon leou ,sYl
fny dk nnZ The pain of heart n isu vkWQ+ gkVZ
ek¡ dk fny enlZ gkVZ
cPPkksa dh lksp Thinking of children fFkafdax vkWQ+ fpYMªu
esjk HkkbZ My brother / Brother of mine ek; cznj@cznj vkWQ+ ekbu
esjs HkkbZ My brothers/ Brothers of mineek; cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ ekbu
mlds HkkbZ ¼fdlh yM+ds ds½ His brothers / Brothers of his fgt+ cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ fgt+
mlds HkkbZ ¼fdlh yM+dh ds½ Her brothers / Brothers of hersgj cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ glZ
rqEgkjk crkZo Your behaviour ;kSj fcgsfo;j
rqEgkjk jkLrk Your way ;kSj os
rqEgkjs tSlk Like you ykbd ;w
fcYdqy rqEgkjs tSlk Just like you tLV ykbd ;w
mldh dgkuh His story fgt+ LVksjh
mlds fcuk Without him fonkmV fge
rqEgkjs fcuk Without you fonkmV ;w
rqEgkjs fy, For you Q+kWj ;w
flQZ rqEgkjs fy, Only for you vksUyh Q+kWj ;w
ml yM+ds ds lkFk With that boy fon nSV ckW;
esjs fy, For me Q+kj eh
rqEgkjs ckjs esa About you vckmV ;w
fdlh ds ihNs Behind Someone fcgkUM leou
nhokj ds ihNs Behind the wall fcgkUM n okWy
unh ds fdukjs At the bank of river ,sV n cSad vkWQ+ fjoj
unh ds ml ikj Across the river vØkWl n fjoj
26
lM+d ds ml ikj Across the road vØkWl n jksM
isM+ ds ihNs Behind the tree fcgkUM n Vªh
gekjh rjQ Towards us VqoM~Zl vl
rqEgkjs ?kj dh rjQ Towards your home VqoM~Zl ;kSj gkse
esjs vkxs Ahead of me vgsM vkWQ+ eh
lc yksxksa ds vkxs Ahead of all the people vgsM vkWQ+ vkWy n ihiy
esjs lkeus In front of me bu ÝUV vkWQ+ eh
jfo ds cxy esa Next to Ravi / Adjacent Ravi / Beside Ravi / By Ravi
uSDLV Vq jfo @,tlSUV jfo@fclkbM jfo@ck; jfo
dqN yksxksa ds ckjs esa About few people vckmV ¶;w ihiy
esjh gFksyh ij On my palm vkWu ek; ike
Vscy ds uhps Under the table vUMj n Vscy
esjs ikik ds ckjs esa About my dad vckmV ek; MSM
lcls vkxs Ahead of all vgsM vkWQ+ vkWy
fiadh ds lkeus In front of Pinki/Before Pinki bu ÝUV vkWQ+ fiadh@fcQksj fiadh
phrs ds cxy esa Next to tiger uSDLV Vw Vkbxj
esjs ckjs esa About me vckmV eh
ml Vscy ij On that table vkWu n Vscy
fnYyh dh rjQ Towards Delhi VqoM~Zl MSgyh
lcls ihNs Behind all fcgkUM vkWy
rqEgkjs I;kj ds fy, For your love Q+kj ;kSj yo
esjs flj ds Åij On my head vkWu ek; gSM
Next to Shyam
jke ds lkFk With Ram fon jke
mldh dgkuh ds fy, For his story Q+kj fgt+ LVksjh
VwVk gqvk fny Broken heart czkd
s u gkVZ
VwVk gqvk dk¡p Broken glass czkd
s u XYkkl
Our desires vkj@voj fMt+k;lZ
Worship of Lord Shiva
lkspus dk rjhdk The way of thinking n os vkWQ+ fFkafdax
[kkus dk rjhdk The way of eating n os vkWQ+ bZfVax
pyus dk rjhdk The way of walking n os vkWQ+ okWfdax
rqEgkjh otg ls Due to you / because of you M~;w Vq ;w@fcdt+ vkWQ ;w
jke dh otg ls Due to Ram / because of Ram M~;w Vq jke@fcdt+ vkWQ jke
cPpksa ds dkj.k Due to children / because of children M~;w Vq fpYMªu@fcdt+ vkWQ fpYMªu
iSls ds dkj.k Due to money / because of money M~;w Vq efu@fcdt+ vkWQ efu
cPps dh otg ls Due to the kid / because of the kid M~;w Vq n fdM@fcdt+ vkWQ n fdM
esjs lkFk With me fon eh
rqEgkjs lkFk With you fon ;w
mlds lkFk With him/her fon fge@gj
gekjs lkFk With us fon vl
muds lkFk ¼T+;knk yksxksa ds lkFk½ With them fon nSe
fdlh ds lkFk With Someone fon leou
lks;k gqvk Asleep vLyhi
txk gqvk Awake vosd
Fkdk gqvk Tired Vk;MZ
pkSadk gqvk Shocked WDM
27
 58. Which brother of mine fop cznj vkWQ ekbu esjk dkSu lk HkkbZ
59. Which sister of yours fop flLVj vkWQ ;kSlZ rqEgkjh dkSu lh cgu
60. How many brothers gko eSuh cznlZ fdrus HkkbZ
61. How many hairs gko eSuh gsvlZ fdrus cky
62. How many stars gko eSuh LVklZ fdrus rkjs
63. How much money gko ep euh fdruk ikuh
64. How many such people gko eSuh lp ihiy ,sls fdrus yksx
65. How much sugar fdruh phuh
66. What kind of people oV dkbZUM vkWQ ihiy fdl rjg ds yksx
67. How come gko de fdl rjg / dSls
68. At what time ,sV oV Vkbe fdl le;
69. What kind of book oV dkbUM vkWQ cqd fdl rjg dh fdrkc
70. fop xYlZ cznj fdl yM+dh dk HkkbZ
71. fop LdwYl LVwMSVa fdl Ldwy dk fo/kkFkhZ
72. How many Kilograms of sugar gko eSuh fdyksxSz fdrus fdyksxzke phuh
73. How many glasses of milk gko eSuh Xyklst+ vkWQ feYd nw/k ds fdrus fxykl
74. How many brothers of mine gko eSuh cznlZ vkWQ ekbu esjs fdrus HkkbZ
75. How many brothers of yours gko eSuh cznlZ vkWQ ;kSlZ rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ

EnglishWale.com
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki
YouTube Channel esa tkdj esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj,

Aditya Sir

52
Lesson 6
Parts of Speech-
dksbZ u dksbZ uke fn;k tkrk gSA tSls & laKk] loZuke] fØ;k vkfnA

Group of words are used together in a specific manner to write or speak a sentence. Every single
word in a sentence is given a name i.e. Noun, Pronoun, Verb etc.
To understand the sequence of words so that the sentence delivers the correct message, these
words are categorized in 8 categories, which

8 Parts of speech; with their one-liner definitions are:

1. Noun (laKk) fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq ds uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA
2. Pronoun (loZuke) loZuke dk iz;ksx laKk dh txg ij fd;k tkrk gSA
3. Verb (fØ;k) fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh
tkudkjh feyrh gSA
4. Adjective ( ) tks fdlh
vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
5. Adverb ( )
crkrs gSa ;k muds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
6. Preposition (lEcU/k lwpd vOo; ;k iwoZlxZ) Prepositions fdlh laKk ;k loZuke vkSj

7. Conjunction (la;kstd) s tksM+ nsrs gSaA blls okD; NksVk gks tkrk gS
fcuk vFkZ cnysA
8. Interjection (foLe;kfncks/kd)
vki buds ckjs esa vkus okys ikBksa esa foLrkj ls le÷kus okys gSaA

(Important Facts):

1. dgha dgha Articles (A/An vkSj The) ;s Adjective ( )

gh dgs tkrs gSa D;ksafd ;s fdlh laKk ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
tSls & ,d iSu (A Pen)A ;gk¡ ij iSu ,d laKk gS vkSj dk iz;ksx djus ls ;s irk pyrk gS fd iSu
fdrus gSa vFkkZr dk iz;ksx djus ls iSu ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk feyrh gSA ;g ckr vki rc csgrj le÷k ik;saxs

Generally, Articles are not considered a separate part of speech; rather classified as adjectives because
they modify nouns by mentioning their quantity i.e. as a number (A pen means one pen).

2. tc ge fdlh laKk dh ek«kk ds ckjs esa crk;sa tSls 1 vkneh] 2 iSu] 3 yksx] 50 dcwrj vkfnA rks bl rjg ls laKk dh
ek«kk ds ckjs esa crkus okyh ;s la[;k,¡ Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ dgykrh gSaA ;g Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ Hkh
Adjective ( ) gh ekus tkrs gSa D;ksafd buds dkj.k fdlh laKk ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk feyrh gSA ;g dkWUlsIV Hkh
vki vkxs vkus okys Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ pSIVj esa i<+saxAs
Determiners are also classified as adjectives because they modify a noun.

53
Lesson 7
Noun ¼laKk½
ge cpiu ls ;gh i<+rs gq, vk jgs gSa fd laKk fdlh O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq dk uke gksrk gSA ;s ifjHkk"kk xyr

uke tSls fdlh dqRrs dk uke VQh Hkh laKk ugha gSA ij ,slk fcYdqy ugha gSA uke pkgs fdlh O;fDr dk gks
;k fQj fdlh tkuoj dk] mls laKk gh ekuk tkrk gSA
I;kj rks fdlh O;fDr]
LFkku ;k oLrq dk uke ugha gS fQj bls laKk D;ksa ekurs gSa ! ;s lc ckrsa vkidks bl pSIVj dks i<+us dk ckn o
vkWfM;ks ySDpj dks lquus ds ckn le÷k vk tk;saxhA bl pSIVj dks /;ku ls if<+;sA

Since childhood, we have been taught that a noun is the name of a person,
place or thing. This definition is not incorrect but we need to know a little
more. Even if, for an instance we assume, this definition is correct, then
why is the name of a dog or any animal for that matter considered a noun
! The fact is, name of any creature is a noun; be it a human or an animal.

person, place or thing , then why do we take it as a noun ! There are lot

1) Proper Noun ¼O;fDrokpd laKk ½

O;fDrokpd laKk fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dk uke gksrk gSA
Proper Noun is the name of a Creature, place or thing.
Ram ¼fdlh izk.kh dk uke gS½ (Name of a Creature)
Tuffy ¼fdlh izk.kh dk uke gS½ (Name of a Creature)
Dehradun ¼fdlh txg dk uke gS½ (Name of a Place)
Parker pen ¼fdlh oLrq dk uke gS½ (Name of a Thing)
Usha Fan ¼fdlh oLrq dk uke gS½ (Name of a Thing)

2) Common Noun ¼tkfrokpd laKk ½

tkfrokpd laKk fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dh tkfr ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA
Common Noun denotes the class of a Creature, Place or thing.

1- pfy, le>sAa ekuk vkids lkeus nks eksckby j[ks gq, gSAa ,d gS uksfd;k eksckbZy vkSj nwljk gS lSelax eksckbZyA
nksuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ nksuksa eksckby gSaA blfy, ÞeksckbyÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu nksuksa dh tkfr
ÞeksckbyÞ gSA
Suppose,

2- ekuk vkids lkeus nks yM+ds [kM+s gSaA ,d gS jke vkSj nwljk gS jktwA nksuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ nksuksa yM+ds gSAa
blfy, ÞyM+dkÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu nksuksa dh tkfr ÞyM+dkÞ gSA
Suppose there are two boys; Ram and Raju. What is common in both? They both are

54
 3- ekuk vkids lkeus rhu QSu j[ks gq, gSaA ,d gS m"kk QSu] nwljk gS [ksrku QSu vkSj rhljk gS gSoYl QSuA rhuksa esa
D;k lekurk gS \ rhuksa QSu gSaA blfy, ÞQSuÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu rhuksa dh tkfr ÞQSuÞ gSA

4- rhu jkT; gSaA ,d gS fnYyh] nwljk gS gfj;k.kk vkSj rhljk gS fcgkjA rhuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ rhuksa jkT; gSAa
blfy, ÞjkT;Þ ,d Common Noun gSA bu rhuksa dh tkfr ÞjkT;Þ gSA
es; Delhi, Hariyana and Bihar. What is common in these?
These

3) Collective Noun ¼lewgokpd laKk½

Collective Noun denotes the group of creatures, places or things.

People(yksx) - dbZ yksxksa dk lewg (group of persons)

Crowd(HkhM+) - dbZ yksxksa dk lewg (group of persons)
Batch(cSp) - dbZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lewg (group of students)
Team(Vhe) - dbZ f[kykfM+;ksa dk lewg(group of players)
Bunch(xqPNk) - vaxjw dk (group of grapes)
Family(QSfeyh) - ifjokj (group of members)

Few other examples are: Army, Class, Committee, Council, Department,

Society, Majority, Minority, Audience, Jury, Company, Corporation etc.

4) Material Noun ¼inkFkZokpd laKk ½

inkFkZokpd laKk fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dk uke gksrk gSA
Material Noun denotes the Name of a material.

lksuk (Gold), pk¡nh (Silver), rk¡ck (Copper), Xykl (Glass), ydM+h (Wood), iRFkj (Stone) etc.

5) Abstract Noun ¼Hkkookpd laKk ½

Hkkookpd laKk oks gksrh gS ftls ge Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs] flQZ eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
; we can only feel it. In other

or taste these nouns.

bZekunkjh (Honesty), I;kj (Love), pksjh (Theft), ?k`.kk (Hate), oDr (Time), lksp (Thinking),
Hkkouk,¡ (Feelings), xf.kr (Mathematics), mEehn (Expectation) etc.

rks ,d fØ;k gS fQj ;s Hkkookpd laKk dSls gS ! dq

gksrs gSa tks fØ;k o laKk nksuksa dh rjg iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA Love ds nks eryc gSaA ,d gS *I;kj* vkSj nwljk gS
*I;kj djuk*A igyk okyk Abstract Noun gS rks nwljk okyk fØ;k gSA D;ksafd nwljs okys esa *djuk* dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gS ftlls ;s irk yxrk gS fd fdlh dke dks djus dh ckr gks jgh gSA *I;kj djuk* ,d dke ;kfu
fØ;k gSA
55
You must be thinking
Let me tell you. There are a few words, which can function as nouns in some cases and
verbs in other cases .

Love is life. I;kj ft+Unxh gSA ¼;gk¡ ij love ,d Hkkookpd laKk gSALove as an ½
I love you. eSa rqEgsa I;kj djrk g¡Aw ¼;gk¡ ij love ,d fØ;k gSA ½

(Very Important point)

fdlh Hkh okD; esa Subject ;k rks laKk gksxh ;k fQj loZukeA uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa ls lef÷k,A
In a sentence, Subject is either a noun or a pronoun.

Success is very important.

;gk¡ ij Subject gS & ;s dksbZ loZuke rks gS ugha] blfy, laKk gh gks ldrh gSA vc eqn~nk ;s gS
fd ;s dkSu lh laKk gSA ;s u fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k txg dk uke gS] u dksbZ tkfr gS] u dksbZ lewg gS] u gh dksbZ
inkFkZ gS rks fQj D;k cpkA vjs gk¡ dks u Nw ldrs gSa u ns[k ldrs gSa] fcYdqy lkQ gS fd ;s
Hkkookpd laKk gSA

noun.
Ram is my friend.
;gk¡ ij Subject gS & ;s dksbZ loZuke rks gS ugha] blfy, laKk gh gks ldrh gSA vc eqnn~ k ;s gS fd ;s
dkSu lh laKk gSA ;s ,d O;fDr dk uke gS] blfy, ;s ,d O;fDrokpd laKk gSA

, which noun it

He is my brother.
;gk¡ ij Subject gS & ;s ,d loZuke gSA

ronoun.
Honesty is in my blood.
Subject gS & igys mnkgj.k dh rjg dks u Nw ldrs gSa u ns[k ldrs gS]a ;s ,d
Hkkookpd laKk gSA
the of our 5

Reading is a good habit.

Subject gS & vkb, lkspas fd ;g Subject laKk gS ;k fQj loZukeA ;s u gh loZuke gS vkSj u
gh Åij nh xbZ dksbZ Hkh laKkA vkidks FkksM+k dU¶;wt+u gks jgk gksxk fd Read dk eryc rks gksrk gS i<+ukA ;s rks
fØ;k gSA
ysfdu /;ku nhft, fd Read ds lkFk ing yxkdj bls Subject dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA geus vkidks
crk;k Fkk fd fdlh Hkh okD; esa Subject ;k rks laKk gksxh ;k fQj loZukeA rdZ ;g gS fd vxj fdlh fØ;k ds
vkxs ing
tks fd bl pSIVj esa vkidk vxyk VkWfid gSA

56
 Reading
You might be getting little

topic in this chapter.

Gerund¼tSjUM½ fØ;kokpd laKk

vxj fdlh fØ;k ds vkxs ing yxk dj mls laKk dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tk;s rks mls tSjUM ;kfu fØ;kokpd laKk dgrs
gSaA
If a verb is added is

Verb ¼fØ;k½ Verb is used as a Noun.

Gerund ¼fØ;kokpd laKk ;kfu tSjUM½
I love you. Loving you is a part of my life.
I think about them. Thinking so much is not good for
health.
I read books. Reading is a good habit.
I run 5 kilometers a day. Running daily is good for health.
Rahul smokes. Smoking is injurious to health.

Noun: Two types (in another classification)

Example: Pen, Boy, Book, Hair,

Countable Noun ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gSA
Star, Girl, Man, Cow, City, Paper
That can be counted.
etc.
Example: Milk, Sugar, Honesty,
Uncountable Noun ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrkA
Delhi, Money, Love, Hate etc.

vki lksp jgs gksaxs fd vkSj rks vufxur gksrs gSa fQj bUgsa Countable Noun D;ksa dgk x;kA nsf[k,]
vufxur blfy, dgrs gSa D;ksafd cgqr vf/kd gks ukA fxu rks ldrs gh gSAa
nwljh ckr geus dks Uncountable Noun dgk gS tcfd iSls dks ge fxu ldrs gSaA ij /;ku nhft, fd
vaxst
z +h ds bl dks ge 1 money, 2 money, 3 money vkfn ugha dg ldrs blfy, bls
Uncountable ekuk tkrk gSA

In fact, counting them is

difficult because they are huge in numbers but not impossible to count them; we can count
them like 1 star, 2 stars, 3 stars, 1 hair, 2 hairs, 3 hairs etc

uncountable noun because , 3 money etc

it in numbers.
57
 The Noun: Gender (fyax)

Masculine Gender Feminine Gender Neuter Gender

¼iqfYyax½ ¼L«khfyax½ ¼uiqaldfyax½
It denotes a male. It denotes a Female. It denotes neither male
¼;g iq#"k tkfr dk cks/k djkrk gS½ ¼;g L«kh tkfr dk cks/k djkrk gS½ nor female but non living.
¼u iq#"k tkfr u L«kh tkfr] cfYd
;g futhZo phtksa dk cks/k djkrk gSA½
Example: Example: Example:
Boy, Uncle, Brother Woman, Girl, Aunt, Book, Pen, Mobile,
Gents, Actor etc. Sister, Ladies, Actress, Laptop, Chair etc.
Cat, Cow etc.

The Noun: Number ¼opu½

Singular ¼,dopu½ Plural ¼cgqopu½
tc laKk fdlh ,d izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dk cks/k djk;sA tc laKk ,d ls vf/kd izkf.k;ksa] txgksa ;k oLrqvksa dk cks/k
It denotes one Creature, Place or Thing. djk;sA
It denotes more than one Creature, Place
or Thing.
Rat ¼pwgk½ Rats ¼,d ls T+;knk pwgs½
Mouse ¼pwfg;k½ Mice ¼,d ls T+;knk pqfg;k½
Tooth ¼,d nk¡r½ Teeth ¼,d ls T+;knk nk¡r½
Man ¼,d vkneh½ Men ¼,d ls T+;knk vkneh½
Woman ¼,d vkSjr½ Women ¼,d ls T+;knk vkSjrsa½
Girl ¼,d yM+dh½ Girls ¼,d ls T+;knk yM+fd;k¡½

The Noun:
dqN ,sls Noun yxrk gSA ij ;s cgqopu ugha gksrAs
There are a few nouns, they are always plurals.

Scissors ¼lht+lZ½ dSaph

Trousers ¼VªkÅt+lZ½ iSaV
Binoculars ¼ckbuksdqylZ½ nwjchu
Spectacles ¼LiSDVsdYl½
Mathematics ¼eSFkseSfVDl½ xf.kr
News ¼U;wt½+ lekpkj

EnglishWale.com
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki
English Gur YouTube Channel esa tkdj esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj,
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksafd esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA e
Aditya Sir

58
Lesson 8
Pronoun ¼loZuke½
loZuke dk iz;ksx laKk dh txg ij fd;k tkrk gSA

uhps fn;s x;s nks mnkgj.kksa dh enn ls le÷kus dk iz;Ru dfj, &

1- Þjke vPNk yM+dk gSA jke esjk nksLr gSA jke ds ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk dke djrs gSaAÞ

2- Þjke vPNk yM+dk gSA esjk nksLr gSA ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk dke djrs gSaAÞ
Ram is a good boy. He is my friend. His father works with my father.

ckj&2 jke dgus ds ctk;] nwljs mnkgj.k esa oks o mlds dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ftlls okD; ds vFkZ esa dksbZ
cnyko ugha vk;k gS] cfYd okD; T+;knk csgrj gks x;k gSA pw¡fd jke ,d laKk gS blfy, okD; esa jke dh txg ij
oks o mlds loZuke gSaA

change
called pronouns.

bl pSIVj dh vkWfM;ks ySDpj t+#j lqfu, rkfd lHkh dkWUlsUV o mnkgj.k csgrj rjhds ls le÷k ik;saA

Types
uhps nh x;h rkfydk ij xkSj dfj;sA (Look at the table below)
Subjective Objective Possessive Reflexive
Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun
bl Pronoun dk
bl rjg ds Pronoun dk iz;ksx ;s iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk
;g Subject esa iz;ksx ;g Object esa iz;ksx crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g
fd;s tkrs gSaA fd;s tkrs gSaA fdldk gS & esjk] rqEgkjk] mldk] mudk gS tc Subject
;k fQj fdlh vkSj dkA [kqn ds ckjs esa crkrk
gksA
I Me My Mine Myself
eSa eq÷ks ;k esjs esjk esjk eSa [kqn
He Him His His Himself
og] oks mls] mldks] mudks mldk mldk oks [kqn
¼,d iq:"k½ ¼,d iq:"k dks½ ¼,d iq:"k dk½ ¼,d iq:"k dk½ ¼,d iq:"k½
She Her Her Hers Herself
og] oks mls] mldks] mudks mldk mldk oks [kqn
¼,d L=h½ ¼,d L=h dks½ ¼,d L=h dk½ ¼,d L=h dk½ ¼,d L=h½
You You Your Yours Yourself/
rqe] vki rqEgsa] rqEgkjs@vkidks] rqEgkjk@vkidk rqEgkjk@vkidk Yourselves
¼rqe@vki ,d O;fDr vkids ¼rqe@vki ,d gks ¼rqe@vki ,d gks rqe@vki [kqn
gks ldrs gks ;k ,d ls ¼rqe@vki ,d gks ldrs ldrs gks ;k ,d ldrs gks ;k ,d ls ¼rqe@vki ,d O;fDr
T+;knk O;fDr gks ldrs gks ;k ,d ls T+;knk gks ls T+;knk gks T+;knk O;fDr gks gks ldrs gks ;k ,d
gks½ ldrs gks½ ldrs gks½ ldrs gks½ ls T+;knk O;fDr gks
ldrs gks½

59
 They Them Their Theirs Themselves
os] oks muds mudk mudk Okks [kqn@os [kqn
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½ ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½
ds½ O;fDr;ksa dk½ O;fDr;ksa dk½
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
ge gekjs gekjk gekjk ge [kqn
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½ ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½
ds½ O;fDr;ksa dk½ O;fDr;ksa dk½

Difference between possessive cases

My, Mine esjk Your, Yours rqEgkjk
Our, Ours gekjk His mldk ¼,d iq:"k dk½
Her, Hers mldk ¼,d L=h dk½ Their, Theirs mudk ¼,d ls T+;knk yksxksa dk½

vkSj nksuksa dk eryc *esjk* gS ij vxj okD; esa ÞesjkÞ vdsys vk;s rks Mine dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj vxj
*esjk* ds lkFk dqN vkSj tqM+k gqvk gks tSls% esjk HkkbZ] esjs nksLr vkfn rks *esjk* ds fy, dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA fcYdqy blh
rjg] vkSj nksuksa dk eryc *rqEgkjk* gS ij vxj okD; esa ÞrqEgkjkÞ vdsys vk;s rks Yours dk iz;ksx
djrs gSa vkSj vxj *rqEgkjk* ds lkFk dqN vkSj tqM+k gqvk gks tSls% rqEgkjk HkkbZ] rqEgkjk nksLr vkfn rks *rqEgkjk* ds fy,
dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

Example:
rqe esjs HkkbZ gksA You are my brother. ¼;gk¡ ij esjs ds lkFk HkkbZ yxk gqvk gS blfy, My dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
rqe esjs gksA You are mine. ¼;gk¡ ij esjs ds lkFk dqN ugha yxk gS blfy, Mine dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
;s esjh fdrkc gSA This is my book. ¼;gk¡ ij esjh ds lkFk fdrkc gS blfy, My dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
;s fdrkc esjh gSA This book is mine.¼;gk¡ ij esjh ds lkFk dqN ugha yxk gS] fdrkc rks Subject dk fgLlk gS
blfy, Mine dk iz;ksx fd;kA½

Subjective Pronoun Example

1- oks ikxy gSA He is mad.
2- ge nsgjknwu esa FksA We were in Dehradun.

