Customer Training Material

Ch t 3.1
Chapter 31

Boundary Conditions Primer

Introduction to
ANSYS HFSS

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Introduction to ANSYS HFSS

Excitations and Boundary Conditions Customer Training Material

• Excitations and Boundary Conditions

– Majority of HFSS errors are related to improper usage of excitations and boundary conditions
– Boundary conditions are important because they significantly impact electromagnetic solution
• They determine model scope
– To
T truncate infinite
i fi i space to fifinite
i volume,
l HFSS applies
li PEC b boundary
d to surface
f surrounding
di geometric
i
model
• They can reduce model complexity
– Boundary conditions can be used to reduce solution time and computing resource demands

TE10 Cavity
Resonator Pyramidal
Horn
Antenna

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User-Defined Boundary Conditions Customer Training Material

• Surface approximations
– Perfect E surface
– Perfect H surface
– Finite conductivity surface
– I
Impedance
d surface
f
– Layered impedance
– Lumped RLC boundary
– Symmetry planes
– Radiation (absorbing) boundary surface
– Perfectly matched layer (PML)
• Strictly not boundary condition, but effectively behaves like one
– Master/slave (linked or periodic) boundaries
– Screening impedance
∂B
∂B
• Excitations ∇×E =−
– Wave ports (external) ∂t
– Lumped ports (internal) ∂D
∇×H = J +
∂t
∇⋅D = ρ
∇⋅B =0

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Perfect E and Perfect H Boundaries Customer Training Material

• Perfect E is perfect electrical conductor (PEC)

– Forces E-field perpendicular to surface
– Represents metal surfaces, ground planes, ideal cavity walls, etc.
– Infinite ground plane option simulates effects of infinite ground plane in post-processing radiated fields
• Perfect H is perfect magnetic conductor (PMC)
– Forces H-field perpendicular to surface and E-field tangential
– Does not exist in real world
– Useful boundary constraint for electromagnetic models
– Represents openings in metal surfaces,
s rfaces etc
etc.
• Parameters
– None

E-field Perpendicular to surface

E field Parallel to surface

E-field

Perfect E Boundary Perfect H Boundary

When you define a solid object as a

‘perf
perf_conductor,
conductor ’ a Perfect E boundary
condition is applied to its exterior surfaces.

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Introduction to ANSYS HFSS

Four Surface Loss Modeling Methods Customer Training Material

• All methods utilize an equivalent surface impedance applied to the field as it travels
across the surface

Finite Conductivity Impedance

1+ j
Zs =
t >> δ
σδ Zs specified as Ω/sq
2
δ=
ωσμ

Layered Impedance Lumped RLC

500 μ
μin Nickel 500 μ
μin Gold
P
Parallel
ll l RLC Circuit
Ci i

0.7mil Copper

Zs,Au Zs,Ni Zs,Cu

LAu LNi LCu

Zs,input
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Finite Conductivity Boundary Customer Training Material

• Lossy electrical conductor

– Forces E-field perpendicular to surface
– Surface impedance includes resistive and reactive surface losses
• Used for non-ideal conductor analysis
• Infinite ground plane option simulates effects of infinite ground plane in post-
processing radiated fields
• Parameters
t >> δ
– Conductivity (S/m)
– Relative permeability (unitless)
Good conductor in
skin depth regime
When you define a solid object as a non-
ideal metal (e.g. copper or aluminum), and it
is set to ‘Solve Surface’, a finite conductivity
boundary is applied to its exterior faces.

2 1+ j
δ= Zs =
ωσμ σδ
Skin Depth
p Surface Impedance
p Field Relationship
p

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Impedance Boundary Customer Training Material

• User-defined surface impedance

– Represents thin film resistors or reactive loads
• Infinite ground plane option simulates effects of infinite surface in post-processing
radiated fields
• Calculate required impedance from desired lumped value, width, and length
– Length (in direction of current flow) ÷ width = number of “squares”
– Impedance per square = desired lumped impedance ÷ number of squares
• Parameters:
– Resistance (Ω/square)
– Reactance (Ω/square)

Example: Resistor in Wilkinson Power Divider

Resistor is 3.5 mils long (in direction of flow) and

4 mils wide. Desired lumped value is 35 Ω.