Objective Pronoun Example

1- jke esjs lkFk FkkA Ram was with me.
2- ikik us eq÷ks Mk¡VkA Dad scolded me.
3- cPpk rqEgsa ns[k jgk gSA Baby is watching you.
4- ikik us muds fy, cgqr dqN fd;kA Papa did a lot for them.

Possessive Pronoun Example

1- jke esjk lcls NksVk csVk gSA Ram is my youngest son.
2- fny rqEgkjk gS] esjk ughaA Heart is yours, not mine.
3- esjk fny jks jgk FkkA My heart was crying.
4- HkkbZ mldk gS] jke dk ugha gSA Brother is his/hers
5- rqe esjs ugha FksA You were not mine.

Reflexive Pronoun Example

1- eSa ;s [kqn d:¡xkA I will do it myself.
2- oks ogk¡ vius vki tk;sxkA He will go there himself.
3- ;s vki [kqn dfj,A Do it yourself.

60
 Lesson 9
Adjective
fdlh laKk ;k loZuke
fQj ml laKk ;k loZuke ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
laKk ;k loZuke dk o.kZu djrs gSaA
Adjectives are the words or the group of words that show the quality of
noun/pronoun or provide some additional information about them. In
other words, Adjectives describe a noun or pronoun.

vkb, dqN mnkgj.k ns[ksaA

1) Ram is brave. ( jke cgknqj gS)

cgknqj gksuk fd jke ,d laKk gS blfy,
To be oun, hence Brave is an adjective.

2) He was brave. ( og cgknqj gS)

cgknqj gksuk mldh ;kfu fd ÞogÞ ;kfu ,d loZuke gS blfy, ,d

To be an adjective.

3) I have some/much water. ( esjs ikl FkksMk+ @cgqr ikuh gS)

ikuh ,d laKk gS blds lkFk FkksMk+ ;k T+;knk
ikuh ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk ns+ jgk gS blfy, .k gSA
gives an idea about the amount of

is a

4) Aman is my brother who plays with you. (veu esjk HkkbZ gS tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS)
bl okD; esa tSls gh dgk x;k fd tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS ] blls veu ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk
yxrh gS fd oks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS] p¡wfd veu ,d O;fDr dk uke ;kfu laKk gS blfy, laKk ds ckjs esa dqN
vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g okD; tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS

about Aman that he plays with you. Since Aman is the name of a person, means a
noun, h
about a noun is an adjective clause.

5) He is Ram who is older than I. (oks jke gS tks eq>ls cM+k gS)
tc ge ;s dgrs gSa fd tks eq>ls cM+k gS ] rks geas jke ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk yxrh gS blfy, ;g
okD; tks eq>ls cM+k gS
When We us some additional information about Ram,

61
izk;% fo'ks"k.kksa dh rhu degrees gksrh gSa&
Generally, There are three degrees of adjectives-

1. Positive
2. Comparative
3. Superlative

Positive Comparative Superlative

1. Tall ¼dn esa yEck½ Taller¼T+;knk yEck½ Tallest¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
2. Short ¼dn esa NksVk½ Shorter¼T+;knk NksVk½ Shortest ¼lcls T+;knk NksVk½
3. Big ¼cM+k½ Bigger¼T+;knk cM+k½ Biggest ¼lcls T+;knk cM+k½
4. Small ¼NksVk½ Smaller¼T+;knk NksVk½ Smallest ¼lcls T+;knk NksVk½
5. Great ¼egku½ Greater¼T+;knk egku½ Greatest ¼lcls T+;knk egku½
6. Lengthy¼yEck½ Lengthier¼T+;knk yEck½ Lengthiest ¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
7. Long ¼yEck½ Longer¼T+;knk yEck½ Longest ¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
8. Wide ¼pkSM+k½ Wider¼T+;knk pkSM+k½ Widest ¼lcls T+;knk pkSM+k½
9. High ¼Å¡pk½ Higher¼T+;knk Å¡pk½ Highest ¼lcls T+;knk Å¡pk½
10. Deep ¼xgjk½ Deeper¼T+;knk xgjk½ Deepest ¼lcls T+;knk xgjk½
11. Black ¼dkyk½ Blacker¼T+;knk dkyk½ Blackest ¼lcls T+;knk dkyk½
12. White ¼lQ+ns ½ Whiter¼T+;knk lQ+sn½ Whitest ¼lcls T+;knk lQ+ns ½
13. Bitter ¼dM+ok½ Bitterer¼T+;knk dM+ok½ Bitterest ¼lcls T+;knk dM+ok½
14. Sweet ¼ehBk½ Sweeter ¼T+;knk ehBk½ Sweetest ¼lcls T+;knk ehBk½
15. Sour ¼[kV~Vk½ Sourer¼T+;knk [kV~Vk½ Sourest ¼lcls T+;knk [kV~Vk½
16. Clean ¼lkQ½ Cleaner¼T+;knk lkQ½ Cleanest ¼lcls T+;knk lkQ½
17. Dirty ¼xank½ Dirtier¼T+;knk xank½ Dirtiest ¼lcls T+;knk xank½
18. Cold ¼BaMk½ Colder¼T+;knk BaMk½ Coldest ¼lcls T+;knk BaMk½
19. Hot ¼xeZ½ Hotter¼T+;knk xeZ½ Hottest ¼lcls T+;knk xeZ½
20. Fast ¼rst½+ Faster¼T+;knk rst+½ Fastest ¼lcls T+;knk rst+½
21. Slow ¼gYdk½ Slower¼T+;knk gYdk½ Slowest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
22. Hard ¼dBksj½ Harder¼T+;knk dBksj½ Hardest ¼lcls T+;knk dBksj½
23. Tough ¼dBksj½ Tougher ¼T+;knk dBksj½ Toughest ¼lcls T+;knk dBksj½
24. Soft ¼eqyk;e@dksey½ Softer¼T+;knk eqyk;e@dksey½ Softest ¼lcls T+;knk eqyk;e½
25. Rich ¼vehj½ Richer¼T+;knk vehj½ Richest ¼lcls T+;knk vehj½
26. Poor ¼xjhc½ Poorer¼T+;knk xjhc½ Poorest ¼lcls T+;knk xjhc½
27. Strong ¼etcwr½ Stronger¼T+;knk etcwr½ Strongest ¼lcls T+;knk etcwr½
28. Weak ¼detksj½ Weaker¼T+;knk detksj½ Weakest ¼lcls T+;knk detksj½
29. Heavy¼Hkkjh½ Heavier¼T+;knk Hkkjh½ Heaviest ¼lcls T+;knk Hkkjh½
30. Light ¼gYdk½ Lighter¼T+;knk gYdk½ Lightest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
31. Young¼mez esa NksVk] toku½ Younger ¼mez esa T+;knk NksVk½ Youngest ¼mez esa lcls NksVk ½
32. Old ¼mez esa cM+k] iqjkuk½ Older/Elder¼T+;knk cM+k@iqjkuk½ Oldest/Eldest¼lcls cM+k@iqjkuk½
33. Bright¼pedhyk½ Brighter ¼T+;knk pedhyk½ Brightest ¼lcls T+;knk pedhyk½
34. Clever¼pkykd½ Cleverer ¼T+;knk pkykd½ Cleverest ¼lcls T+;knk pkykd½
35. Dear¼I;kjk½ Dearer ¼T+;knk I;kjk½ Dearest ¼lcls T+;knk I;kjk½
62
 36. Loud ¼Å¡ph vkokt½ Louder¼T+;knk Å¡ph vkokt½ Loudest ¼lcls Å¡ph vkokt½
37. Near ¼djhc½ Nearer¼T+;knk djhc½ Nearest ¼lcls T+;knk djhc½
38. Soon ¼tYnh½ Sooner¼T+;knk tYnh½ Soonest ¼lcls T+;knk tYnh½
39. Wise ¼cqf)eku½ Wiser¼T+;knk cqf)eku½ Wisest ¼lcls T+;knk cqf)eku½
40. Pure ¼ifo=] lkQ½ Purer¼T+;knk ifo=] lkQ½ Purest ¼lcls T+;knk ifo=] lkQ½
41. Brave ¼cgknqj½ Braver¼T+;knk cgknqj½ Bravest ¼lcls T+;knk cgknqj½

Use of more/most

1. Active¼rstrjkZj½ More Active ¼T+;knk rstrjkZj½ Most Active ¼lcls T+;knk rstrjkZj½
2. Beautiful ¼lqUnj½ More Beautiful¼T+;knk lqUnj½ Most Beautiful ¼lcls T+;knk lqUnj½
3. Careful¼lko/kku½ More Careful ¼T+;knk lko/kku½ Most Careful ¼lcls T+;knk lko/kku½
4. Cheerful More Cheerful Most Cheerful ¼lcls
5. Dangerous ¼[krjukd½ More Dangerous ¼T+;knk [krjukd½ Most Dangerous ¼lcls T+;knk [krjukd½
6. Difficult More Difficult Most Difficult
7. Diligent ¼esgurh½ More Diligent ¼T+;knk esgurh½ Most Diligent ¼lcls T+;knk esgurh½
8. Famous¼izfl)½ More Famous ¼T+;knk izfl)½ Most Famous ¼lcls T+;knk izfl)½
9. Foolish¼ew[kZ½ More Foolish ¼T+;knk ew[kZ½ Most Foolish ¼lcls T+;knk ew[kZ½
10. Harmful¼gkfudkjd½ More Harmful ¼T+;knk gkfudkjd½ Most Harmful ¼lcls T+;knk gkfudkjd½
11. Honest¼bZekunkj½ More Honest ¼T+;knk bZekunkj½ Most Honest ¼lcls T+;knk bZekunkj½
12. Important¼egRoiw.kZ½ More Important ¼T+;knk egRoiw.kZ½ Most Important ¼lcls T+;knk egRoiw.kZ½
13. Industrious¼esgurh½ More Industrious ¼T+;knk esgurh½ Most Industrious ¼lcls T+;knk esgurh½
14. Intelligent¼cqf)eku½ More Intelligent ¼T+;knk cqf)eku½ Most Intelligent ¼lcls T+;knk cqf)eku½
15. Interesting¼jkspd½ More Interesting ¼T+;knk jkspd½ Most interesting ¼lcls T+;knk jkspd½
16. Popular¼izfl)½ More Popular ¼T+;knk izfl)½ Most Popular ¼lcls T+;knk izfl)½
17. Powerful More Powerful Most Powerful
18. Patient¼/kS;Zoku½ More Patient ¼ T+;knk /k;Zoku½ Most Patient ¼lcls T+;knk /k;Zoku½
19. Urgent¼t+#jh½ More Urgent ¼ T+;knk t+#jh½ Most urgent ¼lcls T+;knk t+#jh½
20. Useful¼mi;ksxh½ More useful ¼ T+;knk mi;ksxh½ Most Useful ¼lcls T+;knk mi;ksxh½
Some adjectives have their comparative and Superlative degrees in an irregular pattern:

1. Good, Well ¼vPNk] Bhd½ Better ¼csgrj½ Best¼lcls T+;knk vPNk½

2. Bad, ill ¼cqjk½ Worse¼T+;knk cqjk½ Worst¼lcls T+;knk cqjk½
3. Much, Many¼T+;knk] dbZ½ More ¼vkSj T+;knk½ Most¼lcls T+;knk½
4. Little ¼FkksMk+ ] de½ Less, Lesser¼vkSj FkksMk+ de½ Least¼lcls T+;knk de½
iokD;ksa dks xgjs dkys v{kjksa esa fy[kk gqvk gSA
Following are the sentences, where adjectives are written in bold letters.

1. It is a bright day.
2. Dehradun is a huge city.
3. She is a very nice girl.
4. They are cute.
5. They both are in a difficult situation.
6. I am taller than you.

63
Lesson 10
Verbs ¼fØ;k,¡½
eku yhft, vki fcLrj ij ysVs gq, fdlh dks ;kn dj jgs gSaA vki lkspsaxs fd eSa dksbZ dke rks dj ugha jgk]
eSa rks flQZ fcLrj ij ysVk g¡wA ;w¡ rks fdlh dks ;kn djrs le; vkids gkFk iSj fLFkj gks ldrs gSa ysfdu
fnekx rks py jgk gS uA blfy, ;kn djuk Hkh ,d fØ;k gS ftls vaxzst+h esa dgrs gSa
eryc ;kn djukA
blfy, ;s er lksfp, fd fØ;k dk eryc flQZ oks dke gS ftlesa vkids gkFk&iSj iz;ksx esa yk;s tk jgs gksAa
lgh ek;us esa fØ;k dk vFkZ gS dksbZ Hkh dkeA fQj pkgs oks dsoy fnekx ls gh D;ksa u fd;k tk jgk gksA

Suppose, you are lying on the bed and missing someone. You might think of doing no
physical work but still you must remember that your brain is functioning, hence such a

fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
Verb is the one, which describes the action or the state of the subject.

ekuk eSa dg¡w bl okD; esa gS Subject Verb gS & lksukA bl okD; esa Subject ds
dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA ;gk¡ ij Subject lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA
blh rjg] eku yhft, eSa dg¡w Subject
cfYd mlds ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd og 8 eghus dk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd voLFkk
dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA voLFkk dk lh/kk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Subject fdl le; esa & orZeku esa] chrs gq, dy esa ;k fQj
vkus okys dy esa fdl voLFkk esa gSA

xkSj dfj, &

Ayansh is sleeping.
Subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh is 8 months old.

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd orZeku voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh was 8 months old.

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd chrs gqbZ le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh will be 8 months old.

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd vkus okys le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

ftu okD;ksa esa Subject fdlh dk;Z dks dj jgk gks ,sls okD; dky esa vkrs gSa vkSj ftu okD;ksa esa Subject
dksbZ dk;Z u dj jgk gS] dsoy Subject dh voLFkk@fLFkfr ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gks] ,sls okD;
Sentences(ljy okD; esa vkrs gSaA nksuksa rjg ds okD;ksa dks vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls i<+saxsA

64
 (Verbs are of two types):

a½ eq[; fØ;k (Main Verb)

;g fØ;k subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh nsrh gSA eq[; fØ;k dk lh/kk lk eryc gS dksbZ Hkh dke tSls ukpuk] xkuk]
lkspuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk] ns[kuk] fgyuk] ;kn djuk] ihVuk vkfnA
Main verb describes the action of the subject such as to dance, to sing, to think, to read, to write, to
see, to move, to miss, to beat etc.

t+#jh ugha fd dke ogh gks tks gkFk iSjksa ls ;kfu physical gksA vxj vki dqN lksp Hkh jgs gSa rks Hkh fnekx dke dj jgk
gS ;kfu Mental work gks jgk gS blfy, Hkh ,d dk;Z gh gSA

an action ; hence it is a verb.

b½ lgk;d fØ;k (Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb)

;g fØ;k subject dh voLFkk ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA subject ds vuqlkj Helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples: is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will etc.

Main verbs dh rhu forms gksrh gSa] dqN egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa

1st form 2nd form 3rd form

Go (tkuk) went gone
Meet (feyuk) met met
Come (vkuk) came come
Leave (NksM+uk) left left
Find (ikuk) found found
Live (jguk) lived lived
Get (ikuk) got got, gotten
Stay (Bgjuk) stayed stayed
Dance (Makl djuk) danced danced
Play ([ksyuk) played played
Sit (cSBuk) sat sat
Tear (QkM+uk) tore torn
Stand ([kM+s gksuk) stood stood
Start ( ) started started
Laugh (g¡luk) laughed laughed
Fill (Hkjuk) filled filled
Smile (eqLdqjkuk) smiled smiled
Send (Hkstuk) sent sent
Write (fy[kuk) wrote written
Prepare (rS;kj djuk) prepared prepared
Read (i<+uk) read (jSM) read (jSM)
Weep (jksuk) wept wept
Eat ([kkuk) ate eaten
65
Shout (fpYykuk) shouted shouted
Drink (ihuk) drank drunk
Run (nkSM+uk) ran run
Wear (iguuk) wore worn
Get up (mBuk) got up got up
Cost (ewY; gksuk) cost cost
Thank (/kU;okn nsuk) thanked thanked
Move (fgyuk] fgykuk) moved moved
Sound (lquus esa yxuk) sounded sounded
See (ns[kuk) saw seen
Touch (Nwuk) touched touched
Look (ns[kuk) looked looked
Learn (lh[kuk) learned learned/learnt
Watch (ns[kuk) watched watched
Cook ([kkuk idkuk) cooked cooked
Catch (idM+uk) caught caught
Teach (i<+kuk) taught taught
Hang (yVduk] yVdkuk) hung hung
Bring (ykuk) brought brought
Comb (cky cukukk) combed combed
Take (ysuk) took taken
Ride (2 wheeler pykuk) rode ridden (fjMu)
Give (nsuk) gave given
Drive (4 wheeler pykuk) drove driven (fMªou)
Break (rksMu+ k) broke broken
Open ([kksyuk) opened opened
Hold (idM+uk) held held
Close (cUn djuk) closed closed
Shiver (dk¡iuk) shivered shivered
Sleep (lksuk) slept slept
Bother ( ) bothered bothered
Sing (xkuk) sang sung
Know (tkuuk) knew known
Cut (dkVuk) cut cut
Think (lkspuk) thought thought
Put (j[kuk) put put
Speak (ckr djuk) spoke spoken
Walk (pyuk] ?kweuk) walked walked
Seem (yxuk) seemed seemed
Talk (ckr djuk) talked talked
Feel (eglwl djuk) felt felt
Say (dguk) said said
Work (djuk) worked worked
Tell (crkuk) told told
Want (pkguk) wanted wanted
Ask (iwNuk) asked asked
Feed (f[kykuk) fed (QSM) fed (QSM)
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Complain( ) complained complained
Creep(jsaxuk) crept crept
Seek (<¡w<+ uk) sought (lkWV) sought (lkWV)
Dig([kksnuk) dug dug
Dip(Mqcksuk) dipped dipped
Flee(Hkkx tkuk) fled fled
Bite (nk¡r ls dkVuk) bit bitten
Hide (fNiuk) hid (fgM) hidden
Begin ( ) began (fcxSu) begun (fcxu)
Dream (liuk ns[kuk) dreamed, dreamt (MªSEV) dreamed, dreamt (MªSEV)
Show (fn[kkuk) showed showed
Hit (ekjuk) hit hit
Beat (ihVuk) beat (chV) beaten (chVu)
Marry( ) married married
Peep (÷kk¡duk) peeped peeped
Plough(gy yxkuk) ploughed ploughed
Rest(vkjke djuk) rested rested
Rise (mxuk ;k c<+uk) rose(jkst+) risen (fjt+u)
Spit(Fkwduk) spat spat
Hurt (pksV igq¡pkuk) hurt hurt
Throw (Qsaduk) threw thrown
Fly (mM+uk) flew flown
Abuse(xkyh nsuk) abused abused
Add(tksM+uk) added added
Tie(ck¡/kuk) tied tied
Weave(cquuk) wove(okso) woven(oqou)
Bathe(ugkuk) bathed(csn~M) bathed(csn~M)
Bid(cksyh yxkuk) bade (csM) bidden (fcMu)
Wring(fupksMu+ k ;k ejksMu+ k) wrung(jax) wrung(jax)
Fall (fxjuk) fell fallen
Bear (tUe nsuk) bore born
Very Important:
Lay(j[kuk) laid(ysM) laid(ysM)
Lie (>wB cksyuk) lied(ykbM) lied(ykbM)
Lie (ysVuk) lay(ys) lain(ysu)

67
Lesson 11
Adverbs
gSa
nwljs fØ;k gSa ;k fQj muds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSa

gS ;k fQj mldk o.kZu djrk gSA

Adverbs are the words or a clause (group of words) that show the quality of
verb/adjective/another adverb or provide some additional information about them. In
other words, An Adverb polishes/describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
understand with the help of a few examples.

1) Ram runs fast. ( jke rst nkSM+rk gS)

rst ls nkSM+us ds ckjs dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk pyrh gSA pw¡fd nkSM+uk(run) ,d fØ;k gS
blfy, rst
When we add the word ,
is an adverb.

2) I study till late. ( eSa nsj rd i<+rk g¡w)

nsj rd dk iz;ksx djus ls Þi<+usÞ ds ckjs dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk pyrh gSA pw¡fd i<+uk (study) ,d fØ;k gS
blfy, nsj rd
When we add the word till late ,
is an adverb.

3) He is a very good boy. ( oks cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSA)

;s dguk fd Þoks cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSAÞ ;gk¡ ÞvPNk gksukÞ mldh¼He ¡wfd ÞogÞ ;kfu He ,d
loZuke gS blfy, good (vPNk good (cgqr vPNk rks
dguk fd
, so good is a
showing even the quality of
an adverb because it is polishing an
adjective(good).