3 .5
N= = 0.875
4
R 35
Rsheet = lumped = = 40 Ω / square
N 0.875

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Layered Impedance Boundary Customer Training Material

• Models multiple thin layers in a structure as single impedance surface

– Effect is same as impedance boundary, except that HFSS calculates surface impedance based on data entered for
layered structure
– Surface roughness can be included
– Plating layers can be modeled by using an equivalent surface impedance
• Not available for fast frequency sweeps
• Parameters
– Layer thicknesses
– Material properties
– Surface roughness (optional)
Zs,Au Zs,Ni Zs,Cu
LAu LNi LCu

500 μin Nickel 500 μin Gold Zs,input

Impedance of the layered structure is calculated by

0.7mil Copper recursively calling the impedance calculation
formulation from transmission line theory

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Lumped RLC Boundary Customer Training Material

• Represents any combination of parallel-connected lumped RLC elements on surfaces

in terms of circuit definition
– Supply values for R, L, and C
– HFSS determines impedance per square of lumped RLC boundary at any frequency
• Fast frequency sweeps are supported
• Parameters
– Resistance
– Inductance
– Capacitance
– Line for current flow

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Symmetry Plane Customer Training Material

• Allows for modeling portion of entire structure

• For Driven Modal solutions
• Two symmetry options are available
– Use perfect E when electric field is perpendicular to symmetry plane
– Use perfect H when electric field is tangential to symmetry plane
• Involve further implications to boundary manager and fields post-processing
– May need to specify impedance multiplier
– Existence of symmetry boundary allows for near-
near and far
far-field
field calculation of entire structure
• Parameters
– Type
Waveguide contains symmetric propagating
– Impedance multiplier mode which could be modeled using half the
volume verticallyy or horizontally.
y

Conductive edges Perfect H Symmetry Perfect E Symmetry

on all four sides (left side) (bottom)

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Symmetry Plane Impedance Multiplier Customer Training Material

• When symmetry is used, Zpi and impedance line-dependent Zpv and Zvi calculations
will be incorrect since entire port aperture is not represented
– Impedance is halved for model with Perfect E symmetry plane
– Impedance is doubled for model with Perfect H symmetry plane
• Port impedance multiplier is renormalizing factor used to obtain correct impedance
– Value applied to all ports
– Global parameter set during assignment of any port

Rectangular WG Half Rectangular WG Half Rectangular WG

(No Symmetry) (Perfect H Symmetry) (Perfect E Symmetry)
Impedance Multiplier = 0.5 Impedance Multiplier = 2
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Symmetry Plane Mode Implications Customer Training Material

• Geometric symmetry does not necessarily imply field symmetry for higher-order
modes
• Symmetry boundaries can act as mode filters
– Next higher
g p
propagating
p g g waveguide
g mode is not symmetric
y about vertical center p
plane of waveguide
g
– Therefore one symmetry case is valid while the other is not
• Use caution when using symmetry planes to assure that real behavior is not filtered
out by boundary conditions

Perfect H Symmetry
(right side)

Perfect E Symmetry (top)

Properly
P l represented
t d Mode
M d cannott occur
TE20 mode in full model
with Perfect E symmetry with Perfect H
symmetry

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Radiation Boundary Customer Training Material

• Mimics continued propagation beyond boundary plane

– Absorption achieved via 2nd order radiation boundary
– Place at least λ/4 from strongly radiating structure
– Place at least λ/10 from weakly radiating structure
– Ab b best
Absorbs b when
h incident
i id energy flow
fl iis normall to surface
f
– Must be concave to all incident fields from within modeled space
• Parameters
– Advanced options used for incident wave and HFSS DataLink problems

Boundary is λ/4 away from Radiation boundary functions

horn aperture in all directions well for incident angles less
than 25°-30°

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Impact of Distance to ABC Customer Training Material

• Example probe-fed circular patch

• Varied distance between absorbing boundary condition (ABC)
and antenna
– λ /20,, λ /10,, λ /8,, λ /4,, λ /2,, 3 λ /4,, λ
• Examined impact on return loss and gain