4) Ram runs very fast. (jke cgqr rst+ nkSM+rk gSA)

,d (run)
yxkus ls

68
5) Ram runs fast, which is good for us. (jke rst+ nkSM+rk gS tks gekjs fy, vPNk gSA)

;gk¡ ij ;s dguk fd Þtks gekjs fy, vPNk gSÞ mlds rst nkSM+us ds xq.k ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk ns jgk gS
blfy, Þtks gekjs fy, vPNk gSÞ
S

izk;% fØ;k fo'ks"k.kksa dh rhu degrees gksrh gSa & Positive, Comparative and Superlative. ij dqN fØ;k
fo'ks"k.kksa dh degrees ugha gksrh gSaA tSls & vkfnA
Generally, an adverb has three degrees: Positive, Comparative and Superlative. But
few adverbs d e.g.

Positive Comparative Superlative

1. Fast ¼rst+½ Faster¼T+;knk rst+ ½ Fastest¼lcls T+;knk rst+ ½
2. Slow ¼gYdk] /khjs½ Slower¼T+;knk gYdk½ Slowest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
3. Often(vDlj½ More often(T+;knk vDlj½ Most often (lcls T+;knk vDlj½
4. Late ¼ckn es]a nsj ls½ Later ¼T+;knk nsj ls½ Last ¼lcls T+;knk nsj ls½
5. In ¼vUnj½ Inner ¼T+;knk vUnj½ Innermost ¼lcls T+;knk vUnj½
6. Up ¼Åij½ Upper ¼T+;knk Åij½ Uppermost ¼lcls T+;knk Åij½
7. Far ¼nwj½ Farther¼T;knk nwj½ Farthest ¼lcls T;knk nwj½

Few Examples of Adverbs ¼ ½

uhps lHkh mnkgj.kksa esa ml fØ;k dks xgjk dkyk o fØ;k

(The verbs, which are being modified by the use of following
adverbs are written bold & italic.)

Afterwards Soon afterwards

1) I will come afterwards if you are busy now. eSa ckn esa vkšxk vxj vki vHkh O;Lr gSaA
2) You left at 4 pm and soon afterwards, we left. vki 4 cts fudys vkSj mlds rqjUr ckn ge
fudysA

Again Once again Again & again

1) That girl will go again. oks yM+dh nksckjk tk;sxhA
2) I will think once again. eSa ,d ckj fQj lkspw¡xkA
3) You are doing the same mistake again and again. rqe ckj&ckj ,d gh xyrh dj jgs gksA

Ago
2) They left one hour ago. os ,d ?kaVs igys fudysA
3) He had come here about two years ago. oks ;gk¡ yxHkx nks lky igys vk;k FkkA

Already
1) I have already told you about this. eSa rqEgsa igys gh bl ckjs esa crk pqdk g¡Aw
2) I have already listened to the this song. eSa igys ls gh ;s xkuk lqu pqdk gw¡A

69
Away
1) go away from me. rqe eq÷kls nwj ugha tk ldrsA
2) Stay away from that girl. ml yM+dh ls nwj jgksA

Early
1) I get up early in the morning. eSa lqcg tYnh mBrk gw¡A
2) He reached office pretty early. og vkWfQl cgqr tYnh igq¡pkA

Else
1) He went somewhere else. / He went elsewhere. og dgha vkSj x;kA
2) want anything else. / I want nothing else.eSa dqN vkSj ugha pkgrkA
3) I am wearing

Enough
1) They are preparing enough for the exams. os ijh{kk ds fy, dkQh rS;kjh dj jgs gSaA
2) He said enough to me . mlus eq÷ks dkQh dqN dgkA

Ever
1) Did you ever think about this? D;k rqeus dHkh bl ckjs esa lkspk \
2) Do you ever go there? D;k rqe dHkh ogk¡ tkrs gks \
3) This is the best book that I have ever read. ;s lcls vPNh fdrkc gS tks eSua s dHkh i<+h gSA

Far
1) He is far more experienced than you. mls rqels dgha@cgqr T+;knk vuqHko gSA
2) He swims far better than you. oks rqels cgqr vPNk rSjrk gSA
3) He lives far away. oks cgqr nwj jgrk gSA
4) How far can you see? rqe fdruh nwj rd ns[k ldrs gks \

Hardly/Rarely/Seldom
1) He hardly/rarely/seldom comes here. vkrk gSA
2) I could hardly hear you.
3) I hardly ate anything yesterday. eSa
4) We seldom meet each other these days.
feyrs gSaA

Just
1) I am just coming. eSa cl vHkh vk jgk gw¡A
2) The bus has just left. cl vHkh&2 fudyh gSA
3) He has left just now. oks cl vHkh fudyk gSA
4) How did he just solve this question? mlus cl vHkh dSls dj fn;k \

Never
1) I never said anything to you. eSaus rqEgsa dHkh dqN ugha dgkA
2) I never thought to hurt you. eSaus rqEgsa nq[k igq¡pkus dh dHkh ugha lksphA
3) She never cares for me. oks esjh fpUrk dHkh ugha djrhA

70
Often/ Pretty often/Quite often/Very often / How often
1) I visit his home pretty often. eSa vDlj mlds ?kj tkrk gw¡A
2) How often do you go office? vki vDlj fdruh ckj vkWfQl tkrs gks \

Once At once Once again Once more

1) I had gone there once. eSa ,d ckj ogk¡ x;k FkkA
2) They all shouted at once. os lkjs ,d lkFk fpYyk,sA
3) I thought once again. eSaus ,d ckj fQj lkspkA
4) You must read this book once more. rqEgsa ;g fdrkc ,d ckj vkSj i<+uh pkfg,A

Only
1) He is only going there. oks dsoy ogk¡ tk jgk gSA
2) They were only drinking the water. os dsoy ikuh ih jgs FksA
3) Aman only ate 5 grapes. veu us dsoy ik¡p vaxwj [kk;sA

Quite
1) She was quite a daring girl. oks dkQh fgEer okyh yM+dh FkhA
2) Dad is doing it quite easily. ikik bls cgqr vkjke ls dj jgsa gSaA
3) That was quite a touching moment. oks cgqr gh fny Nwus okyk iy FkkA

So
1) Why are you saying so? rqe ,slk D;ksa dg jgs gks \
2) Do you think so? D;k rqe ,slk lksprs gks \

Together
1) They always work together.
2) We go to class together. ge Dykl lkFk esa tkrs gSaA
3) It is not possible to work together. lkFk esa dke djuk lEHko ugha gSA

Very
1) He runs very fast. oks cgqr rst+ nkSMr+ k gSA
2) I reached very early today. vkt eSa cgqr tYnh igq¡pkA

s vUr esa LY dk iz;ksx gksrk gSa os gksrs gSaA

Kindly note that mostly the words ending with LY are Adverbs.
Examples - Quickly, nicely, firstly, clearly, sincerely etc.

tSls Quick, nice, first, clear,

sincere vkfn] ;s lHkh adjective gSa tks fdlh noun
LY adverb cu tkrs gSaA

Ram is nice. jke vPNk gSA jke ,d noun gS blfy, vPNk (nice) ,d adjective gSA
He danced nicely. oks vPNh rjg ukpkA ukpuk ,d verb gS blfy, vPNh rjg (nicely) ,d adverb gSA

Åij fn;s okD;ksa esa vPNk gksuk (nice) jg (nicely)

ukpus dhA

71
Lesson 12
Interjection ¼foLe;kfncks/kd½
Interjections dk iz;ksx viuh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA vpkud gqbZ fdlh ?kVuk

d
gSA
Interjections are used to express sudden feelings or emotions that
originate due to sudden joy, grief, surprise, approval etc. Such words or
phrases are followed by an exclamation mark (!).

Interjections may express:

Joy:
Hurrah!, Great!, Wow!, Thanks! etc.
Grief: ¼nq[k O;Dr djus gsrq½
Alas!, Oh my God!, So sorry!, What a tragedy!, How tragic!, Oh no!, How sad! etc.
Surprise: ¼pkSadrs gq, Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus gsrq½
What! , Ha!, Oh my God!, My Goodness!, Amazing!, Fantastic!, Wow! , Is it! etc.
On Consent: ¼viuh lgefr O;Dr djus gsrq½
Bravo! , Please! , Certainly! , True! , Well done!, Sure! etc.
On Mistake: ¼viuh xyrh dks O;Dr djus gsrq½
Oh! , Oops!, My God!, No! etc.

u ekdZ iz;ksx ds dqN mnkgj.k Few Examples of exclamation mark usage-

God bless you! xkWM CySl ;w!

okg! ] xtc! ] cgqr cf<+;k! Wow! , Wonderful! oko! oUMjQ+qy!
Hkxoku dh n;k ls! ] izHkq dh ik ls! ck; xkWM~l xzsl!
fdrus nq[k dh ckr gS! ] fdruk nq[kn! How sad! , How tragic! gko lSM! gko VªSftd!
mldh bruh fgEer! How dare he! gko Msvj gh!
vksg I;kjs! ¼tc fny esa I;kj meM+s½ Oh honey! , Oh dear! vksg guh! ] vksg fM;j!
cgqr cM+h xyrh! Terrible mistake! VSfjcy feLVsd!
Incredible! , Amazing! Awesome! bUØSfMcy! vesft+ax! vkWle!
cdokl! Absurd! , Nonsense ! Aweful! ,sCt+MZ! ukulSUl! vkWQ+y!
Thank God! FkSda xkWM!
;s gqbZ u ckr gqjsZ! ] nSV~l bV!
ut+j u yxs! Touch wood! , Finger crossed! Vp oqM! ] fQ+Uxj ØkWLM!
t+#j! ] D;ksa ugha! ] iDdk! Sure! , Why not!, of course!
Well done! oSy Mu!
D;k What a news! oV v U;wt!+
lp esa! ¼pkSadrs gq,½ Really! , Is it! fj;yh! ] bt+ bV!
cgqr&2 /kU;okn! Thanks a lot! FkSDa l v ykWV!
c/kkbZ gks! Congratulations! !
D;k vkbfM;k gS! What an idea! oV ,su vkbfM;k!

72
Lesson 13
Articles (A{,}/An{,su}, The{n ;k nh})
A, An vkSj The - ;s rhuksa Articles dgykrs gSaA ;s Hkh Adjective ( ) gksrs gSa D;ksafd ;s fdlh laKk
ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA ysfdu bUgsa vyx ikB esa foLrkj ls le÷kk;k tk jgk gS rkfd vki buds
iz;ksx dks T;knk csgrj le÷k ldsaA
A, An and The These three are called Articles. They are also classified as adjectives
because they modify nouns or provide additional information about them.

Before we start, Pay attention to:

Point 1
The dks *nh* cksysaxs
¼*nh*½ if the next word starts with a vowel sound.

The dks *n* cksysaxs

¼*n*½ if the next word starts with a consonant sound.

The university n ;wfuoflZVh] The umbrella nh vEczSyk] The year n ;h;j] The ear nh bvj

Point 2
geus vDlj i<+k gS fd dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc (a, e, i, o, u) ls gks
vkSj (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q,
r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z) ls gkssA vxj ;s lp gS rks fQj ds lkFk dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS tcfd
(h) ls gkssrh gSA vkSj ds lkFk dk iz;ksx D;ksa
fd;k tkrk gS tcfd (u) ls gkssrh gSA lp rks ;s gS fd ckr

all about the starting of next word with a vowel sound or a consonant sound.

Articles
There are two types of Articles

1) Definite Article [The]-

generally points out a particular person, place or thing.
eq[;r% THE dk iz;ksx fdlh LFkku ;k oLrq ds lkFk gksrk gS] ftlds ckjs esa igys ls gh tkudkjh gksA

2) Indefinite Article [A/An]-

Indefinite Artic particular person or thing.
eq[;r% dk iz;ksx fdlh ,sls O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds lkFk gksrk gS ftlds ckjs esa igys ls tkudkjh u gksA

73
Read the following.
Ekku yhft,] vki ?kj ij gSaA vpkud ,d yM+dk njoktk [kV[kVkrk gSA vki njokts ij x;s vkSj ns[kk fd oks yM+dk
vkids ikik ls ckr djuk pkgrk gSA vki ikik ds ikl tkdj dqN ;w¡ dgsaxs Þikikth] njokts ij ,d@dksbZ yM+dk gS]
tks vki ls ckr djuk pkgrk gSAÞ bl okD; ls ;s irk pyrk gS fd vkids ikik us vkidks ml yM+ds ds ckjs esa igys
ls dqN ugha crk;k Fkk blhfy, vkius dgk Þ ,d@dksbZ yM+dk ÞA vPNk lksfp,] vxj vkids ikik us vkidks igys gh
crk;k gqvk gksrk fd dksbZ yM+dk muls ckr djus vkus okyk gS rks vki Þ,d@dksbZÞ dk iz;ksx ugha djrs cfYd vki rks
fQj dqN bl rjg dgrs u fd Þikik] njokts ij oks yM+dk vk x;k gS tks vki ls ckr djus vkus okyk FkkAÞ
,d@dksbZ yM+dk & A boy
oks yM+dk & The boy
A/An

The

Assume that You are at home. Suddenly, a boy knocks at the door and wants to talk to your dad.
You go to your dad and say a boy is at the door, who your
used
Just imagine, if your father had already told you about that boy then you would have instead
the boy is at the door, who had to come to

If the person, place or thing is unknown or being talked about for the first time,
, place
or thing is known and already been talked about, then we need to use definite

1) This is the book I was talking about. ;gh rks fdrkc gS ftlds ckjs esa eSa ckr dj jgk FkkA
2) This is a book. ;g ,d fdrkc gSA

3) A Mr. Rahul is at the door. dksbZ fe0 jkgqy njokt+s ij gSaA

4) Mr. Rahul is at the door. fe0 jkgqy njokt+s ij gSaA

egRoiw.kZ rF; (An important fact)

geus vDlj i<+k gS fd (a, e, i, o, u) ls gks vkSj
;atu (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t,
v, w, x, y, z) ls gksAs vxj ;s lp gS rks fQj ds lkFk dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS tcfd ,d
(h) ls gkssrh gSA vkSj ds lkFk dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS
tcfd (u) ls gkssrh gSA lp rks ;s gS fd ckr Loj ;k O;atu ls

when the next word starts with a consonant.

. The fact is; i ut starting of next word with a vowel or a consonant, rather all
about the starting of next word with a vowel sound or a consonant sound.

74
 (vowel sound) - v vk b à m Š, ,s vks vkS va v%A
(consonant sound) - d [k x {k = KA

dgk¡ ij vkSj dgk¡ ij

( )

An dk iz;ksx
An will be used if the next word starts with a vowel sound.

A dk iz;ksx u ls gksA
A will be used if the next word starts with a consonant sound.

Examples:
A boy ckW; O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼c½
A pen iSu O;atu ¼i½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼i½
A university ;wfuoflZVh O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½
A year ;h;j O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½
An ear bvj Loj ¼b½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼b½
A bucket cdSV O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼c½
An honest vkWuSLV Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½
An hour vkoj Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½
An MLA ,e ,y , Loj ¼,½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼,½
A union ;wfu;u O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½
An orange vkWjsUt Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½

dks dgk¡ ij ÞnÞ vkSj dgk¡ ij ÞnhÞ cksysa

( )

The dks *nh* cksysaxs

¼*nh*½ if the next word starts with a vowel sound.

The dks *n* cksysaxs

¼*n*½ if the next word starts with a consonant sound.

Examples:
the boy ckW; O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsaxAs Consonant sound ¼c½
the pen iSu O;atu ¼i½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsaxAs Consonant sound ¼i½
the university ;wfuoflZVh O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsasA Consonant sound ¼;½
the year ;h;j O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsaxAs Consonant sound ¼;½ so pronounce as
the ear bvj Loj ¼b½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsaxAs Vowel sound ¼b½
the bucket cdSV O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsaxAs Consonant sound ¼c½
the hour vkoj Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsaxAs Vowel sound ¼v½ so p
the MLA ,se ,sy , Loj ¼,s½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsaxAs Vowel sound ¼,½
the orange vkWjUs t Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsaxAs Vowel sound ¼v½
the end ,UM Loj ¼,½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsaxsA Vowel sound ¼,½

75
 dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij (Where to use ):
Few Cases:

With unique People/objects. ¼;wuhd yksxksa ;k oLrqvksa ds lkFk tks ,d gh gSa½

The Sun, The Earth, The Moon, The president, The CEO, The world, The sky etc.

With adjectives referring to a whole group of people.

¼tks iwjs ,d xzqi ;k tkfr dk cks/k djk;as½
The old, The young, The rich, The poor, etc.

With famous buildings, museums and monuments.

¼izfl) Hkou] laxzgky;ksa o Lekjdksa ds lkFk½
The Taj Mahal, The Qutub Minar, The Lal Quila, The Eiffel Tower, The Globe etc.

With superlative degrees of an adjective.

¼ superlative degrees ds lkFk½
The highest, The most, The lowest, The youngest, The oldest, The poorest etc.

With ordinal numbers. ¼Øeokpd la[;kvksa ls igys½

The last chapter, The first time, The second occasion, The third member etc.

With countries whose names include words like kingdom, states or republic.
A½
The United States, The United Kingdom, The Republic of Ireland etc.

With rivers, canals & oceans. ¼unh] ugj o lkxjksa ds lkFk½

The Gangas, The Nile, The Atlantic, The pecific etc.

With countries that have plural names.

ke cgqopu gksa ;kfu vUr esa s yxk gks½
The Netherlands, The Philippines etc.

With the names of families. ¼ifjokjksa ds ukeksa ds lkFk½

The Ranas, The Khans, The Rawats, The Guptas, The Jacksons etc.

¼the dk iz;ksx only ls igys dsoy rc fd;k tkrk gS tc okD; esa only dk eryc bdykSrk gks ½
The only son, The only friend, The only batsman etc.

dk iz;ksx ls igys o ds ckn gksrk gSA

I am reading whole book. (Incorrect)

I am reading the whole book. (Correct)

All books are kept on the table. (Incorrect)

All the books are kept on the table. (Correct)
76
 dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij ugha (Where not to u

Few Cases:

dk iz;ksx fdlh chekjh ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

the name of any disease.

He is suffering from the fever. (Incorrect)

He is suffering from fever. (Correct)

ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

I live in the India. (Incorrect)

I live in India. (Correct)

I speak the Hindi. (Incorrect)

I speak Hindi. (Correct)

dk iz;ksx Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

I had the (Incorrect)

lock. (Correct)

dk iz;ksx O;fDrokpd laKk ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

The Ram, The Delhi, The India, The Rahul (Incorrect)

vaxzst+h flQZ ,d fo"k; ugha] ,d Hkk"kk Hkh gS vkSj dsoy fu;e lh[k ysuk gh dkQh ugha cfYd izSfDVl djus ls gh
vkidh le> vkSj csgrj gksrh tk;sxhA /kS;Z jf[k, vkSj vius lHkh pSIVj ,d ds ckn ,d iwjh rjg le>rs gq, i<+rs
tkb;sA

English is not only a subject, b

using certain rules. There is a saying, practice makes a man perfect. We request you to
practice as much as possible. Read newspapers, learn new words, try to use learned

77
Lesson 14
Prepositions lEcU/k lwpd vO;;@iwoZlxZ
Preposition

;k loZuke ds lkFk Preposition dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] og laKk ;k loZuke bldk Object dgykrk gSA

Preposition is the word or group of words that is generally placed before a noun or a
pronoun to express its relation with other part of the sentence. The noun or pronoun used
with the preposition is called its object.

Examples:

1. I am coming from Delhi. ¼eSa fnYyh ls vk jgk g¡Aw ½

;gk¡ ij Preposition gS & . Noun gS & , tks fd dk object dgykrk gSA
2. Ram depends on you. ¼jke rqe ij fuHkZj gSA½
;gk¡ ij Preposition gS & on . Pronoun gS & , tks fd on dk object dgykrk gSA

vkb, lHkh Prepositions dks ,d ,d djds i<+as o le÷ksA

vkxs vkus okys pSIVj tSls Simple Sentences, Tenses, Modals,

There, It vkfn ls fy;s x;s gSaA gekjh lykg gS fd vki tc vkus okys bu pSIVjksa dks i<+ ysaxs rks bl pSIVj dks
,d ckj fQj if<+;sxkA blls okD;ksa dks vki vkSj csgrj le÷k ik;saxAs

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

1. I am coming from Dehradun.
¼eSa nsgjknwu ls vk jgk g¡Aw ½

(From some place) 2. They came from park.

¼os ikdZ ls vk;sA½

1. I will work from tomorrow.

¼eSa dy ls dke d#¡xkA½
From (Point of time)
¼ls½ 2.
¼jke nl cts ls dke djsxkA½

1. I heard it from Ram.

(From any source) ¼eSaus jke ls ;s lqukA½
2. I wrote it from the book.
¼eSaus ;s fdrkc ls fy[kkA½

78
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

vxj eSa dg¡w fd iSu dks Vscy ls mBk yks rks tc iSu
mBk;k tk;sxk rks oks Vscy dh lrg ls vyx gksxkA 1. I picked the mobile off the
blh rjg] ekuk eSa dgw¡ fd cUnj isM+ ls dwnk rks cUnj bed.
isM+ dh lrg dks NksMs+xkA okgu ls mrjus dks ¼eSaus eksckby dks fcLrj ls
dgrs gSaA dHkh lkspk gS fd off D;ksa yxk;k\ mBk;kA½
D;ksafd mrjrs oDr ge okgu dh lrg dks NksMr+ s gSaA
blh rjg] fdlh gokbZtgkt ds ,;jiksVZ ls mM+us dks 2. I am wiping the dust off
dgrs gSaA blfy, D;ksafd ,;jiksVZ ls the screen.
mM+ku Hkjrs oDr gokbZtgkt ,;jiksVZ dh lrg dks ¼eSa LØhu ls /kwy gVk jgk g¡wA½
Off ¼ls½ NksMr+ k gSA
3. Monkey jumped off the
Leaving a surface. tree.
It may be a pen leaving the surface of ¼cUnj isM+ ls dwnkA½
table while being picked up, a monkey
leaving the surface of tree while 4. Move the cup off the
jumping from there, we leaving the table.
surface of a vehicle while getting off or ¼Vscy ls di gVk nksA½
a plane leaving the surface of airport
while taking off.

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

dk iz;ksx fuf'pr le; ds lkFk gksrk gS
tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx Hkh gksA

the sentence is in continuous form) 1. I have been working since

mnkgj.k &
morning.
1. Since 2 AM/ 2 PM/ 2 ¼eSa lqcg ls i<+ jgk g¡wA½
Since 2. Since 1998/ 2005/ 2009/ 2012
¼ls½ 2. He has been trying since
3.
Monday.
Sunday ¼oks lkseokj ls
4. Since morning/
evening/afternoon/night
5. Since yesterday(dy)/day before
yesterday(ijlks)a
6. Since childhood(cpiu ls)/ Since
birth (tUe ls)

79
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
¼ls½
dk iz;ksx vfuf'pr le; ;kfu le; dh vof/k ds lkFk 1. I have been studying for
gksrk gS tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx Hkh gksA 2 hours.
¼eSa 2 ?kaVs ls i<+ jgk g¡wA½
( For is used for duration of time when the
sentence is in continuous form) 2. He has been trying for
1. For 2 seconds/ 2 minutes/ 2 hours / 2 days/ many days.
2 weeks/ 2 months/ 2 years / 2 centuries ¼oks dbZ fnuksa ls
2. For a long (dkQh nsj ls) gSA½
3. For a while (dqN nsj ls)
4. For many days/hours/months/years
For ds fy, (For any purpose) 1. I did it for you.
¼eSaus ;s rqEgkjs fy, fd;kAa½
2. He came to me for
i<+us ds fy,] ns[kus ds fy,] iSls ds fy,] fdrkc ds fy,A money.
¼oks esjs ikl iSls ds fy, vk;kA½
fdlh pht+ ds cnys dqN vkSj (For exchange) 1. I gave a mobile for Rs.
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSaus 20 # dh fdrkc [kjhnh rks bldk eryc ;g 500.
gS fd eSaus 20 # ds cnys esa fdrkc yhA lkspks vxj fdlh us eq>s ¼eSaus 500 # esa eksckbZy fn;kAa½
esjs nks eksckbZyksa ds cnys esa eq>s ,d dEI;wVj ns fn;k rks ;g Hkh 2. He bought a pen for Rs.
rks fdlh pht+ ds cnys dqN vkSj ysuk gh gSA 5.
¼mlus 5 # esa ,d iSu [kjhnkA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

¼eas½ le; ds lkFk (With time)
1. I was born in January.
¼eSa tuojh esa iSnk gqvk Fkka½
nks lky esa (in 2 years) ] ,d fnu esa (in one day) 2. He will come home in 2015.
2006 esa (in 2006)] 2012 esa (in 2012) ¼oks 2015 esa ?kj vk;sxkA½
xfeZ;ksa esa (in summers)] lfnZ;ksa esa (in winters) 3. I left the company in June
lqcg esa (in the morning)] 'kke esa (in the evening) 2009.
fdlh eghus esa (in any month) ¼eSaus twu 2009 esa dEiuh NksM+hA½
tuojh esa (in January)] ekpZ esa (in March) 4. I will leave in half an hour.
¼eSa vk/ks ?kaVs esa fudyw¡xkA½

In vkfn½
¼eas½ With large places (Country, city, town etc) 1. I live in Delhi.
¼eSa fnYyh esa jgrk g¡Aw a½
yUnu esa ] 'kkgnjk esa] ckt+kj esa] nsgjknwu esa] fnYyh esaA 2. He will study in America.
(in London, in Shahdara, in Dehradun, in ¼oks vesfjdk esa i<+kbZ djsxkA½
Delhi)
¼eas½ fdlh oLrq ds vUnj
¼eas½ In some object 1. I found no songs in this
mobile.
¼eq>s bl eksckbZy esa xkus ugha feysA½
tx esa ] fdrkc es]a eksckby esaA 2. We have read it in book.
(in Jug, in book, in mobile) ¼geus ;s fdrkc esa i<+k gSA½

80
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
(motion) 1. Pour the coffee into the cup.
¼dkWQh dks di esa Mkyks½
Into vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa dejs esa tk jgk g¡w rks vUnj ?kqlrs 2. He is going into the room.
oDr dh fLFkfr dks dgsaxs D;ksafd ml oDr eSa ¼oks dejs esa tk jgk gSA½
xkA

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

igys
1. This train will reach before
] eq>ls igys] esjs time.
dgus ls igys ¼;g Vªsu le; ls igys igq¡psxhA½
2. I will come before you leave.
before me, before I say) ¼eSa rqEgkjs fudyus ls igys vkÅ¡axkA½
Before lkeus 1. Now I am standing before
vkidks rkTtqc gqvk gksxk D;ksafd lkeus dks rks you.
dgrs gSaA ij vc tku yhft, fd ¼vc eSa vkids lkeus [kM+k g¡wA½
before Hkh dgrs gSaA 2. He was sitting before his
dad.
¼ oks vius ikik ds lkeus cSBk FkkA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ckn esa 1. I will meet you after 10.
¼eSa rqels 10 cts ds ckn fey¡wxkA½

2. I reached after them.

¼eSa muds ckn igq¡pkA½

fdlh ds ihNs iM+uk 1. I was after my professor for

getting some help.
tSls & ¼eSa enn ikus ds fy, vius izkQs slj ds
After iqfyl dk pksj ds ihNs iM+uk] fdlh dks ikus ds fy, ihNs iM+ x;k FkkA½
ihNs iM+ukA
2. He was unnecessarily after
Example that girl.
Police chasing thief, chase someone/ ¼oks csotg ml yM+dh ds ihNs iM+k gqvk
something to acquire. FkkA ½
3. My father has denied thrice
but I am still after him.
¼esjs ikik us rhu ckj euk dj fn;k gS
ij eSa vHkh Hkh muds ihNs iM+k gqvk g¡Aw ½

81
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
}kjk (In passive voice) 1. I was stopped by someone.
¼eq>s fdlh ds }kjk jksdk x;kAa½
2. He can be sent by his
jke ds }kjk ] fdlh ds }kjkA father.
(by Ram, by someone) ¼mls vius ikik }kjk Hkstk tk ldrk
gSA½

ls
¼fdlh okgu ls lQj djuk½ 1. I travelled by bus.
(travel by some vehicle) ¼eSaus cl ls ;k=k dhAa½
2. He is coming by noon flight.
cl ls] dkj ls] Iysu lsA ¼oks nksigj dh ¶ykbV ls vk jgk gSA
By (by bus, by car, by plane)
rd
¼le; ds lkFk&dsoy future indefinite tense esa½ 1. .
¼eSa 4 cts rd fudy tkÅ¡xkA½
(With time only in future indefinite tense)
2. We will finish it by
2 cts rd] lqcg rdA morning.
¼ge lqcg rd ;s [kRe dj nsaxsA½
cxy esa
Þcxy esÞa ds fy, by ds vykok beside, next to, 1. I was standing by him.
¼eSa mlds cxy esa [kM+k FkkA½
adjacent Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSa tks vki vkxs i<+us okys
gSaA

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ls 1. I cut the cake with a knife.
¼eSaus pkdw ls dsd dkVkA½
¼fdlh pht dk iz;ksx djds dqN djuk½
2. He wrote the letter with a
(Perform a task with the help of blue pen.
something) ¼ mlus uhys iSu ls i= fy[kkA½
3. He killed the bird with a
stone.
pkdw ls] iSu ls] ryokj lsA ¼mlus iRFkj ls fpfM+;k ekjhA½
(with a knife, with a pen, with a sword)
With lkFk 1. I am with Ram in this
matter.
¼fdlh ds lkFk½ ¼bl ekeys esa eSa jke ds lkFk g¡wA½
(accompany someone or something) 2. We will be with you.
¼ge vkids lkFk jgsaxsA½
3. My dad went to his office
jke ds lkFk] rqEgkjs lkFk] fdlh oLrq ds lkFk vkfnA
(with Ram, with you, with a thing etc.) with the laptop.
¼esjs ikik vius vkWfQl ySiVkWi ys ds
x;sA½

82
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fuf'pr le; ds lkFk (With point of time) 1. I was born at 2.
¼eSa 2 cts iSnk gqvk Fkka½
mnkgj.k & 2. He will come home at
nks cts ] 'kke 4 cts (at 4 PM) 10 AM.
¼oks lqcg 10 cts ?kj vk;sxkA½

¼eas@ij½ NksVh txg ds lkFk (with small places)

mnkgj.k &
cl LVki esa@ij ] dqlhZ esa@ijA 1. I stayed at a hotel.
¼eSa ,d gksVy esa #dkAa½
(at bus stop, at the chair)
2. He was standing at the
vxj NksVh vkSj cM+h nksuksa txgksa ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS rks bus stop.
igys NksVh txg at ds lkFk vkSj fQj cM+h txg in ds lkFk ¼oks cl LVki ij [kM+k FkkA½
fy[ksaxAs vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa jksfg.kh esa jgrk g¡w tks fnYyh esa gS] 3. Rahul works at a
rks /;ku nhft, fd igys NksVh txg ds lkFk store.
vkSj fQj cM+h txg ds lkFk fy[ksaxAs dqN bl ¼jkgqy ,d LVksj esa@ij dke
djrk gSA½
rjg & I live at Rohini in Delhi. ij vxj eSa ;s dg¡w
fd eSa jksfguh esa jgrk g¡w rks jksfguh vius vki esa ,d cM+h
txg gh gS blfy, eSa dg¡wxk & I live in Rohini.

1. I was there at noon.

At jkr vkSj nksigj ds lkFk (With night/noon) ¼eSa nksigj esa ogk¡ FkkA½
2. We study at night.
¼ge jkr ess i<+rs gSaA½
ewY; crkus esa (to tell the cost of something) 1. This fruit is selling at
Rs. 10 per kg.
¼;g Qy 10 # fdyks fcd jgk
gSA½
2. I am buying onion at
Rs 20 per kg.
¼eSa I;kt+ 10 # fdyks [kjhn jgk
g¡wA½

fdlh R;ksgkj ;k [kkl volj ij 1. I will come home at

( in any festival / event) Holi.
¼eSa gksyh ij ?kj vkÅ¡xkA½
mnkgj.k & 2. I will come home at
gksyh ij] nhokyh ij] tUefnu ij] ikVhZ esa Diwali.
(at holi, at diwali, at birthday, at the party) ¼eSa nhokyh ij ?kj vkÅ¡xkA½
3. He will go there at his
birthday.
¼oks mlds tUefnu ij ogk¡
tk;sxkA½

83
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
ls ¼fdlh pht+ ds vkj ikj ns[kuk½
(to see through some object) 1. I can see through the
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa f[kM+dh ls rqEgsa ns[k jgk g¡w] rks okLro esa glass as it is
eSa f[kM+dh ds ikj gh rks ns[k jgk g¡w D;ksafd eSa bl rjQ g¡w transparent.
vkSj rqe ml rjQA ¼eSa Xykl ls ns[k ldrk g¡w

If I am in a room and you are outside. I

am able to watch you through a window. I 2. I can see inside
am this side and you are the other side of through this hole.
the window so it is basically a see ¼eSa bl Nsn ds tfj;s vUnj
through. ns[k ldrk g¡Aw ½
Through
fdlh ,slh pht ls xqtjuk tks Åij] uhps vkSj fdukjksa ls 1. I was passing through
cUn gks a street.
To move through a structure with limits ¼eSa ,d xyh ls xqtj jgk FkkA½
on top, bottom and both sides

tSls& 2. We went through the

fdlh xyh ls xqtjuk & through a street underground way.
¼ge Hkwfexr jkLrs ls x;sA½
fdlh ikbi ls xqtjuk & through a pipe
fdlh ladjs jkLrs ls xqtjuk & through a narrow 3. Water is passing
passage
through this pipe.
¼ikuh bl ikbi ls xqtj jgk gSA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ds ikj ¼tks fn[k u jgk gks½ (very far; not 1. There is a temple
visible) beyond this mountain.
¼bl igkM+ ds ml ikj ,d efUnj
vxj eSa vkils dgw¡ fd bl igkM+ ds ml ikj ,d efUnj gSA½
gSA efUnj gesa fn[k ugha jgkA
;k fQj eSa iwNw¡ fd uhy un \ ;gk¡
2. What is there beyond
beyond
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA that river?
¼ml unh ds ikj D;k gS \½
Beyond ,slh pht+ ds ikj ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs (beyond 1. There is something
something that is abstract; neither beyond this universe.
touch nor see) ¼bl czgek.M ds ikj dqN gSA½

vxj eSa vkils iwNw¡ fd bl thou ds ikj D;k gS \ thou 2. There is nothing beyond
dks Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrsA ;k fQj eSa dgw¡ fd mEehnksa ds love.
ikj Hkh ,d nqfu;k gSA mEehn dks Hkh ge Nw ;k ns[k ugha ¼I;kj ds ikj dqN ugha gS ;k I;kj
ldrsA
ds cjkcj dqN ugha gSA½

84
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fo;k @ok;k ¼ds jkLrs] lss½ 1. This train will go to Delhi via
Kanpur.
CywVwFk ds jkLrs ;k CywVwFk ls] dkuiqj ds jkLrs ;k ¼;g Vªsu dkuiqj ls gksrs gq, fnYyh tk;sxhA½
dkuiqj ls gksrs gq,A
2. I sent him my picture via
Via (via Bluetooth, via Kanpur)
bluetooth.
¼ eSua s mls viuh QkssVks CywVFw k ls HksthA½
3. He came to Delhi via Bijnor.
¼oks fctukSj ds jkLrs fnYyh vk;kA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

Bhd Lkkeus nwljh rjQ
vxj eSa dgw¡ ÞlkeusÞ] rks Opposite, in 1. My home is opposite your
front of ;k before; bu rhuksa esa ls fdlh shop.
dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼esjk ?kj rqEgkjh nqdku ds Bhd lkeus
gSA½
eSa rqEgkjs lkeus gw¡A 2. He was standing opposite
I am in front of you. you.
I am before you. ¼oks rqEgkjs lkeus [kM+k Fkk½
I am opposite you.

Opposite foijhr ¼mYVk½

1. Ram does opposite what you
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd vki vPNs gks ij jke dgs fd say.
vki vPNs ugha gks] rks bldk eryc gS fd ¼tks rqe dgrs gks jke mldk mYVk djrk
vkids izfr jke dh lksp esjh lksp ds foijhr gSA½
gSA
2. His thinking is opposite
t Ram
yours.
¼mldh lksp rqEgkjh lksp ls Bhd mYVh
means Ram thinks opposite to gSA½
what I think about you.

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

1. fyLV esa ÅijA (up in a list) 1. My name is above
2. ,slh pht ls Åij ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs tSls your name in the list.
I;kj] bZekunkjh vkfnA (above the abstract ¼esjk uke fyLV esa rqEgkjs uke
noun; such as love, honesty, cruelty ds Åij gSA½
etc) 2. Money is above love.
Above ¼iSlk I;kj ls Åij gSA ;kfu
¼Åij½ 3. fdlh lrg ds Lrj ls ÅijA (above the level
of some surface) iSlk igys] I;kj ckn esa½
3. Only his eyes were
above water.
¼ dsoy mldh vk¡[ks ikuh ds
Åij FkhA½

85
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fdlh ds uhps ij fcuk iwjh rjg Nq,
1. Ram is hidden under
(Subject & object not fully touched)
the bed.
vxj eSa isM+ ds uhps cSBk g¡w rks isM+ dh lk[k eq>s Nw ¼jke fcLrj ¼[kkV½ ds uhps fNik
ugha jgh gSAa blh rjg vxj eSa Vscy ds uhps fNik gqvk gSA½
gqvk gw¡ rks Vscy eq>s iwjh rjg Nw ugha jgkA gk¡ vxj
eSa dgw¡ fd i= rfd;s ds uhps gS rks blesa i= rfd;s 2. Ram lives under the
dks iwjh rjg Nw jgk gSA ;gk¡ under ugha cfYd roof but Shyam
Under beneath/underneath vk;sxkA
¼uhps½ house.
If I say I am sitting under the tree, then ¼jke Nr ds uhps jgrk gS ij
the branches of the tree are not touching ';ke ds ikl rks ?kj gh ugha
me. Similarly, I am hidden under the gSA½
table, again the table is not touching me

3. Mom is sitting under

letter and pillow are being fully touched the tree.
¼eEeh th isM+ ds uhps cSBh gSaA½

fdlh ds uhps ij iwjh rjg Nwrs gq, 1. My house is underneath

(Subject & object fully touched) your house.
Beneath/ ¼esjk ?kj vkids ?kj ds uhps gSA½
2. Her photograph is
Underneath beneath my book.
¼uhps½ ¼mldh rLohj esjh fdrkc ds
uhps gSA½

1. fyLV esa uhpsA (below in a list) 1. My name is below your

2. ,slh pht ls uhps ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs name in the list.
tSls I;kj] bZekunkjh vkfnA ¼esjk uke fyLV esa rqEgkjs uke
(below the abstract noun; such as ds uhps gSA½
love, honesty, cruelty etc) 2. Money is below love.
Below 3. fdlh lrg ds Lrj ls uhpsA ¼iSlk I;kj ds uhps gSA ;kfu
¼uhps½ (below the level of some surface) I;kj igys] iSlk ckn esa½
3. His mouth was below
water but nose was
above.
¼mldk eq¡g ikuh ds uhps Fkk ij
ukd ÅijA½

1. Prices are going

(indicate the downwards down.
Down movement) ¼dhersa uhps tk jgh gaSA½
¼uhps½ 2. Water level is going
down.
¼ikuh dk Lrj uhps tk jgk
gSA ½

86
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
nks ds chp esa 1. She is sitting
(between two objects) between Yash &
Vaibhav.
Between ¼oks vkSj oSHko ds chp esa
cSBh gSA½
¼chp es½a
2. Pen is lying between
two computers.
¼iSu nks dEI;wVjksa ds chp esa
iM+k gqvk gSA ½

nks ls vf/kd ds chp esa] ij rc tc ;s crk;k x;k 1. I was among 50

gks fd fdruksa ds chp esa people.
(more than two objects but given; ¼eSa 50 yksxksa ds chp esa FkkA½
how many)
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd jke 20 yksxksa ds chp cSBk gS rks
Among ;gk¡ ij crk;k x;k gS fd yksx fdrus gSaA blfy, eSa 2. Her photograph was
¼chp es½a among dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA ij ;fn eSa dgw¡ fd jke kept among 3 other
dqN yksxksa ds chp cSBk gS rks ;gk¡ ij crk;k ugha items.
x;k gS fd yksx fdrus gSaA blfy, eSa among dk ¼mldh rLohj rhu vkSj phtksa
ugha cfYd amongst dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA ds chp j[kh gqbZ FkhA½

nks ls vf/kd ds chp esa] ij rc tc ;s crk;k ugha 1. I was amongst the

x;k gks fd fdruksa ds chp esa crowd.
(more than two objects but not ¼eSa HkhM+ ds chp FkkA@eSa HkhM+ esa
Amongst given; how many) Fkk½
;s dguk fd eSa HkhM+ ds chp esa gw¡] ;g ugha crkrk
¼chp es½a 2. My dad was amongst
fd yksx fdrus gSa blfy, gesa amongst dk iz;ksx
djuk gksxkA many people.
¼esjs ikik dbZ yksxksa ds chp FksA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ckgj fudyuk] fdlh txg dks NksM+uk 1. I am getting out of my
(to go out/leave some place) home.
¼eSa ?kj ls ckgj fudy jgk g¡wA½

2. He has gone out of Delhi.

¼og fnYyh ls ckgj tk pqdk gSA½

bruh la[;k esa ls 1. Rahul scored 90 out of

Out of (out of certain numbers) 100.
¼jkgqy us 100 esa ls 90 uEcj izkIr
fd;sA½

2. There are only 2

students out of 15.
¼ 15 esa ls dsoy 2 gh fo/kkFkhZ gSaA½

87
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
Åij ;k ij] j[kk gqvk gksuk

,d cM+s object ds Åij ,d NksVs object dk j[kk gksuk

1. Pen is kept on the table.
(a smaller object on a bigger one) ¼iSu Vscy ij j[kk gqvk gSA½
tSls &
2. Rohit is sitting on the
eksckby dk Vscy ds Åij j[kk gksukA eksckby Vscy dh rqyuk Elephant.
esa ,d NksVk object gSA ¼jksfgr gkFkh ds Åij cSBk gqvk gSA ½

iSu dk fdrkc ds Åij gksukA iSu fdrkc dh rqyuk esa ,d

NksVk object gSA
On Day vkSj Date ds lkFk 1. I went on Sunday.
¼eSa laMs dks x;kA½
Sunday etc
On 25th Aug, on 15th, on 20th
etc. 2. He came on 20th
¼oks 20 fnlEcj 2012 dks vk;k½

fdlh rjQ ( certain side) 1. I was standing on the

tSls & nk¡;h rjQ (on the right) right.
ck¡;h rjQ (on the left) ¼eSa nk¡;h vksj [kM+k FkkA½
2. I was standing on the left.
¼eSa ck¡;h vksj [kM+k FkkA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

Åij

,d NksVs object
gksdj ds ,d cMs object ds Åij vkuk
(a smaller object showing upwards 1. I jumped onto the horse.
movement to come on a bigger object)
¼eSa dwn dj ?kksM+s ij cSB x;kA½
Upon/
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd ,d fcYyh Vscy ds Åij dwnh rks 2. Broom came upon the
Onto fcYyh us Åij dh rjQ Nyk¡x yxkbZ fQj oks Vscy ds table by itself.
Åij vk x;hA ¼>kM+w vius vki Vscy ij vk x;kA ½
,d vkSj ckrA ekuk fd ,d cUnj t+ehu ij cSBk Fkk
vkSj mlus Åij dh vksj Nyk¡x yxkbZ vkSj isM+ ds Åij
vk x;kA

88
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fo#)] fojks/k esa (opposite) Why is Ram against you?
Against ¼jke rqEgkjs fo#) D;ksa gS\½
ckjs esa He is talking about me.
About ¼oks esjs ckjs esa ckr dj jgk gSA½
dk (show the relation) He is the brother of Ram.
Of ¼oks jke dk HkkbZ gSA½
dks ¼fdlh txg dks½ 1. I am going to school.
¼eSa Ldwy tk jgk gw¡A½
,d txg ls nwljh txg dks
To 2. Seeta is coming to our
From one place to another home.
¼lhrk gekjs ?kj vk jgh gSA½

dh rjQ 1. I am going towards

vxj eSa dgww¡ fd eSa Ldwy dh rjQ tk jgk gw¡ rks school.
;s t+#jh ugha fd eSa Ldwy tkÅ¡A gks ldrk gS ¼eSa Ldwy dh rjQ tk jgk gw¡A½
fd Ldwy ds jkLrs esa gh vkxs esjs nksLr dk ?kj
Towards Hkh gks vkSj eSa ogha tk jgk gw¡A blfy, 2. He was coming towards
eryc Ldwy tkuk vkSj you.
eryc Ldwy dh rjQ tkuk ij irk ¼oks rqEgkjh rjQ vk jgk FkkA½
ugha dgk¡A
Åij fcuk Nq, (Above without 1. I jumped over the rope.
touch) ¼eSa jLlh ds Åij ls dwnkA½
2. There is a roof over our
heads.
Over ¼gekjs flj ds Åij Nr gSA½
3. There is a bridge over
the river.
¼unh ds Åij ,d iqy gSA½
le;kof/k ds vUnj 1. I will come within 5
Within a time period minutes.
¼eSa 5 feuV esa vk tkÅ¡xkA½
Within 2. He has come back
within just 2 days.
¼ oks 2 fnu esa gh okil vk x;k
gSA½
rqyuk ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA 1. I am better than you.
(used for comparison) ¼eSa rqels csgrj gw¡A½
Than 2. We are taller than he.
¼ge mlls yEcs gSaA½

lkjk] iwjk 1. I loved him/ her

tSls & lkjs fnu Hkj] iwjh ft+Unxh Hkj throughout my life.
Throughout the day, throughout ¼eSaus ft+Unxh Hkj mls I;kj fd;kA½
Throughout the life 2. We worked throughout
the night.¼ geus jkr Hkj dke
fd;kA½

89
 fcuk 1. I am nothing without
Without you.
¼eSa rqEgkjs fcuk dqN ugha gw¡A½
Åij 1. Prices are rising up.
¼dhersa c<+ jgha gSAa ½
Up
2. Baloon is going up.
¼xqCckjk Åij tk jgk gSA½
Åij dh rjQ 1. He threw the stone
Upwards upwards.
mlus iRFkj Åij dh rjQ QsadkA
uhps dh rjQ 1. He threw the stone
Downwards downwards.
mlus iRFkj uhps dh rjQ QsadkA
igys ¼le; ds lkFk½ 1. He came 2 years ago.
¼oks 2 lky igys vk;kA½
2. Ram had done B. Tech 6
Ago years ago.
¼jke us ch Vsd 6 lky igys fd;k
FkkA½
vUnj dh rjQ] fdlh cUn vk fr ds vUnjA 1. What is inside the
(be in an enclosed structure) computer?
vxj eSa dg¡w fd vki ?kj ds vUnj gSa rks Hkh vki ¼dEI;wVj ds vUnj D;k gS \½
gh gSa D;ksafd ?kj Hkh ,d cUn vk fr gSA
Inside
Home is also a kind of enclosed 2. He was inside and I was
structure so if you are in, means you outside.
are actually inside. ¼ oks vUnj Fkk vkSj eSa ckgj FkkA½
ckgj dh rjQ] fdlh cUn vk fr ls ckgjA 1. He was standing outside
(be out of an enclosed structure) the home.
¼oks ?kj ds ckgj [kM+k FkkA½
Outside 2. He was outside the school
premises.
¼ oks Ldwy ifjlj ds ckgj FkkA½

Next to, cxy esa oks esjs cxy esa [kMk FkkA
Adjacent, He was standing next to me.
Beside, He was standing adjacent me.
By He was standing beside/by me.
ihNs 1. I was behind Ram in the
queue.
¼eSa ykbu esa jke ds ihNs FkkA½
Behind 2. There is nobody standing
behind him.
¼mlds ihNs dksbZ ugha [kM+k gSA½

90
 vkxs( 1. I was ahead of Ram in the
yksx vDlj confuse jgrs gSa fd in front of vkSj queue.
ahead dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij djuk gSA lkspks vki ,d ¼eSa ykbu esa jke ds vkxs FkkA½
ykbu esa [kM+s gS vkSj vkids vkxs ,d vkneh [kM+k gS]
Ahead mldh ihB vkidh rjQ gS blfy, oks vkids vkxs gS] 2. There is no one standing
of bls ahead dgsaxs vkSj vki mlds ihNs ;kfu ahead of him.
BehindA ij vxj vki fdlh ls ckr dj jgs gSa ¼mlds vkxs dksbZ ugha [kM+k gSA½
mldks ns[krs gq, rks vki mlds in front of ;kfu
lkeus gSaA
dks NksMd
+ j] ds vYkkok 1. This shop opens every day
except Sunday.
¼;g nqdku jfookj dks NksM+dj lHkh
fnu [kqyrh gSA½
Except 2. I can scold anyone except
you.
¼rqEgkjs vykok eSa fdlh dks Hkh Mk¡V
ldrk gw¡A½

ds vfrfjDr (Extra) 1. Do you eat anything else

besides this?
Besides ¼blds vfrfjDr dqN vkSj [kkrs gks
D;k \½

ds nkSjku ( in a particular duration of 1. I was in Delhi during

time) vacations.
¼NqV~fV;ksa ds nkSjku eSa fnYyh esa FkkA½
2. We can meet Sachin during
During the break.
¼ge czsd ds nkSjku lfpu ls fey
ldrs gSAa ½

rd 1. I will work till 9.