0.2
0 2 dB
variation

λ/4 and λ cases

within 13 MHz
of each other
(0.1%)

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Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Customer Training Material

• Fictitious lossy anisotropic material which fully absorbs electromagnetic fields

• Two types of PML applications
– “PML objects accept free radiation” if PML terminates free space
– “PML objects continue guided waves” if PML terminates transmission line
• Guidelines for assigning PML boundaries
– Use PML setup wizard for most cases
– Manually create a PML when base object is curved or inhomogeneous
• Parameters
– Uniform thickness
– Minimum frequency
– Minimum radiating distance (between PML and antenna)

PML functions well for

incident angles less
than 65°-70°

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Impact of Distance to PML Customer Training Material

• Example probe-fed circular patch

• Varied distance between PML and antenna
– λ/20, λ /10, λ /8, λ /4, λ /2, 3λ /4
• Examined impact on return loss and gain

λ/8 and 3λ/4

cases within 28
MHz of each
other (0.3%)

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Radiation Boundary vs PML Customer Training Material

Radiation Boundary PML

Type 2D 3D
(occupies volume)
Incident angle from normal < ~30° < ~70°

Distance from radiator > λ/4 > λ/10

Setup complexity Low Medium

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Master/Slave Boundaries Customer Training Material

• Used to model unit cell of periodic structure

– Also referred to as linked or periodic boundaries
• Master and slave boundaries are always paired
– Fields on master surface are mapped to slave surface with a phase shift
– Phase shift specified either as absolute phase value or using scan angle
• Constraints Master
– Master and slave surfaces must be identical in shape and size Slave Boundary
– Coordinate systems must be created to identify point-to-point Boundary
correspondence
• Parameters V-
axis
– Master/slave pairing
– UV coordinate systems
– Phase
Ph shift
hift method
th d G
Ground
d Plane
Pl U-axis

WG Port
(bottom)

Unit Cell Model of Waveguide Array

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Screening Impedance Boundary Customer Training Material

• Used to efficiently represent periodic screens or grids with impedance boundary

condition
– Can be anisotropic (different values in x and y directions)
– Can be frequency-dependent
• Periodic grid characterized by unit cell
– Dynamic link support to import impedance values from unit cell
– Includes effects of polarization
• Parameters
– Resistance and reactance (Ω/square)
– Coordinate system if anisotropic
– HFSS design for dynamic link

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Default Outer Boundary Customer Training Material

• Any exterior face of modeled geometry not given user-defined boundary condition is
assumed to be Perfect E boundary
– Default boundary called “outer”
• Imagine
g entire model buried in solid metal unless HFSS is instructed otherwise
• Use HFSS > Boundary Display to view all boundary assignments
– Graphical window shows both user and auto-assigned boundaries

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Trace Thickness Effects on Planar Antenna Customer Training Material

• Conducting traces often modeled as 2D objects for electromagnetic simulations

– More computationally efficient since fewer meshing surfaces required
– Good approximation for many structures operating in skin depth regime

Patch antenna modeled

with 2D sheet

Patch antenna modeled Frequency response of both

with 3D object models

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Trace Thickness Effects on Planar Filter Customer Training Material

• Planar filters which use edge coupling to operate require 3D objects (finite thickness)
for modeling conducting traces
– Applications whose performance depends upon closely-coupled traces
– End-coupled, parallel-coupled, hairpin filters, etc.

Edge-coupled filter modeled with 2D

sheets

Frequency response of both

models
Edge-coupled filter modeled with 3D
objects
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Excitations Customer Training Material

• Provide means for energy to enter and exit model

• Types of excitations
– Ports
• Wave ports
• Lumped ports
• Floquet ports
– Voltage sources
– Current sources
– Magnetic biases
– Incident waves
• Plane waves
• Hertzian dipole
• Cylindrical
y wave
• Gaussian beam
• Linear antenna wave
• Far-field wave
• Near-field wave

• Only ports provide S-parameters

– This presentation will focus on this type of excitation

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Driven Modal vs Driven Terminal Solutions Customer Training Material

• Driven modal
– S-matrix solution expressed in terms of incident and reflected powers of waveguide modes
– Always used by wave solver
– Integration lines set phase between ports and modal voltage integration path (Zpv and Zvi)
– U ffor modal-based
Use d lb dSS-parameters off passive,
i hi
high-frequency
hf structures such
h as microstrips,
i i waveguides,
id and
d
transmission lines
• Driven terminal
– S-matrix solution expressed in terms of linear combination of nodal voltages and currents for wave port
– Equivalent “modes-to-nodes”
modes-to-nodes transformation performed from modal solution
– Use for terminal-based S-parameters of multi-conductor transmission line ports (with several quasi-TEM modes, etc.)