¼eSa 9 cts rd dke d#¡xkA½
le; ds lkFk] fnu ds lkFk vkfnA 2. We stayed till Monday.
Till/ with time, with a day etc. ¼ge lkseokj rd BgjsA½
Until 3. I was there until Saturday.
¼eSa 'kfuokj rd ogk¡ FkkA½

rd 1. I just went up to Dehradun.

¼eSa cl nsgjknwu rd x;kA½
fdlh nwjh rd (up to certain distance) ;k 2. Seeta ran up to 5 kms.
fdlh txg rd (up to certain place) ;k ¼lhrk 5 fdyksehVj rd nkSM+hA½
Up to fdlh mez rd (up to certain age) 3.
up to 18.
¼rqEgsa 18 dh mez rd eksckbZy ugha
j[kuk pkfg,A½

91
 pkjksa vksj 1. People were around me, yet I was
(covered in all the lonely.
directions) ¼yksx esjs pkjksa vksj Fks] fQj Hkh eSa rUgk FkkA½
Around
2. The Earth is revolving around
the Sun.
¼i`Foh lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ?kwe jgh gSA½
lkFk esa 1. Will you come along?
(with a person/thing) ¼D;k rqe lkFk vkvksxs \½
Along
2. You will get this pen along the
mobile.
¼rqEgsa ;s iSu eksckby ds lkFk feysxkA½

fdukjs lkFk esa 1. There is a road alongside the

river.
tSls & ¼unh ds lkFk lkFk ,d jksM gSA½
unh ds lkFk esa yxh gqbZ ,d jksM
(A road alongside the river)
Alongside 2. A truck is parked alongside the
lM+d ds fdukjs lkFk esa yxh gqbZ ,d road.
dkj ¼jksM ds fdukjs ,d Vªd [kM+k gSA½
(A car parked alongside the
road)
ds ikj ¼fdlh pht+ ds ikj½ 1. Can you swim across the river?
(across something) ¼D;k rqe unh rSj dj ikj dj ldrs gks \½

2. There was a man standing across

Across the road.
¼,d vkneh lM+d ds ikj [kM+k FkkA½

3. My shop is across the road.

¼esjh nqdku lM+d ds ml ikj gSA½

EnglishWale.com
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki
YouTube Channel esa tkdj esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj,

Aditya Sir

92
Lesson 15
Determiners ¼fMVjfeulZ½ & fu/kkZjd
Determiners
dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSa fd fdldh ckr gks jgh gS ;k fQj fdruh ckr gks jgh gSA pw¡fd ;g Hkh laKk ds ckjs esa

A Determiner is a word that is placed just before a noun to give additional

fied as
Adjectives.

eku yhft, vki dguk pkgrs gSa ;g yM+dk jke gSA ;gk¡ ij yM+dk ,d laKk gSA yM+dk ls rqjar igys
;g dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ;g ,d Determiner gS D;ksafd ;s bl ckr dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd fdl
yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gS & bl yM+ds dh ;k ml yM+ds dhA
bl yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gS blfy, vki ;g yM+dk dgrs gSa ojuk vxj ml yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh
rks vki og yM+dk dgrsA

blh rjg]
vxj ,d yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & A boy v ckW;
rks vki dgrs & The boy n ckW;
vxj lHkh yM+dksa dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & All the boys vkWy n ckWbt+
vxj 5 yM+dksa dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & 5 boys Qkbo ckWbt+

Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa Determiners gSa & A, The, All, 5

Determiners ds pkj izdkj gSa (Determiners are of four types):

1. Articles (A, An, The)

A/An - v@,su
The - n ;k nh
vki pSIVj esa buds ckjs esa i<+ pqds gSa fd fdlh Hkh laKk ls rqjra igys fdl rjg vkSj dc iz;ksx fd;s tkrs
gSa] ;s Hkh Determiners gSaA

known as Determiners.

2. Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)

vaxszt+h esa This, That, These vkSj Those dks Demonstratives dgrs gSAa
This, That, These and Those are called Demonstratives.

This - fnl & ;g] ;s ¼,d O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
That - nSV & og] os] oks ¼,d O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
These- nht+ & ;g] ;s ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
Those- nkst+ & og] os] oks ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½

93
;s demonstratives nks rjg ls iz;ksx esa vkrs gSa & loZuke dh rjg ;k fQj determiners dh rjgA
These demonstratives are used as - either Pronoun or Determiners.

tc fdlh laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s x;s gksa rks ;s Determiners dgykrs gSaA vkSj tc Hkh fcuk laKk ds iz;ksx
fd;s tk;sa rks ;s Pronouns dgykrs gSaA
led a determiner;

Try to understand

This is a book. (As a Pronoun)

bl okD; esa this ds rqjar ckn dksbZ laKk ugha gSA blfy, this ,d demonstrative pronoun gSA

pronoun here.

This book is mine. Determiner (As a Determiner)

bl okD; esa this ds rqjar ckn book dk iz;ksx gqvk gS tks fd ,d laKk gSA blfy, this ,d demonstrative
determiner gSA

determiner here.

(Few Examples)

I love this. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)

This is a cute baby. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)
These are my books. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)
That man is my dad. Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner) (followed by a noun: MAN)
Those people are mad. Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner)(followed by a noun: PEOPLE)

3. Possessives (His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, its)

His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its dks determiners

gksrh gSA
His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its are known as determiners. These words are always
followed by a noun.

(Example):

His friend is a teacher.

My brother will not go.
Our books are kept on the table.
Their parents were not present.

94
 Answers
1- ml ?kj esa ,d NksVk cPpk FkkA There was a small kid in that home.
2- ogk¡ Perhaps/probably there was nothing.
3- ckYVh ds uhps dqN gSA There is something beneath the bucket.
4- lHkh yksx ogk¡ gksaxs A All the people will be there.
5- D;k esjk HkkbZ ogk¡ gksxk \ Will my brother be there?
6- ogk¡ iguus dks dqN ugha gSA There is nothing to wear.
7- dgus dh t+:jr ugha gSA There is no need to say.
8- tc dHkh rqe Fks] jke ugha FkkA
9- mlds HkkbZ ds fny esa dksbZ ckr ugha gSA
10- ckr djus dh dksbZ t+:jr ugha gSA There is no need to talk.
11- ,slk dqN ugha gSA There is nothing as such.
12- gekjs chp ,slk dqN ugha FkkA There was nothing as such between us.
13- fdrus yksx gSa \ How many people are there?
14- dqN gS D;k \ Is there something? / Is something there?
15- ml ?kj esa dqN gSA There is something in that house.
16- fdruk iSlk Fkk \ How much money was there?
17- rqe fdlds lkFk Fks \ With whom were you?
18- bl fny esa D;k gS] dkSu tkurk gS \ ?
19- ,d jktk FkkA mldh rhu jkfu;k¡ Fkha A There was a king. He had three queens.
20- njokts ij dkSu Fkk \ Who was there at the door?
21- ?kj esa fdrus yksx gSa \ How many people are there at home?
22- eu esa D;k gS rqEgkjs \ What is there in your mind/heart?
23- dEI;wVj esa fdrus xse gaS \ How many games are there in computer?
24- \ Who is there between Ram and Shyam?
25- esjs vkxs dksbZ ugha gSA Nobody is there ahead of me.
26- rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu Fkk \ Who was there behind you?
27- jke ds lkFk dkSu gS \ Who is there with Ram?
28- ikik ds lkeus eEeh Fkh A There was mom in front of dad.
29- esjs cxy esa dksbZ gS D;k \ Is someone there beside me?
30- ,d vkneh [kM+k gSA There is a man standing.
31- dksbZ yM+dh gSA There is some girl. / There is a girl.
32- dbZ ckrsa gSa tks eSa tkurk gw¡A There are lot many things/secrets that I know.
33- I;kj esa nwfj;k¡ ugha gksrh A There are no differences in love.
34- nksLrh esa FkSSaDl ugha gksrk A There is no thanks in friendship.
35- gekjs chp dqN ugha gSA There is nothing between us.
36- uy esa ikuh ugha gSA There is no water in the tap.
37- fny dks I;kj gSA There is love in heart.
38- rqEgkjs fny esa D;k gS \ What is there in your heart?
39- dejs esa f[kM+fd;k¡ gSaA There are windows in the room.
40- iSu esa L;kgh ugha gSA There is no ink in the pen.
41- dkj esa isVªksy Fkk A There was petrol in the car.
42- mlds fny esa cgqr nnZ gSA There is so much pain in his heart.
43- mldh vkokt+ esa tknw gSA There is a magic in his voice.
44- rqEgkjs xkus ds rjhds esa dqN rks ckr gSA There is something in your way of singing.
45- dqN vkSj Hkh gSA Something else is there.
117
Lesson 18
Position Sense ¼fLFkfr dk Kku½
cxy esa next to ¼uSDLV Vq½, adjacent¼,stklsUV½, beside ¼fclkbM½
vkxs ahead of ¼vgSM vkWQ½
ihNs behind ¼fcgkUM½
lkeus in front of ¼bu ÝUV vkWQ½, before ¼fcQksj½
nk¡;h vksj right to ¼jkbV Vq½, to the right of ¼Vq n jkbV vkWQ½
ck¡;h vksj left to ¼yS¶V Vq½, to the left of ¼Vq n yS¶V vkWQ½
cxy esa nk¡;h vksj immediate right to ¼behfM,V jkbV Vq½
cxy esa ck¡;h vksj immediate left to ¼behfM,V yS¶V Vq½

vkb, uhps fn;s x;s Dykl ysvkmV dh enn ls le÷ksa &

class layout

Teacher

Divya Rashmi Masood Junaid Sandeep

Shalini Nitin Tarun Ram Mayank

Åij ,d class layout fn;k x;k gSA Teacher dk psgjk cPpksa dh rjQ gSA Dykl esa cPps nks ykbuksa esa cSBs gSaA
gj ykbu esa 5 cPps gSaA
A class layout is given above. Teacher is facing the students. The students are sitting in two
rows. There are 5 students in each row.

vxj iwNk tk;s fd Divya ds nk¡;h vksj dkSu cSBk gS rks vki dgksxs Rashmi A ;s ckr lgh gS fd Rashmi
okdbZ esa Divya ds nk¡bZ vksj cSBh gS ij Masood, Junaid vkSj Sandeep Hkh rks nk¡bZ vksj gh cSBs gSaA fQj vkius
flQZ Rashmi dk gh uke D;ksa fy;kA lgh mÙkj gksuk pkfg, & Divya ds nk¡;h vksj Rashmi, Masood,
Junaid vkSj Sandeep cSBs gSaA gk¡ vxj ;s iwNk tkrk fd Divya ds cxy esa nk¡;h vksj dkSu cSBk gS rks vki dgksxs
Rashmi A ;gha ls tUe gqvk immediate right vkSj immediate left dkA

If asked

names
as well.

cxy esa nk¡;h vksj immediate right to ¼behfM,V jkbV Vq½

cxy esa ck¡;h vksj immediate left to ¼behfM,V yS¶V Vq½

118
yksx vDlj confuse jgrs gSa fd in front of vkSj ahead dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij djuk gSA
lksfp, vki ,d ykbu esa [kM+s gS vkSj vkids vkxs ,d vkneh [kM+k gS] mldh ihB vkidh rjQ gS blfy, oks vkids vkxs
gS] bls ahead dgsaxs vkSj vki mlds ihNs ;kfu behind.

lksfp, tc vki fdlh ls ckr dj jgs gSa rks mldh ihB vkidh rjQ ugha gS cfYd vki mldks ns[krs gq, ckr dj
jgs gSAa bl fLFkfr esa oks O;fDr vkids lkeus ;kfu in front of gSA bl fLFkfr ds fy, before dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k
tkrk gSA bl rjg vkidks irk yx x;k fd before ds nks vFkZ gksrs gSa & ,d gS ÞigysÞ vkSj nwljk gS ÞlkeusÞA

cxy esa next to ¼uSDLV Vq½, adjacent¼,stklsUV½, beside ¼fclkbM½

1- Vhpj cPpksa ds lkeus cSBs gSaA

Teacher is sitting in front of the students.

2- jf'e fnO;k ds cxy esa nk¡;h vksj cSBh gSA

Rashmi is sitting immediate right to Divya.

3- Eklwn r#.k ds vkxs cSBk gSA

Masood is sitting ahead of Tarun.

4- jke e;ad ds cxy esa cSBk gSA

Ram is sitting adjacent/next to/beside Mayank.

5- fufru r#.k ds cxy esa ck¡;h vksj cSBk gSA

Nitin is sitting immediate left to Tarun.

6- 'kkfyuh jke ds ck¡;h vksj cSBh gSA

Shalini is sitting left to Ram.
or
Shalini is sitting to the left of Ram.

7- e;ad lUnhi ds ihNs cSBk gSA

Mayank is sitting behind Sandeep.

8- jke r#.k vkSj e;ad ds cxy esa cSBk gSA

Ram is sitting beside Tarun & Mayank.

9-
Masood is sitting between Rashmi and Junaid.

10-
Divya, Shalini, Sandeep & Mayank are sitting in extreme corners.

119
 Position Sense Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &

1- rqe esjs nk¡;h vksj gksA 26- ge ck¡;h vksj [kM+s Fks A
2- D;k jke rqEgkjs lkeus Fkk \ 27- ge nk¡;h vksj [kM+s Fks A
3- eSa mlds vkxs [kM+k Fkk A 28- lhrk Dykl esa vdsyh Fkh A
4- jke ds vkxs fdrus yksx gSa \ 29- jke ogk¡ ij ugha FkkA
5- cPpksa ds Bhd lkeus v/;kid [kM+s gSaA 30- fnYYkh Hkkjr ds mRrj esa gSA
6- rqEgkjs ck¡;h vksj dkSu gS \ 31- dsjy Hkkjr ds nf{k.k esa gSA
7- esjs cxy esa nk¡;h vksj lhrk cSBh gS A 32- caxky Hkkjr ds iwjc esa gSA
8- lhrk ds cxy esa ck¡;h vksj ,d yM+dk gSA 33- mlds lkeus dkSu Fkk \
9- eSa rqEgkjs ihNs FkkA 34- esjs vkxs ykbu esa rhu yksx [kM+s Fks A
10- mlds ihNs fdrus yksx [kM+s gSa \ 35- jke ds vkxs 2 vkneh FksA
11- jke ,d dksus esa cSBk gSA 36- esjs ihNs ykbu esa fdrus Fks \
12- esjs ck¡;h vksj dksbZ [kM+k ugha FkkA 37- esjs twrs dejs ds ,d dksus esa iM+s FksA
13- jkgqy esjs Bhd lkeus Fkk D;k \ 38- rqEgkjs twrs ds lkeus okys twrs esjs gaSA
14- esjs ?kj ds lkeus rqEgkjk ?kj gSA 39- oks rqEgkjs fdl rjQ gS \
15- esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ls Bhd vkxs okyk gSA 40- oks esjs nk¡;h vksj gSA
16- esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ls Bhd ihNs okyk gSA 41- nk¡;h vksj rks Bhd gS ij oks D;k cxy esa gS \
17- jksfgr ds nk¡;h vksj fdrus yksx gaS \ 42- gekjs chp 2 yM+fd;k¡ gSaA
18- lhrk ds ck¡;h vksj fdrus yM+ds gaS \ 43- lhrk vkSj xhrk ds chp fdrus gSa \
19- esjs nk¡;h vksj dksbZ ugha gSA 44- jksgu ds cxy esa dkSu gS \
20- D;k rqEgkjs nk¡;h vksj dksbZ gS \ 45- lhrk ds cxy esa dksbZ ugha gSA
21- D;k rqEgkjs ck¡;h vksj dksbZ ugha gS \ 46- jke vkxs gS vkSj eSa ihNsA
22- D;k rqEgkjs vkxs dksbZ gS \ 47- rqe nk¡;h vksj FksA
23- D;k rqEgkjs ihNs dksbZ ugha gS \ 48- rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu gS \ dksbZ ugha A
24- D;k rqEgkjs lkeus dksbZ gS \ 49- \
25- D;k rqEgkjs cxy esa dksbZ gS \ 50- rqe bl oDr mÙkj dh vksj tk jgs gks A

(Quotations)

1. Success does not consist in never making mistakes but in never making the same
one a second time.

2. Times wait for none.

3. To succeed in your mission, you must have single-minded devotion to your goal.

4. To live a creative life, we must lose our fear of being wrong.

120
 Answers
1. You are right to me.
2. Was Ram in front of you?
3. I was standing ahead of him.
4. How many people are there ahead of Ram?
5. Teacher is standing just in front of the students.
6. Who is to the left of you? / Who is left to you?
7. Seeta is sitting immediate right to me.
8. A boy is immediate left to Seeta. / A boy is to the immediate left of Seeta.
9. I was behind you.
10. How many people are standing behind him?
11. Ram is sitting in a corner.
12. Nobody was standing to the left of me.
13. Was Rahul exactly in front of me?
14. Your house is in front of my house (mine).
15. My house is just ahead of yours?
16. My house is just behind yours?
17. How many people are there to the right of Rohit?
18. How many boys are there to the left of Seeta?
19. Nobody is to the right of me? / Nobody is right to me.
20. Is there someone to the right of you?
21. Is there no one to the left of you?
22. Is there someone ahead of you?
23. Is there no one behind you?
24. Is there someone in front of you?
25. Is there someone next to you? / Is there someone adjacent you? / Is there someone beside you?
26. We were standing on the left?
27. We were standing on the right?
28. Seeta was alone in the class.
29.
30. Delhi is to the North of India. / Delhi is in the northern India.
31. Kerala is to the South of India. / Kerala is in the southern India.
32. Bengal is to the East of India. / Bengal is in the Eastern India.
33. Who was in front of him/ her?
34. There were three people standing ahead of me in the queue.
35. There were 2 men ahead of Ram.
36. How many were there behind me in the queue.
37. My shoes were lying in a corner of the room.
38. The shoes in front of your shoes are mine.
39. In which direction from you is he? / In which direction is he from you?
40. He is to the right of me.
41. Right side is fine but is he adjacent?
42. There are 2 girls between us.
43. How many are there between Seeta & Geeta?
44. Who is beside Rohan?
45. Nobody is beside Seeta.
46. Ram is ahead of me. / I am behind Ram.
47. You were on the right.
48. Who is behind you? No one.
49. In which direction am I?
50. You are going towards north at the moment.

121
 Position Sense Test Paper

Test-I

Q 1-20: Answer the questions below: 20 x 1 = 20

Teacher- Pooja Madam

Anjali Bikrant Aditya Archana Yashi

Binita Aman Amit Kuldeep Dimpal

Seema Soni Ayushi Abhishek Kalpana

1. Who is sitting next to Ayushi?

2. Who is sitting next to Seema?
3. Who is sitting immediate right to Kalpana?
4. Who is sitting adjacent Kuldeep?
5. Where is Pooja Madam standing?
6. How many people are sitting right to Bikrant?
7. Who is sitting behind Archana?
8. Who is sitting right to Binita?
9. Who is sitting immediate left to Yashi?
10. Who is sitting beside Aman?
11. Who are sitting at corners?
12. Who are sitting at the extreme right?
13. Who are sitting at the extreme left?
14. Where is Anjali Sitting?
15. Who is sitting right to Dimpal?
16. Who is sitting immediate left to Abhishek?
17. Who is sitting left to Soni?
18. Who are sitting in row number 2?
19. Who are sitting in column number 4?
20. Who are sitting in column number 1?

122
7- mlus rqEgsa viuh ft+Unxh ls Hkh T;knk I;kj fd;kA He loved you more than his life.
8- ;s VwVk gqvk fxykl fdlus j[kk ;gk¡ \ Who kept this broken glass here?
9- D;k oks Ldwy x;k gksxk \ Will he have gone to school?
10- rqe bruh rst D;ksa nkSM+ jgs gks \ Why are you running this fast?
11- dkSu dkSu tk;sxk esjs lkFk \ Who all will go with me?
12- fdl vkneh dk csVk rqEgkjs ikik ds lkFk tkWac djrk gS\Which ma
13- eSa vDlj mlds ;gk¡ tkrk gw¡A I often go to his place/home.
14- oks fnu jkr D;ksa i<+rk gS \ Why does he study 24 hours?
15- oks dHkh&dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA He sometimes comes my home.
16- ge cgqr nsj rd mBs jgrs gSaA We wake up till late.
17- rqEgkjk nksLr dkSu lh dkj pykrk gS \ Which car does your friend drive?
18- eSa fdlds HkkbZ ds lkFk ukp jgk Fkk \ With whose brother was I dancing?
19- rqe nksigj ls dqN <w¡< jgs gks A ve been searching something since afternoon.
20- eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s gksxkA I know it will happen.
21- rqe ogk¡ x;s Fks A You had gone there.
22- eSaus jke dks ns[kk gSA I have seen Ram.
23- mlds ikik esjs ?kj vk;s A His father came to my home.
24- mUgkasus eq>s crk;k gSA He has told me.
25- D;k mlus dgk \ Did he say?
26- oks dHkh ugha x;kA He never went.
27- Suresh will meet me.
28- ge 7 cts Ldwy ds fy, fudys A We left for school at 7.
29- cPps dHkh ugha x;s A Children never went.
30- eq>s ;s vPNk ugha yxrkA
31- jke mls I;kj djrk gSA Ram loves him/her.
32- oDr ds lkFk lc cny tkrk gSA Everything changes with time.
33- iSlk vkneh dh uh;r cnyrk gSA
34- He has found something, probably a pen.
35- I have solved this question before as well.
36- mlus 4 ?kaVs esjk bUrt+kj fd;k A He waited for me for 4 hours.
37- cPps pqi D;ksa ugha jgrs \ Why do children not keep quiet?
38- eSaus mls gj txg <w¡<k A I searched him everywhere.
39- viuk jkLrk mlus [kqn cuk;kA He made his way himself.
40- eq>s fdlh us ugha dgk] eSaus [kqn fd;k A Nobody said to me, I did myself.
41- He is bothering me.
42- yksx vk;s FksA People had come.
43- eSaus vDlj mls ;gk¡ ns[kk gSA I have seen him here quite often.
44- jke ugha djrkA
45- mlus eq>s lkjh ckr crk;hA He told me everything.
46- oks dbZ fnuksa ls yxkrkj i<+ jgk gSA He has been studying continuously for many days.
47- eSaus ,slk ugha lkspk FkkA
48- bl oDr oks i<+ jgk gksxk A He will be studying at this time/moment.
49- eSaus dqN Hkh ugha iwNkA t ask anything at all.
50- ge fQYe ns[k jgs Fks ml oDr] tc oks vk;k A We were watching a movie, when he came.

156
Lesson 20
It ¼bV½ & ;g] ;s
vkt ge vkidks dk Concept i<+kus okys gSaA dk iz;ksx dbZ rjg ds okD;ksa esa gksrk gS vkSj blds
dbZ fu;e gSaA ge ,d&,d djds le÷ksaxsA

one by one.

1st Concept

vkSj nksuksa dk vFkZ gS Þ;gÞ ij QdZ ;s gS fd dk iz;ksx ltho o futhZo nksuksa ds lkFk gksrk gS
tcfd dk iz;ksx dsoy futhZo ds lkFkA

or non living.

Example:

1- ;g ,d iSu gSA This is a pen. (Correct)

It is a pen. (Correct)
2- ;g I;kj gSA This is love. (Correct)
It is love. (Correct)
3- ;g esjk nksLr jke gSA This is my friend Ram. (Correct)
used with
living being) ¼bl okD; eas dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrs D;ksfa d jke ltho gS
futhZo ughaA½

,d ckr /;ku jgs fd dHkh&2 vki ik;saxs fd yksx ltho ds lkFk Hkh dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSAa ekWMuZ vaxzst+h esa dbZ
fu;eksa ds viokn gSAa
You mig

2nd Concept
subject )

Day½ ls ugha gks ldrh

ls gks rks dk iz;ksx Subject dh rjg fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tSls & vkt lkseokj gSA] dy NqVV~ h FkhA vkfnA

vxj ge dgsa fd vkt lkseokj gSA rks gekjk vaxszth+ esa ;s dguk fd Today is Monday xyr gksxkA ctk; blds
gesa It dks Subject dh rjg iz;ksx djuk gksxk vkSj dguk gksxk

No Sentence can start with any day i.e. Monday, Sunday, Yesterday etc. If I say

today. Basi

157
Example:

dy NqV~Vh FkhA It was holiday yesterday.

vkt esjk tUefnu gSA It is my birthday today.
dy NqV~Vh gksxh A It will be holiday tomorrow.
ml fnu dqN [kkl FkkA It was something special that day.
ijlksa D;k Fkk \ What was it day before yesterday?
dy jfookj FkkA It was Sunday yesterday.

3rd Concept
Has been
Had been
subject )

,sls okD;ksa esa dk iz;ksx Subject dh rjg gksrk gSA

[

Example:
1- nks fnu gks x;s gaSA It has been 2 days.
2- nks lky gks pqds gSaA It has been 2 years
3- dbZ lky gks pqds FksA It had been many years.
4- lfn;k¡ chr pqdh gaSA It has been centuries.
5- djhc nks ?kaVs gks x;s gSaA It has been about 2 hours.
vc eSa ;s crkšxk fd bruk le; fdls yxk gS] *eq>s*] *mls* ;k fQj fdlsA
Now I will tell you who has taken this much time. I or who?

1- eq>s nks fnu gks x;s gSaA It has been 2 days to me.
2- jke dks 6 lky gks x;s gSA It has been 6 years to Ram.
3- lhrk dks 5 eghus gks pqds gSaA It has been 5 months to Seeta.
4- eq>s 3 lky gks x;s FksA It had been 3 years to me.
vc ge bu okD;ksa esa dqN vkSj tksM+ nsrs gSaA in these sentences)
vxj eSa dgw¡ & i<+rs gq, & Reading
lksrs gq, & Sleeping
[ksyrs gq, & Playing

;gk¡ ij Subject fØ;k dks vHkh Hkh dj jgk gSA tc eSaus dgk Þeq>s i<+rs gq, nks lky gks x;s gSaAÞ rks ;gk¡ ij Subject
;kfu eSa vHkh Hkh i<+us ds dke dks dj jgk gw¡A ,sls okD;ksa esa eSa verb dh 1st form ds lkFk flQZ dk iz;ksx
d#¡xkA
ij vxj eSa dgw¡ &
x;s gq, & having gone.
ns[ks gq, & having seen.
feys gq, & having met.
158
;gk¡ ij Subject fØ;k dks dj ugha jgk cfYd mls ;s dke fd;s gq, oDr gks pqdk gSA eSsa dgrk gw¡ Þeq>s i<+s gq, nks lky
gks x;s gSAa Þ rks ;gk¡ ij Subject ;kfu eSa i<+us ds dke dks dj pqdk gw¡ vkSj 2 lky dk oDr Hkh chr pqdk gSA ,sls okD;ksa
esa eSa having ds lkFk verb dh 3rd form dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA

Example:

1- eq>s nks fnu gks x, gSaA It has been 2 days to me.

2- eq>s feyrs gq, nks fnu gks x, gaSA It has been 2 days to me meeting.
(;gk¡ ij eSa nks fnu ls fey jgk gw¡A)
3- eq>s fey+s gq, nks fnu gks x, gSaA It has been 2 days to me having met.
(;gk¡ ij eSa nks fnu igys feyk FkkA)
4- jke dks 2 lky gks x, FksA It had been 2 years to Ram.
5- jke dks eq>ls feyrs gq, 2 lky gks x, FksA It had been 2 years to Ram meeting me.
6- jke dks eq>ls feys gq, 2 lky gks x, FksA It had been 2 years to Ram having met me.
Few more example:

1- nks fnu gks x;s rqEgsa ns[ks gq,A It has been 2 days having seen you.
2- 7 lky gks x;s gSa mlds lkFk jgrs gq,A It has been 7 days living with him.
3- fdrus fnu gks x;s gSa \ How many days has it been ?
4- fdruk le; gks x;k Fkk \ How much time had it been ?
5- D;k 5 feuV gks x;s gSa \ Has it been 5 minutes ?
6- D;k lfn;k¡ xqtj x;h gSa \ Has it been centuries ?
7- mls 10 feuV gks x;s Fks A It had been 10 minutes to him.
8- eq>s cxZj [kk;s ,d eghuk gks x;k gSA It has been a month to me having eaten burger.
9- eq>s rqEgsa i<+k;s gq, eghuksa gks x;s gaSA It has been months to me having taught you.
10- fy[krs gq, eq>s nl feuV ugha gq, gSaA It has not been 10 minutes to me writing.

4th Concept

verb )
subject )

vxj okD; esa ugha gS rks dk iz;ksx dh rjg fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
used as a Subject.

Example:
Subject

1- nks feuV yxrs gSaA It takes two minutes.

2- nks feuV yx jgs gSaA It is taking two minutes.
3- nks feuV yx pqds gSaA It has taken two minutes.
4- nks feuV yxsA It took two minutes.
5- nks feuV yx jgs FksA It was taking two minutes.
6- nks feuV yx pqds FksA It had taken two minutes.
159
 7- nks feuV yxsx
a sA It will take two minutes.
8- nks feuV yx ldrs gSaA It can take two minutes.
9- nks feuV yxus pkfg,A It should take two minutes.
10- nks feuV iDdk yxus pkfg,A It must take two minutes.

Subject

1- eq>s nks feuV yxrs gSAa I take two minutes. / It takes two minutes to me.
2- eq>s nks feuV yx jgs gSaA I am taking two minutes. / It is taking two minutes to me.
3- jke dks 10 feuV yxus pkfg,A Ram should take 10 minutes. / It should take 10 minutes to
Ram.
vc bu okD;ksa esa dqN vkSj tksMr+ s gSaA these sentences)
le; rks yxrk gS ij D;k djus esa \ (Takes time but in doing what?
feyus esa & To meet
vkus esa & To come
tkus esa & To go
igq¡pus esa & To reach

Example:
1- ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSaA It takes 2 minutes to reach.
2- eq>s ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSAa I take 2 minutes to reach./ It takes me 2 mins to reach.
3- jke dks ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSaA Ram takes 2 minutes to reach.
4- rqels feyus esa dbZ lky yxsaxAs It will take many years to meet you.
5- rqels feyus esa eq>s dbZ lky yxsaxAs I will take many years to meet you.
6- ogk¡ ig¡qpus esa ikik dks 10 feuV yxsA Dad took 10 minutes to reach there.
7- [kkuk [kkus esa eq>s fdruk le; yxk \ How much time did I take to eat the food ?
8- [kkuk [kkus esa fdruk le; yxk \ How much time did it take to eat the food ?
9- eq>s vkidks i<+kus esa dkQh oDr yxsxkA I will take lots of time to teach you.
10- ;s djus esa eq>s nl fnu ls T+;knk yxsA I took more than 10 days to do this.

(Quotations)

1. There is only one way to avoid criticism: do nothing, say nothing, and be nothing. So
remember, if you are criticized, never be afraid.

2.

3. When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a single bit
of talent left and could say, I used everything you gave me.

4. Everybody does for himself; but if you do for others too, you live even after your life.

5. My life has no meaning if I contribute nothing for the poor.

6. If you are not criticized, that simply means you are not doing anything special.

160
 It Practice Exercise

1- vkt rqEgkjk fnu gS] dy esjk gksxkA 51- vxj rqe iSfUly ls fy[kks] rks dkQh le; yxsxk A
2- rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s nl fnu gks x;s gSaA 52- rqe fdruk le; yksxs \
3- jke ls feys gq, lkr lky gks x;s gSaA 53- ;s [kRe djus esa rqe fdruk le; yksxs \
4- D;k dy NqV~Vh Fkh \ 54- eSa nl feuV yw¡xk A
5- 5 fnu yxsaxsA 55- oks fnu ,d Lis
6- 6 lky yxsA 56- ml fnu D;k Fkk \
7- eq>s ?kj igq¡pus esa 5 ?kaVs yxrs gSaA 57- va/ksjk gks jgk gSA
8- eq>s Ldwy igq¡pus esa vk/kk ?kaVk yxrk gSA 58- mel gks jgh gSA
9- jke dks [kkuk cukus esa dkQh le; yxrk gSA 59-
10- gesa dEI;wVj lh[kus esa 3 eghus yxsA 60-
11- rqEgsa <+w¡<+us esa eq>s dsoy 5 feuV yxs A 61- rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s djhc 2 lky gks x;s gaSA
12- ;s dke djus esa dkQh le; yxsxkA 62- tc eSa ogk¡ igq¡ jgh FkhA
13- vkt lkseokj ugha gS A 63- ogk¡
14- dy NqV~Vh Fkh A 64-
15- 65-
16- 66-
17- ijlksa NqV~Vh FkhA 67- ;s rqEgkjh lksp gSA
18- ijlksa NqV~Vh gksxhA 68- ;s fdldk iSu gS \
19- 2 feuV yxrs gaSA 69- [kkus [kk;s gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
20- 2 feuV yx jgs gSaA 70- vPNs diM+s igus gq, dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
21- 2 feuV yxs gSaA 71- ogk¡ x, gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
22- 2 feuV yxsA 72- [kkuk [kk;s gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
23- 2 feuV yx jgs FksA 73- vkt vksys iM+us FksA
24- 2 feuV yxs FksA 74- vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSasA
25- 2 feuV yxsaxsA 75- vkt vksys iM+ ldrs Fks ij ugha iM+As
26- eq>s 2 feuV yxsx a sA 76- oks esjh ft+Unxh dk cgqr vge fnu FkkA
27- vc rqEgkjh ckjh gSA 77- jke dks fy[kus esa T+;knk le; ugha yxkA
28- ;g rqEgkjk I;kj gSA 78- jke dks fy[kus esa FkksM+k lk gh le; yxkA
29- ;g D;k gS \ 79- bldh dher 5 # gSA
30- 2 fnu gks x;s gSAa 80- bldh dher 5 # gksxhA
31- 2 fnu gks x;s Fks A 81-
32- eq>s 2 fnu gks x;s FksA 82-
33- rqels feys gq, eq>s 2 fnu gks x;s FksA 83- D;k vkt lkseokj gS \
34- mls fdruk le; yxsxk \ 84- ;gk¡
35- rqEgsa fdruk le; yxrk gS \ 85- ogk¡ vksys iM+ jgs FksA
36- rqEgas bruk le; D;ksa yx jgk gS \ 86- D;k dkQh le; gks x;k gS \
37- vkWfQl igq¡pus esa fdruk le; yxk \ 87- fdruk le; gks x;k gS \
38- vkWfQl igq¡pus esa rqEgsa fdruk le; yxk \ 88- \
39- jke dks cgqr le; yxk A 89- eq>s nks ?kaVs yxsA
40- dy vksys iM+s FksA 90- psjkiw¡ \
41- vkt vksys iM+saxsA 91- cxZj [kk;s gq, eq>s 4 eghus gks x;s gSaA
42- ijlksa vksys iM+sx
a sA 92- rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s 3 fnu gks x;s gSaA
43- ijlksa vksys iM+s Fks A 93- \
44- \ 94- Ckk \
45- gksxh \ 95- mUgsa ?kj igq¡pus esa fdruk le; yxk \
46- \ 96- eSp dk vkuUn ysrs gq, 2 ?kaVs gks x, gSaA
47- fdrkc [kRe djus esa eq>s 2 eghus yxsA 97- ewoh ns[krs gq, eq>s 15 feuV gks x, gSaA
48- Lkhrk dks dkQh lky yxsA 98- ;g I;kj gSA
49- vkbZ , ,l vf/kdkjh cuus esa 3 lky yxsA 99- ;g ,d dqlhZ gSA
50- ;s diM+k flyus esa djhc 20 fnu yxsx a sA 100-
161
 Answers
1. It is your day today, tomorrow will be mine. 51. If you write with pencil, it will take longer time.
2. It has been 10 days to me having seen you. 52. How much time will you take?
3. It has been 7 years having met Ram. 53. How much time will you take to finish this?
4. Was it holiday yesterday? / Was it off 54. I will take 10 minutes.
yesterday? 55. It was a special day that day.
5. It will take 5 days. 56. What was it on that day?
6. It took 6 years. 57. It is getting dark.
7. It takes me 5 hours to reach home. 58. It is getting humid.
8. It takes me half an hour to reach school. 59. It / This is my wish/desire.
9. Ram takes lots of time to prepare the food. 60. It is our marriage anniversary today.
10. We took 3 months to learn computer. 61. It has been about 2 years having seen you.
11. I took only 5 minutes to find you. 62. When I reached there, it was raining.
12. It will take plenty of time to do this work. 63. It rains a lot there.
13. It is not Monday today. 64. It can rain today.
14. It was holiday yesterday. / It was off yesterday. 65. It has to rain today.
15. It will rain today. 66. It had to rain today.
16. It had rained yesterday. 67. It/This is your thinking.
17. It was holiday day before yesterday. 68. Whose pen is this/it?
18. It will be holiday day after tomorrow. 69. It has been many days to me having had food.
19. It takes 2 minutes. 70. s been many days having worn good clothes.
20. It is taking 2 minutes. 71. It has been many days to me having gone there.
21. It has taken 2 minutes. 72. It has been many days to me having eaten.
22. It took 2 minutes. 73. It had to hail today.
23. It was taking 2 minutes. 74. It can hail today.
24. It had taken 2 minutes. 75. It could have hailed today
25. It will take 2 minutes. 76. It was a very important day of my life.
26. I will take 2 minutes. / it will take me 2 minutes. 77.
27. It/This is your turn now. 78. Ram took a little time to write.
28. It/This is your love. 79. Its cost is Rs 5. / It costs Rs 5.
29. What is it/this? 80. Its cost will be Rs 5. / It will cost Rs 5.
30. It has been 2 days. 81. It was holiday that day in whole country.
31. It had been 2 days. 82. It had been raining since morning.
32. It had been 2 days to me. 83. Is it Monday today?
33. It had been 2 days to me having met you. 84. It is raining here.
34. How much time will he take? 85. It was hailing there.
35. How much time do you take? 86. Has it been enough time?
36. Why are you taking this much time? 87. How long has it been?
37. How much time did it take to reach office? 88. Will it rain tomorrow?
38. How much time did you take to reach office? 89. It took me 2 hrs. / I took 2 hrs.
39. Ram took lots of time. 90. Why does it rain the most in Cherapunji?
40. It had hailed yesterday. 91. It has been 4 months to me having eaten Burger.
41. It will hail today. 92. It has been 3 days to me having seen you.
42. It will hail day after tomorrow. 93. Did it rain in Dehradun?
43. It had hailed day before yesterday. 94. Why does it rain?
44. When will it rain? 95. How much time did they take to reach home
45. Will it rain? 96. It has been 2 hrs, enjoying the match.
46. Will it be raining? 97. It has been 15 mins to me, watching this movie.
47. It took me 2 months to finish the book. 98. It is love. / This is love.
48. Seeta took lots of time. 99. It is a chair. / This is a chair.
49. I took 3 years to become an IAS officer. 100. It will be raining in that city.
50. It will take about 20 days to stitch this cloth.
162
 It Test Papers

Test - I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 50 x 1 = 50

1- 5 lky gks x;s gSaA 27- ;s djrs gq, gesa 2 lky gks pqds FksA
2- mls dbZ lky gks x;s gaSA 28- vx xk A
3- jke dks [kRe djus esa cgqr le; yxk A 29- lkspus dh ckr gSA
4- rqEgsa de le; yxsxk A 30-
5- eq>s 2 fnu yxsA 31- ml fnu D;k Fkk \ eaMs ;k laMs \
6- cPpksa dh NqV~Vh gS vkt A 32- mls ;s crkus esa le; D;ksa yxk \
7- ogk¡ igq¡pus esa 2 fnu yxrs gSaA 33- vPNk yxrk gSA
8- rqEgkjh lkyfxjg dc gS \ 34- ogk¡
9- mls dkQh le; gks x;k gSA 35- [kkuk [kk;s gq, gesa dbZ fnu gks x;s FksA
10- 36- fdrus fnu gks x;s gSa \
11- D;k ;s dksbZ fx¶V gS \ 37- Ckk gqbZ ugha A
12- 8 fnu gks x;s FksA 38- ;s dqN vkSj ugha rqEgkjh lksp gSA
13- 39- ;s vPNh ckr ugha gSA
14- ijlksa vksys iM+s FksA 40- mls feys gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s gSa \
15- esjk tUefnu FkkA 41- dHkh ugha gksrh A
16- vkt dqN gSA 42- gesa dbZ fnu yx tk;saxs A
17- ;s fdrkc i<+rs gq, eq>s 3 eghus gks pqds gSaA 43- ;s dqN vkSj ugha Hkz"Vkpkj gSA
18- dy Ldqy dh NqV~Vh gksxhA 44- ;s ukVd ns[ks eq>s iwjs 2 eghus gks x;s gSaA
19- vkt vksys iDdk iM+saxs A 45- ogk¡ x;s gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;sA
20- dkQh le; gks x;k FkkA 46-
21- D;k ml fnu dqN Fkk \ 47- ;s dqN vkSj ugha ikxyiu gSA
22- ml fnu lkseokj FkkA 48-
23- eq>s ;gk¡ jgrs gq, 10 lky gks x;s gSaA 49- vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSaA
24- rqe ij fuHkZj djrk gSA 50- g, D;ksafd esjh cgu
25- dbZ lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gaSA
26- \

Answers

1- 5 lky gks x;s gSaA It has been 5 years.

2- mls dbZ lky gks x;s gaSA It has been many years to him.
3- jke dks [kRe djus esa cgqr le; yxk A Ram took a long to finish.
4- rqEgsa de le; yxsxk A You will take less time.
5- eq>s 2 fnu yxsA I took me 2 days./ I took 2 days.
6- cPpksa dh NqV~Vh gS vkt A
7- ogk¡ igq¡pus esa 2 fnu yxrs gSaA It takes 2 days to reach there.
8- rqEgkjh lkyfxjg dc gS \ When is your anniversary?
9- mls dkQh le; gks x;k gSA It has been a long to him.
10- It was raining.
11- D;k ;s dksbZ fx¶V gS \ Is it some/a gift?

163
12- 8 fnu gks x;s FksA It had been 8 days.
13- It may/might rain tomorrow.
14- ijlksa vksys iM+s FksA It had hailed yesterday.
15- esjk tUefnu FkkA It was my birthday.
16- vkt dqN gSA
17- ;s fdrkc i<+rs gq, eq>s 3 eghus gks pqds gSaA It has been 3 months to me reading this book.
18- dy Ldwy dh NqV~Vh gksxhA
19- vkt vksys iDdk iM+saxs A It must hail today. / It will definitely hail today.
20- dkQh le; gks x;k FkkA It had been a long time.
21- D;k ml fnu dqN Fkk \ Was it something that day?
22- ml fnu lkseokj FkkA It was Monday that day.
23- eq>s ;gk¡ jgrs gq, 10 lky gks x;s gSaA It has been 10 years to me living here.
24- rqe ij fuHkZj djrk gSA It depends on you.
25- dbZ lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gaSA It has been many centuries.
26- bruh ckfj \ Why does it rain this much here?
27- ;s djrs gq, gesa 2 lky gks pqds FksA It had been 2 years to us doing this.
28- vx xk A If it rains, I will be drenched.
29- lkspus dh ckr gSA It is a matter to think.
30- The day we had met, it was raining.
31- ml fnu D;k Fkk \ eaMs ;k laMs \ What was it that day? Monday or Sunday?
32- mls ;s crkus esa le; D;ksa yxk \ Why did he take time to tell this?
33- vPNk yxrk gSA It seems good./It feels good.
34- ogk¡ It used to rain there quite often.
35- [kkuk [kk;s gq, gesa dbZ fnu gks x;s FksA It had been many days to us having taken the food.
36- fdrus fnu gks x;s gSa \ How many days has it been?
37- rh Fkh ij gqbZ ugha A
38- ;s dqN vkSj ugha rqEgkjh lksp gSA It is nothing else but your thinking.
39- ;s vPNh ckr ugha gSA
40- mls feys gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s gSa \ How many years has it been to you having met him?
41- gk¡ dHkh ugha gksrh A It never rains there.
42- gesa dbZ fnu yx tk;sx a sA ll take us many days.
43- ;s dqN vkSj ugha Hkz"Vkpkj gSA It is nothing else but corruption.
44- ;s ukVd ns[ks gq, eq>s iwjs 2 eghus gks x;s gSaA s been complete 2 months to me having seen this serial.
45- ogk¡ x;s gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s \ How many years has it been to you having gone there?
46- It had rained day before yesterday.
47- ;s dqN vkSj ugha ikxyiu gSA It is nothing else but obsession.
48- It will rain heavily that day.
49- vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSaA It may/might hail today.
50- vkt
today.
(Quotations)

1. Failure is better teacher than success, because when you fail, you focus more for
the next try.
2. You can never cross the ocean until you have the courage to lose sight of the shore.