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Excitations Customer Training Material

• Example Solution Types:

Mode 1
(E
(Even M
Mode)
d ) I
Integration
i Line
Li

Mode 2
(Odd Mode) Integration Line

Port1 Port2
Modal
2 Modes 2 Modes

Modes to Nodes
Transformation

T1 T2

T1 T1

SPICE
Port1 Terminal Port2

Differential Pairs
T2 T2
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Introduction to ANSYS HFSS

Ports Customer Training Material

• Ports are unique type of boundary condition

– Allow energy to flow into and out of structure
– Defined on 2D planar surface
– 2D field patterns serve as boundary conditions for full 3D problem
• Incorrect port setup will produce incorrect results
– If port fields are incorrect, then solution will be incorrect
– Assumed boundary condition on port edges should always be considered

Seeding and
Initial Port Solution
Lambda Refinement
Mesh (Adaptive)
(Single Frequency)

Full
Volumetric
Solution

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Wave Ports Customer Training Material

• External port type

• Arbitrary port solver calculates natural waveguide field patterns (modes)
– Assumes semi-infinitely long waveguide with same cross-section and material properties as port surface
• Recommended only for surfaces exposed to background object
• Supports multiple modes, de-embedding, and re-normalization
• Computes generalized S-parameters
– Frequency-dependent characteristic impedance
– Perfectly
Perfectl matched at e
every
er freq
frequency
enc

Port 1

Port 4

Port 3
Port 2

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Port Solver Customer Training Material

• Wave port solver solves two-dimensional wave equation

• Field pattern of traveling wave inside waveguide can be determined by solving
Maxwell’s equations
• Wave equation is derived directly from Maxwell’s
Maxwell s equations
⎛ 1 ⎞
∇ × ⎜⎜ ∇ × E ( x, y )⎟⎟ − k02ε r E ( x, y ) = 0
⎝ μr ⎠

• where
– E(x,y) is phasor representing oscillating electric field
– k0 is free space wave number
– μr is complex relative permeability
– εr is complex relative permittivity
• 2D solver obtains excitation field pattern in form of phasor solution E(x,y)
– Phasor solutions are independent of z and time
– Only after being multiplied by e-γz do they become traveling waves
– Different excitation field p
pattern is computed
p for each frequency
q yppoint of interest

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Wave Port Boundary Conditions Customer Training Material

• All outer edges are assigned Perfect E boundary by default

– Port is defined within waveguide
– Simple setup for enclosed transmission lines (coax, waveguide, etc.)
– Challenging setup for unbalanced or non-enclosed lines (microstrip, CPW, slotline, etc.)
• Symmetry or impedance boundaries also recognized at port edges
• For port on same surface as radiation boundary, default interface is Perfect E
boundary
– Can set option to use radiation boundary on port edges during port solution
• Creating port edges too close to current-carrying lines will allow coupling from trace to
port walls
– Causes incorrect modal solution which will suffer immediate discontinuity as energy is injected past port into model

Port too narrow

Correct port size
(fields coupled to sidewalls)
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Wave Port Sizing Guidelines Customer Training Material

• Microstrip port height between 6h and • Extend stripline port height from upper
10h to lower groundplane (h)
– Tend towards upper limit as dielectric • Stripline port width
constant drops and fringing fields increase – 8w for w ≥ h
– Make bottom edge of port co-planar with – 5w, or on order of 3h to 4h, for w < h
upper face of ground plane
• Can also make side walls of port Perfect
• Microstrip port width
H boundaries
– 10w for w ≥ h
– 5w, or on order of 3h to 4h, for w < h

8w, w ≥ h
10w, w ≥ h
or
or
5w ((3h to 4h),
), w < h
5w (3h to 4h),
4h) w < h

w
h
6h to
10h

w Port sizing guidelines are not inviolable rules. If meeting height

and width requirements result in rectangular aperture larger than
λ/2 in
i one didimension,
i th
the substrate
b t t and d ttrace may b
be iignored
d iin
h favor of a waveguide mode. When in doubt, run a ports-only
solution to determine which modes are propagating.