164
 Test II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 50 x 1 = 50

1. It took me lots of time. 26. It will be raining there.

2. Did it hail there? 27. It took me a while to repair that mobile.
3. Does it make a difference? 28. What does it do?
4. How much time will you take? 29. What is it today?
5. It has been about a year having seen him. 30.
6. It was nothing but his vision. 31.
7. 32. Did it take much of your time?
8. 33.
9. 34. It is nothing else but a pen.
10. It was Monday that day. 35. It depends on your mentality.
11. It might rain today. 36. What is it in your pocket?
12. It might change your mind. 37. Why is it taking time? Is it because you are
13. It has been years to me having seen you. new?
14. It is nothing else but a try. 38.
15. It was taking long time. 39.
16. 40. Is it a machine kind/sort of?
17. It takes just 2 minutes to reach home. 41. It is something of that sort.
18. Did I take more than 5 minutes? 42. Is it a mobile kind/sort of?
19. Will you take much time? 43. No, it is nothing of that sort.
20. He had taken 3 hours to read the whole 44. Did it really rain heavily?
book. 45. It is not your cup of tea.
21. Does it matter? 46. How old is it?
22. It has been centuries having someone come 47. It seems to be very old.
here. 48. It seemed to be new one.
23. Will it bother you? 49. Should it be told to him?
24. It could have been delayed. 50. How can it be improved?
25. It will be better to go there.
Answers

1. It took me plenty of time. eq>s dkQh@cgqr le; yxk A

2. Did it hail there? D;k ogk¡ vksys iM+s \
3. Does it make a difference? D;k blls dksbZ QdZ iM+rk gS \
4. How much time will you take? rqEgsa fdruk le; yxsxk \
5. It has been about a year having seen him. mls ns[ks gq, djhc ,d lky gks x;k gSA
6. It was nothing but his vision. ;s dqN vkSj ugha cfYd mldk n`f"Vdks.k¼lksp½ FkkA
7. yxkrkj vksys iM+ jgs gSAa
8. #d&#d dj vksys iM+ jgs gSaA
9. blls dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+kA
10. It was Monday that day. ml fnu lkseokj FkkA
11. It might rain today.
12. It might change your mind. ;s ckr rqEgkjk eu cny ldrh gSA
13. It has been years to me having seen you. rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s lkyksa gks x, gSa A
14. It is nothing else but a try.
165
 Answers

1. Child made me come. cPps us eq>s cqyok;kA

2. Rahul had got the work done. jkgqy us dke djok;k FkkA
3. I wanted to make you meet Seeta. eSa rqEgsa lhrk ls feyokuk pkgrk FkkA
4. I must get the work done by you. eq÷ks rqels dke t+:j djokuk pkfg,A
5. You can make me do this. rqe eq>ls ;s djok ldrs gksA
6. I will make them go somewhere else. eSa mUgsa dgha vkSj fHktok nw¡xkA
7. We have to get the hair cut. gesa cky dVokus gSaA
8. Ram used to make me go. jke eq>s fHktokrk FkkA
9. I have to get mom a saree. eq>s eEeh dks ,d lkM+h fnyokuh gSA
10. Ram will get it done himself. jke ;s [kqn djok;sxkA
11. Children will make you happy. cPps r
12. Papa got me a watch. ikik us eq>s ?kM+h fnyok;hA
13. Friend made me meet his family members. nksLr us eq>s vius ?kjokyksa ls feyok;kA
14. I had made Rahul purchase a pen. jkgqy dks eSaus ,d iSu [kjhnok;k FkkA
15. Why did he get the hair cut from there? mlus cky ogk¡ ls D;ksa dVok;s \
16. I made my mom apply Mahendi onto my hair. eSaus viuh eEeh ls ckyksa esa esagnh yxokbZA
17. He made me spend money. mlus eq÷kls iSls [kpZ djok;sA
18. You always make me cry.
19. I can make him laugh. eSa mls g¡lk ldrk gw¡A
20. Meet him lest he should make you go America. mlls feyks ,slk u gks oks rqEgsa vesfjdk fHktok nsA
21. Get the food cooked. [kkuk cuok yksA
22. Get the poor few clothes. xjhcksa dks dqN diM+s fnyok nksA
23. You must get us something. rqEgsa gesa dqN rks fnyokuk gh pkfg,A
24. Make me meet him once. eq>s mlls ,d ckj feyok nksA
25. Make us listen to this story once. gesa ;s dgkuh ,d ckj lquok nksA
26. Make Ram come from there lest he should die. jke dks ogk¡ ls okil cqyok yks dgha oks ej u tk,A
27. I got my heart broken. eSaus viuk fny rqMo+ k fy;kA
28. eq>s csodwQ er cukvksA
29. He is making us laugh. oks gesa g¡lk jgk gSA
30. They were making us fight each other. oks gesa ,d nwljs ls yM+ok jgs FksA

EnglishWale.com
Dear students,
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i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki
YouTube Channel esa tkdj esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj,
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Aditya Sir

226
Lesson 26
Active & Passive Voice
Active Voice esa os okD; gksrs gSa ftuesa Subject Hkh fn;k gksrk gS o Subject ds }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z dk
Hkh o.kZu gksrk gSA os lHkh okD; tks geus pSIVj esa i<+s Fks] lHkh Active Voice esa ekus tkrs gSaA

Passive Voice esa os okD; gksrs gSa ftuesa fØ;k rks gksrh gS ij ;k rks okD; esa Subject dk ftØ gh ugha
gksrk vkSj vxj ft+Ø gksrk Hkh gks rks ,sls okD;ksa esa Subject ds lkFk Þ}kjkÞ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

vkb, foLrkj ls le÷ksaA vkWfM;ks ySDpj dks Hkh t+#j lquasA

detail. Do listen to audio lecture as well.

Concept Passive of Tenses

There are two voices of the Tense Sentences: 1) Active Voice 2) Passive Voice

pfy,] uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.kksa ls le>rs gSa &

examples

Active
Voice /
Explanation
(Sentence) Passive
Voice
Subject gS ÞeSaÞ tks fØ;k dks dj jgk gSA fØ;k gS ÞtkukÞA pw¡fd
eSa tk jgk gw¡A Active Voice
Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Active Voice gSA
eq>s Hkstk tk jgk gS fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu Hkst jgk gS] ;s ugha crk;k
Passive x;kA tks eq>s Hkst jgk gS ogh rks Subject gSA
eq>s Hkstk tk jgk gSA
Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
tks eq>s Hkst jgk gS oks gS jke ;kfu Hkstus dh fØ;k dks jke dj jgk
eq>s jke ds }kjk Hkstk tk Passive gSA blfy, jke Subject gSA
jgk gSA Voice bl okD; esa Subject fn;k rks x;k gS ij Þ}kjkÞ ds lkFk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive Voice gSA
gesa crk;k x;k Fkk fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu crk jgk gS] ;s ugha crk;k
Passive x;kA tks gesa crk jgk gS ogh rks Subject gSA
gesa crk;k x;k FkkA
Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
jke dks ihVk tk;sxk fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu ihVsxk] ;s ugha crk;k
Passive x;kA tks jke dks ihVsxk] ogh rks Subject gSA
jke dks ihVk tk;sxkA
Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA

227
 Subject gS eSa tks fØ;k dks dj pqdk gSA fØ;k gS Þ[kkukÞA
eSaus [kkuk [kk fy;k gSA Active Voice
pw¡fd Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Active Voice gSA
mls iwNk x;k fdlh ds }kjkA ij fdlus iwNk] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA
Passive ftlus iwNk] ogh rks Subject gSA
mls iwNk x;kA
Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA

;s igpku djuk cgqr t+#jh gS fd okD; Active Voice esa gS ;k Passive Voice esaA
he sentence is in active voice or in passive voice.

vxj Active Voice esa gS rks Tense ds fglkc ls helping verb yxkb,A tSlk vkius Tense ds pSIVj esa
i<+k gSA vxj Passive Voice esa gS rks helping verb uhps Vscy ds fglkc ls gh yxkb,A vkSj ,d cgqr
t+#jh ckr ;s gS fd Passive Voice Verb dh 3rd form dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

chapter. If in passive voice, then the helping verbs are to be used exactly the way written in
the table below. Also note that in passive sentences, 3rd form of the verb is to be used.

Passive
Active Voice
Voice (PV)
Tense (AV)
Helping
Helping Verbs
Verbs
Present Indefinite
Do, Does Is, Am, Are
(rk] rs] rh)
Present Continuous Is, Am, Are +
Is, Am, Are
(jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa) being
Present Perfect Has been,
Has, Have
(pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqds gSa] fy;k gS] fn;k gS] yh gS] nh gS] dh gS) Have been
Present Perfect Continuous Has been, Have
-
( jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSaA le; ds lkFk ls dk iz;ksx) been
Past Indefinite
Did Was, were
(vk;k] x;k] fy;k] fn;k] yh] nh] dh)
Past Continuous Was, Were +
Was, Were
(jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks) being
Past Perfect
Had Had been
(pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqds Fks] fy;k Fkk] fn;k Fkk] yh Fkh] nh Fkh] dh Fkh)
Past Perfect Continuous
Had been -
( jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs FksA le; ds lkFk ls dk iz;ksx)
Future Indefinite
Will Will be
(xk] xs] xh)

228
 Future Continuous
Will be -
(jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gksxa s)
Future Perfect
(pqdk gksxk] pqdh gksxh] pqds gksaxs] fy;k gksxk] fn;k gksxk] yh Will Have Will have been
gksxh] nh gksxh] dh gksxh)
Future Perfect Continuous
Will have been -
( jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gksaxsA le; ds lkFk ls dk iz;ksx)

pkj ,sls Tense gSa ftuds Passive Voice ugha gksrs &
There are four t s
1. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
2. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
3. Future Continuous Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
Examples:

Tense Active/
Sentences Identify the Tense Passive Translation
eq>s Ldwy Hkstk x;kA Past Indefinite Passive I was sent to school.

jke dks crk;k x;k gSA Present Perfect Passive Ram has been told.

ikik dks cqyk;k tk;sxkA Future Indefinite Passive Dad will be called.

eSaus lkspk FkkA Past Perfect Active I had thought.

rqEgkjk uke D;ksa fy;k tk jgk gS \ Why is your name

Present Continuous Passive
being called?

mls fnYyh esa ns[kk x;kA Past Indefinite Passive He was seen in Delhi

cPpksa us iRFkj Qsd

a sA Children threw the
Past Indefinite Active
stones.
mls Mk¡Vk tk jgk FkkA Past Continuous Passive He was being scolded.

iRFkj Qsads tk,sx

a sA Future Indefinite Passive Stones will be thrown.

gesa D;ksa Mk¡Vk tkrk gS \ Present Indefinite Passive Why are we scolded?

D;k veu dks Hkstk x;k gksxk \ Will Aman have been
Future Perfect Passive
sent?

229
 \ Past Indefinite Passive Why was Yashi called?

ikik dks D;k dgk x;k gS \ What has Dad been

Present Prefect Passive
told?
Why are we being
gS \ Present Continuous Passive
bothered this much?
eSaus D;k dgk Fkk \ Past Perfect Active What had I said?

eq÷ks D;k dgk x;k Fkk \ Past Perfect Passive What had I been said?

Concept Passive of Modals

pfy,] uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.kksa ls le>rs gSa &
e help of following examples

Sentence Active Explanation

Voice /
Passive
Voice
Subject gS ÞeSaÞ vkSj fØ;k gS ÞtkukÞA pw¡fd Subject fn;k
eSa tk ldrk gw¡A Active Voice x;k gS blfy, ;g Active Voice gSA
eq>s Hkstk tk ldrk gS fdlh ds }kjkA fØ;k gS ÞHkstukÞA ij dkSu
Hkst ldrk gS] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA tks eq>s Hkst ldrk gS ogh rks
eq>s Hkstk tk ldrk gSA Passive Subject gSA
Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
tks eq>s Hkst ldrk gS oks gS jke ;kfu Hkstus dh fØ;k dks jke dj
eq>s jke ds }kjk Hkstk tk Passive ldrk gSA blfy, jke Subject gSA
ldrk gSA Voice bl okD; esa Subject fn;k rks x;k gS ij Þ}kjkÞ ds lkFk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive Voice gSA

;s igpku djuk cgqr t+#jh gS fd okD; Active Voice esa gS ;k Passive Voice esaA

vxj Active Voice esa gS rks Modal ds fglkc ls helping verb yxkb,A tSlk fd vkius Modal
pSIVj esa i<+k gSA ij vxj okD; Passive Voice esa gS rks vkidks flQZ bruk djuk gS fd ftu modals ds
lkFk fØ;k dh QLVZ QkeZ yxrh gS tSls can, could, should, must, may, might, has to,
have to, had to, will have to, would like to vkfn] muds lkFk yxk nsuk gS vkSj ftu
modals ds lkFk fØ;k dh FkMZ QkeZ yxrh gS tSls could have, should have, must have,
may have, might have vkfn] muds lkFk yxk nsuk gSA uhps Vscy ds ek/;e ls lef>,A vkSj
,d cgqr t+#jh ckr ;s fd Passive Voice Verb dh 3rd form dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

230
If the sentence is in active voice, then you need to simply foll Modals
chapter. If in passive voice, then what you have to do is: the modals which use 1st form of the

which use 3rd form of the verb lik

Also to be noted that you have to always use the 3 rd form of the verb in passive voice
sentences.

Active/
Sentence Modal Passive Translation Explanation
Voice
can ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk fØ;k dh QLVZ
QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive voice esa can ds
eq>s Hkstk tk lkFk be yxk nsaxAs
Passive
Can I can be sent.
ldrk gSA voice
We use 1st

should ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk fØ;k dh

QLVZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive voice esa
jke dks iSls should ds lkFk be yxk nsaxAs
Passive Ram should be
fn, tkus Should
voice given money.
pkfg,A We use 1st form of the verb with

Could have ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk

fØ;k dh FkMZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive
cPpksa dks i<+k;k
Children could voice esa could have ds lkFk been yxk nsx
a As
Could Passive
have been
tk ldrk FkkA have voice taught. We use 3rd

Should have ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk

fØ;k dh FkMZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive
voice esa should have ds lkFk been yxk nsaxAs
rqEgsa vesfjdk You should
Should Passive
Hkstk tkuk have been sent
pkfg, FkkA have voice to America. We use 3rd form of the verb with

Have to ,d ,slk modal gS ftlds lkFk fØ;k

dh QLVZ QkeZ yxrh gS blfy, Passive voice esa
vkt rqEgsa Ldwy You have to be have to ds lkFk be yxk nsaxAs
Passive
esa fx¶V fn;k Have to given a gift in
tkuk gSA voice
school today. We use 1st

231
Examples:
Identify Active/
Sentences Translation
the Modal Passive
eq>s Ldwy Hkstk tk ldrk gSA Can Passive I can be sent to school.
jke dks iwNk ldrk gS fd oks dgk¡ Ram can be asked where he
FkkA Can Passive
was.
ikik dks cqyk;k tkuk pkfg,A Should Passive Dad should be called.

rqEgsa fdrkc nh tkuh gSA Have to Passive You have to be given a book.

mls Mk¡Vk tkuk pkfg, FkkA Should

Passive He should have been scolded.
have
mls fnYyh cqyk;k tk ldrk FkkA He could have been called
Could have Passive
Delhi.
gesa i<+k;k tkrk FkkA Used to Passive We used to be taught.

gesa ugha i<+k;k tkrk FkkA Used to Passive

D;k gesa i<+k;k tkrk Fkk \ Used to Passive Did we use to be taught?

D;k gesa ugha i<+k;k tkrk Fkk \ Used to Passive Did we not use to be taught?

Concept Passive of Let

Let ,d fØ;k gS blfy, ftl rjg geus Tense ds Passive Voice cuk;s Fks] Bhd mlh rjg cuk;saxAs

bl pSIVj dks i<+us ls igys vkidks uhps fn;s x;s nksuksa pSIVj i<+s gksus pkfg, vkSj le> Hkh vkus pkfg,A
1. Let
2. Passive of Tenses
fcuk ;s nksuksa pSIVj i<+s vkSj le÷ks vki bl pSIVj dks vPNh rjg ugha le> ik;saxsA
pfy,] uhps fn, x;s mnkgj.kksa ls le>rs gSaA

Active
Voice /
Sentence Explanation
Passive
Voice
Subject gS ÞjkeÞ tks fØ;k dks djus nsrk gSA izeq[k fØ;k gS Þdjus
jke eq>s lksus nsrk gSA Active
nsukÞ vkSj nwljh fØ;k ÞlksukÞA pw¡fd Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy,
Voice
;g Active Voice gSA
eq>s lksus fn;k tk jgk gS fdlh ds }kjkA ij dkSu eq>s lksus dk dke
djus ns jgk gS] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA tks eq>s bl dke dks djus ns
eq>s lksus fn;k tk jgk gSA Passive jgk gS ogh rks Subject gSA
Voice bl okD; esa Subject ugha fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Passive
Voice gSA
232
 Subject gS lhrkA
lhrk us jke dks iwNus fn;kA Active Voice bl okD; esa Subject fn;k x;k gS blfy, ;g Active
Voice gSA
fdlus jke dks iwNus dk dke djus fn;k] ;s ugha crk;k x;kA
Subject ugha fn;k x;k gSA blfy, ;g Passive Voice gSA
vxj Subject fn;k Hkh tkrk rks dqN bl rjg ls fd Þjke dks
jke dks iwNus fn;k x;kA Passive Voice
lhrk ds }kjk iwNus fn;k x;kAÞ lhrk tks fd Subject gS mls
Þ}kjkÞ ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkA rc Hkh rks okD; Passive
Voice gh gksrkA

vxj okD; Active Voice esa gS rks okD;ksa dks mlh rjg ls cuk;sx
a s tSlk vkius pSIVj esa i<k FkkA
vxj okD; Passive Voice esa gS rks helping verb mlh Vscy ds fglkc ls gh yxk,saxs tks Vscy vkius
esa ns[khA
vkidks crk;k tk pqdk gS fd Passive Voice Verb dh 3rd form dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA
cl ;s /;ku jgs fd dh rhuksa forms gh gSaA

Examples:

Identify the Active/

Sentences Translation
Tense Passive
eq>s Ldwy tkus fn;k x;kA Past Indefinite Passive I was let go to school.
jke dks bXtS+e esa cSBus ugha fn;k Ram has not been let sit in
x;k gSA Present Perfect Passive
the exam.
ikik dks vkus fn;k tk;sxkA Future Indefinite Passive Dad will be let come.

mls [ksyus fn;k tk jgk FkkA Past Continuous Passive He was being let play.

EnglishWale.com
Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki
YouTube Channel esa tkdj esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj,
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksafd esgur djus
Aditya Sir

233
 Active & Passive Voice - Practice Exercise

vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &

1- rqEgsa Mk¡Vk tkrk gSA 46- iSu mBk fy;k x;k gSA
2- gesa ihVk tk jgk FkkA 47- mls ;g D;ksa fn;k x;k \
3- eq>s ,d fdrkc nh tk;sxhA 48- gesa D;k crk;k x;k \
4- bl iqjLdkj ds fy, dsoy ,d vkneh pquk tkrk gSA 49- mUgsa dgk¡ Hkstk x;k Fkk \
5- eq>s rqEgkjs ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA 50-
6- 51- gekjh fdrkcksa dks QkM+k x;k vkSj dwM+snku esa Qsad
7- D;k mls Hkstk x;k \ fn;k x;k A
8- 52- gesa 6 Dykl rd vaxzsth+ ugha i<+kbZ tkrh A
9- muds lkFk ogk¡ cqjk crkZo fd;k x;kA 53- bl lky dqN fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dks ySiVkWi fn;s x;s gSaA
10- mls ,d egku ;ks)k ds #i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA 54- mlds HkkbZ dks tku ls ekj fn;k x;kA
11- ;s fy[kk tk pqdk gSA 55-
12- D;k mls I;kj fd;k tkrk gS \ 56- bUlku dks LoxZ Hkstk tkrk gS vxj oks vPNs deZ djsA
13- fQYe ds esxk fgV gksus dh ?kks"k.kk gks pqdh gSA 57- jke dks Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
14- xSax ds eqf[k;k dks 2 cts ekdsZV esa ns[kk x;k gSA 58- mls iwNk tkuk pkfg, FkkA
15- Vk x;k \ 59- gesa Hkstk tkuk gSA
16- nksuksa nksf"k;ksa dh igpku dh tk pqdh gSSA 60- rqEgsa cqyk;k tkuk Fkk ij ugha cqyk;k tk ldkA
17- pk; gj lqcg ih tkrh gSA 61- ;s dke gks tkuk pkfg, FkkA
18- mls fdlds lkFk Hkstk x;k \ 62- eEeh dks iwNk tkrk FkkA
19- mls eMZj ds ckjs esa D;ksa ugha iwNk tkrk \ 63- D;k jke dks fdrkc nh tk ldrh gS \
20- 4 fVdVsa cqd dj yh x;h gSaA 64- rqEgsa D;ksa ugha i<+k;k tk ldk \
21- fdLer ls eq>s ogk¡ Hkstk x;k vkSj eSa rqels feyk A 65- mls D;k fn;k x;k \
22- eq>s ,d v/;kid ds #i esa tkuk tkrk gSA 66- jke dks fdlds lkFk Hkstk tkuk pkfg, \
23- cPpksa dks ckgj Hkstk x;kA 67- eksckby dk iz;ksx D;ksa gksuk pkfg, \
24- eq>s blds ckjs esa lwfpr ugha fd;k x;kA 68- gesa D;k i<+k;k tkrk Fkk \
25- fdrkcsa Nkih tk jgh gSaA 69- eq>s eksckby fn;k tk ldrk gSA
26- bl txg ls dqN dqflZ;k¡ gVkbZ xbZ gSaA 70- \
27- bl bykds esa dkjsa ugha pykbZ tkrhA 71- rqEgsa ltk feyuh pkfg,A
28- mls dc rd ugha iwNk x;k \ 72- gesa dqN iSls [kpZ ds fy, feyus pkfg,A
29- gj txg feBkb;k¡ ck¡Vh tk jgh gaSA 73- gekjh ru[okg c<+kbZ tkuh gSA
30- ogk¡ ,d fcfYMax cukbZ tk pqdh gSA 74- mls iwNk tkuk FkkA
31- oks iqfyl ds }kjk idM+k x;k A 75- gkseodZ t+#j djuk pkfg,A
32- I;kt vkSj vkyw dkQh vf/kd ek=k esa dkVs x;s A 76-
33- vijkf/k;ksa dks <+w¡<k tk jgk gSA 77- [kkus dk rjhdk lq/kkjk tk ldrk gSA
34- mls xksyh ls ekj fn;k x;k A 78- mls jke dh otg ls cqyk;k x;k A
35- 79- eq>s daiuh ls ckgj ugha fudkyk tk ldkA
36- ?kM+h Bhd djkbZ x;hA 80- fdlh dk Hkh fny nq[kk;k tk ldrk gSA
37- gesa ,slk dqN ugha fn;k x;k gSA 81- gj fdlh dk fny ugha thrk tk ldrkA
38- gesa ogk¡ Qkyrw esa D;ksa Hkstk tkrk gS \ 82- esjs lkFk fdlh dks Hkstk ugha tkuk pkfg, A
39- eq>s dgha Hkstk x;k gSA 83- mls dgk¡ Hkstk tkuk pkfg,A
40- D;k rqEgsa crk;k x;k gS fd ge dgk¡ gaS \ 84- mldk uke dqN nsj ckr iqdkjk tkuk gSA
41- ,d fo/kkFkhZ dks mlds lgikBh }kjk izrkfM+r fd;k 85- ;gk¡ ij iSu ls fy[kk tkuk gSA
x;kA 86- rqEgsa ;s ugha fn;k tkukA
42- mls Vªd dh vksj /kDdk fn;k x;k rkfd oks ej tk,A 87- eNfy;ksa dks dgha vkSj Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
43- 88- ;s ikuh fi;k ugha tk ldrk D;ksfa d ;g [kkjk gSA
44- D;k rqEgsa rqEgkjh ykijokgh ds fy, naM fn;k tk,xk \ 89- bls fdlh Hkh gky esa csp fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
45- gesa dgha vkSj Hkstk tk jgk gSA 90- eq>s i<+us ugha fn;k tkrkA

234
 Answers
1. You are scolded. 46. Pen has been picked.
2. We were being beaten. 47. Why was he given this?
3. I will be given a book. 48. What was told to us?
4. Only one person is chosen for this prize. 49. Where had they been sent?
5. I have been told about you. 50. He was dragged to police station.
6. India is known as a peaceful nation. 51. Our books were torn & thrown into the dustbin.
7. Was he sent? 52. We are not taught English up to 6th standard.
8. A special food is being prepared for you. 53. Few students have been given laptops this year.
9. They were treated badly there. 54. His brother was killed.
10. He was known as a great warrior. 55. 25% seats are reserved for poor students.
11. It has been written. 56. Human is sent to heaven if he does good deeds.
12. Is he loved? 57. Ram can be sent.
13. The movie has been declared a mega hit. 58. He should have been asked.
14. The chief of the gang is seen in market at 2. 59. We have to be sent.
15. Were they scolded for this mischief? 60.
16. Both the culprits have been identified. 61. This work should have been done.
17. Tea is taken every morning. 62. Mom used to be asked.
18. With whom was he sent? 63. Can Ram be given the book?
19. Why is he not asked about the murder? 64. Why could you not be taught?
20. 4 Tickets have been booked. 65. What was he given?
21. Fortunately, I was sent there and I met you. 66. With whom should Ram be sent?
22. I am known as a teacher. 67. Why should mobile be used?
23. Children were sent outside. 68. What did we use to be taught?
24. I was not informed about this. 69. I can be given a mobile.
25. Books are being printed. 70. What should be the next question?
26. Some chairs have been moved from this place. 71. You must be punished.
27. Cars are not driven in this area. 72. We should be given some money to spend.
28. Until when was he not asked? 73. Our salary has to be increased.
29. Sweets are being distributed all over. 74. He had to be asked.
30. A building has been constructed there. 75. Homework must be done.
31. He was caught by police. 76. All the questions can be solved.
32. Onions and potatoes were cut in huge 77. The way of eating can be improved.
quantity. 78. He was called due to Ram.
33. Criminals are being sought (searched). 79. I could not be fired from the company.
34. He was shot dead. 80. Anybody can be hurt.
35. Meeting was cancelled due to rain. 81.
36. Watch was repaired. 82. Nobody should be sent with me.
37. We have not been given anything as such. 83. Where should he be sent?
38. Why are we unnecessarily sent there? 84. His name has to be called after a while.
39. I have been sent somewhere. 85. Pen has to be used here.
40. Have you been told where we are? 86. You have not to be given this.
41. A student was tortured by his classmate. 87. Fishes can be sent somewhere else.
42. He was pushed towards a truck so that he dies. 88. This water is not drinkable as it is saline.
43. Diwali was celebrated with joy. 89. It should be sold at any cost.
44. Will you be punished for your negligence? 90. I am not let study.
45. We are being sent somewhere else.

235
 Active & Passive Voice - Test Papers
Test I
Q1: Choose the best alternatives: 16 x 1 = 16

1- gesa Hkstk x;kA

a) We were sent. b) We were to go. c) We were made go. d) We were let go.

2- jke dks Mk¡Vk tk jgk FkkA

a) Ram was scolding. b) Ram was being scold. c) Ram was being scolded. d)Ram was made scolded.

3- mls eq>ls feyok;k tk;sxkA

a) He will be meeting me. b) He will be made meet me.
c) He will be made to meet me. d) He will make me meet.

4- rqEgsa D;k fl[kk;k tkrk gS \

a) What are you taught? b) What are you be taught?
c) What do you be taught? d) What are you learned?

5- eq>s fHktok;k x;kA

a) I was sent. b) I was made sent. c) I was made go. d) I made go.

6- mUgsa crk;k x;k FkkA

a) They were told. b) They had been told. c) They were informed. d) They were been told.

7- rqEgsa D;ksa ugha tkus fn;k x;k \

a) Why did you not go? b) Why did you not let go?
c) Why were you not let go? d) Why were you not let gone?

8- D;k gesa [ksyus fn;k tk;sxk vkt \

a) Will we be let play today? b) Will we be made play today?
c) Will we let play today? d) Will we get the play today?

9- eq>ls dke djok;k tk ldrk gS A

a) I can get the work done. b) Work can be done by me.
d) I can made do the work. d) I can be made do the work.

10- D;k rqEgsa ihVk tkrk Fkk \

a) Had you to be beaten? b) Were you use to beat? c) Did you use to be beaten?
d) Were you use to be beaten? e) Had you been to be beaten?

11- lhrk dks gkWfLiVy ys tk;k x;k FkkA

a) Seeta was brought to hospital. b) Seeta had been brought to hospital.
c) Seeta was made bring to hospital. d) Seeta was got brought to hospital.

236
12- vkt gesa Dykl esa u;k VkWfid i<+k;k tkuk gSA
a) We have to be taught a new topic in the class today.
b) We are to be taught a new topic in the class today.
c) We have been to teach a new topic in the class today.
d) We have to teach a new topic in the class today.

13- lcdks tkus fn;k tk;sxkA

a) All will let go.
b) All will be gone.
c) All will let be gone.
d) All will be let go.

14- gesa [kkuk ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA

a) We were not given the food.
b)
c)
d) We were not to be given the food.

15- rqe eq>s i<+us D;ksa ugha ns jgs \

a) Why are you not letting me study?
b) Why do you not let me study?
c) Why are you not let me study?
d) Why are you not let me studying?

16- ;s dke fdlls djok;k x;k Fkk \

a) By whom was this work got done?
b) By whom did this work get done?
c) By whom had this work been got done?
d) By whom had this work been get done?
Answers
1. (a) Answer hint: Past Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence
2. (c) Answer hint: Past Continuous Tense Passive Sentence
3. (b) Answer hint: Future Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence of causative verb (make)
4. (a) Answer hint: Present Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence
5. (c) Answer hint: Past Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence of causative verb (make)
6. (b) Answer hint: Past Perfect Tense Passive Sentence
7. (c) Answer hint: Past Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
8. (a) Answer hint: Future Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
9. (d) Answer hint: Modal (can) Passive Sentence of Causative verb (make)
10. (c) Answer hint: Modal (use to) Passive Sentence
11. (b) Answer hint: Past Perfect Tense Passive Sentence
12. (a) Answer hint: Modal (have to) Passive Sentence
13. (d) Answer hint: Future Indefinite Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
14. (c) Answer hint: Modal (use to) Passive Sentence
15. (a) Answer hint: Present Continuous Tense Passive Sentence (Verb - Let)
16. (c) Answer hint: Past Perfect Tense Passive Sentence of Causative Verb (Get)
237
 Test II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 50 x 1 = 50

1- gesa iwNk tk jgk gS fd ge dkSu gSaA 26- D;k mls cqyk;k x;k \
2- rqEgsa Hkstk tk ldrk gSA 27- mlds firk dks tku ls ekj fn;k x;k A
3- eq>s jkst+ ihVk tkrk FkkA 28- mUgsa dgk¡ Hkstk tk jgk gS \
4- mls ?klhV ds ?kj ls ckgj fudkyk x;k A 29- vc gekjh lSysjh c<+kbZ tkuh pkfg, A
5- jke dks jkst+ gkWfLiVy ys tk;k tkrk gSA 30- jkgqy dks dgk x;k Fkk fd mls 2 ?kaVs i<+uk gSA
6- gesa vkt dqN u;k i<+k;k tkuk pkfg, A 31- gesa fHktok;k tk;sxk A
7- rqe pksj gksA D;k rqEgsa ihVk ugha tkuk pkfg, \ 32- eq>s dqN Hkh ugha fn;k x;k A
8- ;s dke jke ds }kjk djok;k x;k A 33- jkgqy dks Ldwy ls fudky fn;k x;k gksxk A
9- eq>s Hkh fdrkc nh tk ldrh Fkh ij vki eq>s I;kj ugha 34- cPpksa dks vkt dqN ugha i<+k;k x;k A
djrs blfy, vkius ugha nhA 35- jkgqy dks lqyk;k tk jgk gSA
10- eq>s ;gk¡ Hkstk x;k gSA 36- eq>s lc dqN fn;k x;k tks dqN eSaus ek¡xk A
11- cPpksa dks D;k fn;k tk,xk \ 37- gesa fdlh vkSj ds lkFk Hkstk x;k A
12- eq>s ogk¡ tkus ugha fn;k x;k A 38- mls [kkuk ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA
13- eq>s ihVk tk;sxk A 39- D;k mls dksbZ vokMZ fn;k tkuk gS \
14- mls csotg ogk¡ fHktok;k x;k A 40- rqEgsa mlds lkFk dgk¡ Hkstk x;k Fkk \
15- jke dks MaMs ls ihVk x;k A 41- ikik dks vesfjdk Hkstk tk ldrk gSA
16- rqEgsa fHktok;k tk jgk gSA 42- fny dh ckr dks Hkh i<+k tk ldrk gSA
17- tc rqe xyr dke djrs gks] D;k rqEgsa Mk¡Vk ugha tkrk\ 43- lc cPpksa dks pkWdysV nh x;h gSaA
18- mls crk;k tk jgk FkkA 44- eq>ls ,d xkuk xok;k x;k A
19- mls ogk¡ D;ksa Hkstk tkrk gS \ 45- mls fdlds lkFk fcBk;k x;k \
20- [kwuh dks frgkM+ tsy ys tk;k x;k A 46- ikik dks esjs ckjs es xyr crk;k x;kA
21- jke dks ugha Hkstk tk,xk A 47- ogk¡ ,d iqy cuk;k tk;sxk A
22- rqEgsa Ldwy esa D;k fl[kk;k tkrk gS \ 48- gesa vxys eghus lwpuk nh tk;sxh A
23- u iwNs x;s A 49- D;k rqEgsa iSls fn;s tkrs gSa Ldwy esa \
24- mls dHkh ugha ihVk x;k A 50- cPpksa dks D;k fn;k x;k \
25- jke dh eEeh dks ckt+kj esa ns[kk x;k FkkA

Answers

1. gesa iwNk tk jgk gS fd ge dkSu gSa A We are being asked who we are.
2. rqEgsa Hkstk tk ldrk gSA You may/can be sent.
3. eq>s jkst+ ihVk tkrk FkkA I used to be beaten daily.
4. mls ?klhV ds ?kj ls ckgj fudkyk x;k A He was dragged out of the house.
5. jke dks jkst+ gkWfLiVy ys tk;k tkrk gSA Ram is taken to hospital daily.
6. gesa vkt dqN u;k i<+k;k tkuk pkfg, A We should be taught something new today.
7. rqe pksj gksA D;k rqEgsa ihVk ugha tkuk pkfg, \ You are a thief. Should you not be beaten?
8. ;s dke jke ds }kjk djok;k x;k A This work was got done by Ram.
9. eq>s Hkh fdrkc nh tk ldrh Fkh ij vkius ugha nhA
10. eq>s ;gk¡ Hkstk x;k gSA I have been sent here.
11. cPpksa dks D;k fn;k tk,xk \ What will children be given?
12. eq>s ogk¡ tkus ugha fn;k x;k A I was not let go there.
13. eq>s ihVk tk;sxk A I will be beaten.
14. mls csotg ogk¡ fHktok;k x;k A He was unnecessarily made go there.
15. jke dks MaMs ls ihVk x;k A Ram was beaten with a stick.

238
55. Sculpture - Art 58. Tasty - Good in taste
Sculptor - Artist Testy - Short tempered.

56. Wile - To deceive 59. Bash - To hit physically or verbally

Vile - Cruel Bashful - Shy

57. Pen - That we use to write. 60. Aleft - To the left side
Pan - To criticize badly Aloft - Above

(Quotations)

1. When I dare to be powerful - to use my strength in the service of my vision, then it

becomes less and less important whether I am afraid.

2. If you genuinely want something, don't wait for it -- teach yourself to be impatient.

3. You efforts today make your tomorrow. so make your every today count.

4. If you want to make a permanent change, stop focusing on the size of your problems
and start focusing on the size of you.

5. The greatest mistake you can make in life is to be afraid you will make a mistake.

6. If you do what you always did, you will get what you always got.

7. When I was 5 years old, my mother always told me that happiness was the key to
life. When I went to school, they asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up. I

8. All what we are, is the result of what we have thought.

9. Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds
discuss people.

10.
pretend you are. (Muhammad Ali)

11. Life is 10% what happens to me and 90% of how I react to it.

12. What seems to us as bitter trials are often blessings in disguise.

268
Lesson 33
One word Substitution ¼iwjk okD; flQZ esa½

,d ckj vdcj dks iwNk x;k fd vki dkSu gSa\ vdcj us tokc fn;k &
ÞeSa oks gw¡ ftls vkt rd dksbZ gjk ugha ik;kAÞ

&
Þvts;Þ Invincible

D;ksafd vts; dk vFkZ gksrk gS & ftls vkt rd dksbZ gjk ugha ik;kA

Great Akbar loved this brilliant advice of Birbal.

1. Centenary Celebration of a hundredth year.

2. Contemporary One who lives with the trend.
3. Celibacy To abstain from sex.
4. Democracy Government of the people, for the people, by the people.
5. Epicure A person fond of enjoyment.
6. Exonerate To free a person from all the blames.
7. Fastidious A person difficult to please.
8. Fatalist One, who just believes in luck.
9. Incorrigible Something, th
10. Invincible One, who can never be beaten/defeated.
11. Indispensable
12. Inevitable
13. Irrevocable
14. Inflammable That can catch fire easily.
15. Medieval Belonging to the middle ages.
16. Omnipotent One who is all powerful.
17. Omnipresent One who is found everywhere.
18. Polyandry Practice of having more than one husband at a time
19. Polygamy Practice of having more than one wife at a time
20. Red- tapism Too much official formality.
21. Venial A pardonable fault.
22. Theist Who believes in God.
23. Atheist
24. Ascetic A person, who renounces the world and devotes himself to a strictly devout life
25. Connoisseur Who is well versed in any subject
26. Philologist Who studies about the language.

269
 7. Poverty

Poverty is a malediction for our society. If you really want to realize what poverty is, then you must
interact with people who live in slums. Talk to them, ask them about their lives, their past and then see how
difficult their lives have been. I lived a middle class life and always got almost everything that I wanted,
even though I had to ask my dad for many a time. I firmly believe that pain ideally is realized by the one
who goes through, not by everybody. Indian Government has put in several efforts to improvise their lives,
Huge is the number of NGOs, which claim to help the needy but implementation is not up to the mark and

In fact, poverty and corruption go hand by hand. Both are mutually related to a great extent. If you

comes from. However, there are numerous examples, where even the rich are corrupt due to the greediness
for having more money.
8. Ambition

What is an Ambition? Ambition is a firm goal that we set for ourselves. It also changes with our
experience. As time passes by and we experience lot many new things, which changes the way we take
things, either something adds on to our goal or something eliminates. For example, a person wants to
become a social worker and he is firm in his idea. Sudden in life, he encounters a terrible phase and he
realizes the importance of money, now he sets a target of having good money as well. Now, there are two
types of people. Ones are those who change their viewpoint and entirely change their target and otherwise
are those who just add money earning to their original idea of social welfare but not at the cost of their
original goal. Hence, a goal is not a static part, rather dynamic.

9. When I was a kid

How cruel I feel I was when I was a kid. I used to kill small creatures like ants, fishes, birds etc
without any regret. Every day was a new day of my sin. I would separate the nests off the tree, thinking that

would make two ants fight and imagine how I would have experienced if I was of their size. I would kill

fee than pay to Class Teacher and next day hid behind the tree. Having been seen, I jumped into a canal and
put myself un

It is true that childhood is like a dream that is to be broken some or the other day.

10. The best day of my life

It was Sunday and I had to go for an interview. I got up at 8 in the morning, took a bath and got
ready. I was a bit scared thinking about the interview. Actually, it was the first time. My friends had told me
a lot about how to face but it was obvious that I was scared. I left for the interview venue. When I reached

times, rather I would say, I know

specious hall; where already about 50 candidates were sitting. I looked here and there. I saw a receptionist
sitting there. I went to her. She asked me for my resume. I provided the same. She had a glance on it and she
advised me to have a seat. My name was called after a long wait. The moment I stepped in the interview
room, I was straight away asked what I liked the first thing about the venue. I told the interviewers about

After a little while, a lady called my name and informed me that I got selected. It proved to be one of the
best days of my life.

367
Lesson 43
Idioms & Proverbs
Just a few Idioms, Proverbs & Quotations are given here. Just cram them to enhance your
English speaking skills.

Idioms
1 Abide by
Adhere to, To follow I always abide by the rules.
¼ikyu djuk½

2 Above board
Honest & transparent He is above board in the employee
¼lPpk o bZekunkj½ selection.

3 An axe to grind Selfish ¼LokFkhZ½ Ram has his own axe to grind.

In perfect order Everything in this room is in apple

4 Apple pie order pie order.
¼lyhds ls] vPNh rjhds ls½

To be confused, I am at a loss due to having so many

5 At a loss things mixed up.
¼vleatl esa gksuk ½

To be an expert English grammar rules are at my

6 At finger tips finger tips.
¼,DliVZ gksuk½

7 Black sheep
A disgraceful person He is a black sheep for his family.
¼dyad½
8 Blue blood
Noble blood I have a blue blood.

Enter with aim of

9 Break in stealing He broke in the house.

10 Burning Question
Important question It is a burning question of the day.
¼egRo
By leaps and Rapidly I am preparing this book by leaps
11 and bounds.
bounds ¼cgqr rsth ls½

Because of By virtue of his power, Security

12 By virtue of
¼ds dkj.k½
13 To bank upon To depend ¼fuHkZj gksuk½ I bank upon my Dad for everything.

14 To face the risk His name is brought to book now.

To bring to book ¼[krjk eksy ysuk½
He had lots of money but he burnt
Burn the candle in To waste everything the candle in both ends and now, he
15
both ends ¼lc dqN u"V dj nsuk½ has nothing.

16 Bury the hatchet

To forget a quarrel I have buried the hatchet.
¼fookn dks [kRe dj nsuk½
Punishment of Death That terrorist has got capital
17 Capital punishment punishment now.
¼eqR;qZnaM½
368
 A narrow escape It was a close shave; otherwise I
18 Close shave would have died.
¼cky&2 cp fudyuk½
To find the better
19 To catch tarter will also catch a tarter some or the
competitor
other day.

Everything was quiet. Suddenly, I

20 Break the ice
To remove the silence asked a question to Ram and broke
¼pqIih rksM+uk½ the ice.

21 Cut no ice
No effect
¼dksbZ izHkko u iM+uk½ a professional guy.

22 A dead letter
No longer in use Radio is a dead letter now.
¼iz;ksx gksuk cUn gks tkuk½
A strange competitor He might turn out to be a dark horse
23 Dark horse so be cautious.

To deceit He washed my eyes and just escape

24 Eye wash in the guise of an old man.
¼/kks[kk nsuk½

Irregularly I am unhappy as the project is being

25 By fits & starts prepared by fits and starts.
¼vfu;fer rjhds ls½

Collapse Share market has suddenly fallen

26 Fall flat flat.
¼VwVuk] fxjuk½
27 For good For keeps You can take this book for good.

I greased the palm of that waiter.

To bribe There is no need to grease
28 To grease the palm
¼?kwl nsuk½
by the law.

Healthy and strong All the members of my family are

29 Hale & hearty hale and hearty.
¼LoLFk½

Financial difficulty I am hard up at this time but hoping

30 Hard up to receive good money in near future.
¼iSls dh fdYyr½
In a nut shell, I would say that the
31 In a nut shell
As a summery corruption is the root cause of
¼vUr esa½ economic slowdown in India.

In the dress He escaped in the guise of a

32 In the guise of politician.
¼Hks"k esa½

33 In vogue
In fashion This kind of shirt is in vogue.

Look nervous fident. All is

34 Look blue well.
¼uoZl fn[kuk ;k yxuk½
369
 Lead a cat & dog Quarrelling life
35
life ¼>xM+kyw ft+Unxh½
Let bygones be To ignore past Forget the pass. Let bygones be
36 bygones.
bygones ¼tks chr x;k lks chr x;k ½

37 Man of street
Ordinary man
¼vke vkneh½ forget our limitations

38 Man of letters A scholar ¼fo}ku½ Pt. Nehru was a man of letters.

Make a mountain To exaggerate Whatever you appreciate, you actually

39 make a mountain of mole hill.
of mole hill ¼ckr dks c<+k p<+kdj crkuk½

Each corner Betel sellers are at every nook and

40 Nook and corner corner these days.
¼dksuk dksuk ;k pIik pIik½

41 Once for all

Finally, At the end something without which we are
¼vUr esa½

42 Point blank
Frankly He replied to me point blank.
¼fcuk fgpfdpkgV ds½
He is a
43 A rough diamond
An illiterate but noble if he is illiterate; he has reached to this
¼vui<+ ysfdu xq.khs½ amplitude in business.

Too many official The problem with government

44 Red tapism formalities departments is too much red tapism.
¼cgqr lkjh vkSipkfjdrk,¡½
Weak in health He is run down in health these days
45 To run down ing to school.
¼rfc;r [kjkc gksuk½

46 A sharp tongue
A bitter tongue
¼dM+ok cksyus okyk½ he is said to be having a sharp tongue.

An obstacle Financial hard up is a stumbling block

48 A stumbling block for us.
¼jksM+k] jkLrs dk dk¡Vk½

49 Sink differences
To forget differences I have sunk differences a long back.
¼eueqVko [kRe dj nsuk½
To go into minute
50 To split hairs
details ¼ckjhdh rd ?kqluk½
To support, To help I will always stand by you; be it a
51 To standby happy time or a grief.
¼lkFk nsuk½

A harmless lie Sometimes in life, you have to tell a

52 A white lie white lie.
¼>wB tks uqdlku u igq¡pk;s½

To win fame Rahul has won laurels due to this social

53 To win laurels welfare organization.
¼Qsel gks tkuk½

370