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Wave Port Sizing Guidelines Customer Training Material

• Slotline port height at least 4h or 4g • Coplanar waveguide port height at least

(whichever is larger) 4h or 4g (whichever is larger)
– Include air above and below substrate – Include air above and below substrate
– If g
ground p
plane is p
present,, p
port should – If g
ground p
plane is p
present,, p
port should
terminate at ground plane terminate at ground plane
• Port width should contain at least 3g to • Port width should contain 3-5g or 3-5s of
either side of slot or 7g total minimum side grounds (whichever is larger)
– Port boundary must intersect both side – Total width ~10g10g or ~10s
10s
ground planes or they will ‘float’ and become – Port outline must intersect both side grounds
signal conductors or they will ‘float’ and become signal
conductors
Approx 7g minimum
L
Larger off approx. 10
10g or 10s
10
Larger of 4h or 4g
g Larger of 4h or 4g
s
h
h g

For Driven Modal solutions, use

Zpv for impedance calculation

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Wave Port Implications Customer Training Material

• Modes, reflections, and propagation

– It is possible for 3D field solution generated by excitation signal of one specific mode to contain reflections of higher-
order modes which arise due to discontinuities
– If higher-order mode is reflected back to excitation port or transmitted onto another port, its S-parameters should be
calculated
– If higher-order mode decays before reaching any port (because of attenuation or because it is a non-propagating
evanescent mode), there is no need to obtain its S-parameters
• Wave ports require a length of uniform cross-section
– HFSS assumes that each p
port is connected to semi-infinitelyy long
g waveguide
g with same cross-section as wave p
port

No uniform cross section Uniform cross-section

att wave ports
t added
dd d ffor each
h wave portt

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Internal Wave Ports Customer Training Material

• Wave ports can be placed internal to model by providing boundary condition normally
seen by external wave port
– Create PEC “cap” to back the wave port and enable excitation in proper direction

Example coax feed within solution volume

Coaxial antenna feed

with coaxial wave port
capped by PEC object

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Integration Lines Customer Training Material

• Applicable to driven modal solution types

• Port vector which can serve several purposes
• Calibration line which specifies direction of excitation electric field pattern at port
– Define separate integration line for each mode on multi-mode ports
• Impedance line along which to compute Zpv or Zvi port impedance
– Select two points with maximum voltage differential

Microstrip line Slotline

W
Waveguide
id

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Lumped Ports Customer Training Material

• Recommended only for surfaces internal to model

– Single TEM mode with no de-embedding
– Uniform electric field on port surface
– Normalized to constant user-defined Z0
• Lumped port boundary conditions Dipole element
– Perfect E or finite conductivity boundary for port edges which interface with lumped port
with conductor or another port edge
– Perfect H for all remaining port edges

Zo

Uniform electric field

User-defined Zo

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Lumped vs Wave Ports for Planar Filters Customer Training Material

• Lumped ports can be used to feed • Wave ports can be used to feed printed
printed transmission lines transmission lines
– S-parameters normalized to user- – S-parameters normalized to computed
specified
ifi d characteristic
h t i ti iimpedance
d characteristic
h t i ti iimpedance
d
– Single mode propagation – Multiple propagating modes possible
– No de-embedding operations available – De-embedding available as post-
– Must be located inside model processing
p g operation
p
– Must touch background object (or be
backed by conducting object)

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Lumped vs Wave Ports for Planar Filters Customer Training Material

• Same results obtained from both port types

Lumped Ports

W
Wave Ports
P t

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Wave Ports vs Lumped Ports Customer Training Material

Wave port Lumped port

Accessibility External Faces Internal to Model
Hi h order
Higher d modes
d Yes No
De-embedding Yes No
Re-normalization Yes Yes
Setup complexity Moderate Low

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