Chapter 22
Chemistry for Env.Eng. & Science, Sawyer ,McCarty,Parkin
Dissolved oxygen (DO) refer to the amount of oxygen contained in water,
and define the living conditions for oxygen-requiring
oxygen (aerobic) aquatic
organisms.
Oxygen has limited solubility in water, usually ranging from 6 to 14 mg L -
DO concentrations reflect an equilibrium between oxygen-producing
processes (e.g. photosynthesis) and oxygen-consuming processes (e.g.
aerobic respiration, nitrification, chemical oxidation),
the rates at which DO is added to and removed from the system by
atmospheric exchange (aeration and degassing) and hydrodynamic
processes (e.g. accrual/addition from rivers and tides vs. export to ocean)
Oxygen gets into water by diffusion from the surrounding air, by aeration (rapid
movement), and as a waste product of photosynthesis.
Figure 1. Oxygen dynamics in coastal waters. Processes that increase dissolved
oxygen concentrations are shown with green boxes. Processes that decrease
dissolved oxygen concentrations are shown with orange boxes. (modified after
Connell and Miller, 1984 )
What causes dissolved oxygen concentrations to change?
••Oxygen solubility varies inversely with salinity, water temperature and
atmospheric and hydrostatic pressure.
•Dissolved oxygen consumption and production are influenced by plant and
alga biomass, light intensity and water temperature(because they influence
photosynthesis), and are subject to diurnal and seasonal variation
••DO concentrations naturally vary over a twenty-four
four hour period due to tidal
exchange, and because there is net production of oxygen by plants & algae
during the daytime when photosynthesis occurs. By comparison, plants and
algae only respire at night time, and this process consumes oxygen. Highly
productive systems are expected to have large diurnal DO ranges
••Nutrient enrichment stimulates plant and algal growth (and alga blooms)
and often results in a mass influx of particulate organic matter to the
sediments (eutrofication).
( ). The decomposition of this labile organic matter by
aerobic microorganisms leads to a rapid acceleration of oxygen
consumption, and potential depletion of oxygen in bottom waters.
What causes dissolved oxygen concentrations to change?
•
•Stratification can isolate bottom waters from oxygen enriching processes
and can give rise to anoxic & hypoxic events. This problem is most acute
in wave-dominated
wave coastal systems (e.g. delta,estuarias and lagoons)
because these systems typically have low internal tide penetration.
Tides mix the water column and can replenish coastal waterways with
oxygen. The baffling effect of seagrass meadow can also impede the
mixing process, and maintain bottom water anoxia
••Coastal discharges wastes rich in organic carbon (e.g. from sewage
treatment plants, paper manufacturing, food processing and other
industries) are produced in large quantities in urban population centres,
and can substantially reduce dissolved oxygen concentrations
••The oxidation of pyrite found in acid sulfate soil can rapidly strip oxygen
from the water, and gives rise to acid drainage. Acid drainage may result
from natural processes but in many cases the draining of coastal wetlands
(
(e.g. mangrove and salt marshes) is the cause.
Kelarutan oksigen dalam air tergantung dari
•Temperatur,Tekanan parsial oksigen dalam atomsfer,
Kandungan garam
•Water Clarity
•Current Velocity (Flow)
•Wind
•Cloud Cover
TEMPERATURE
The warmer water is, the less DO it can
hold
Think about opening a coke bottle after it sat
a few hours on the dash of your car in August.
20 100% DO Saturation
18
100% Saturation Lavel
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Temperature (C)
•Excess DO evaporates into the atmosphere!
Oxygen Can Diffuse Out of or Into
the Water Column
Atmosphere
Oxygen diffuses out Oxygen diffuses into
of water column water column
Oxygen > 100% Oxygen < 100%
Saturation Saturation
Water Column
WIND
Stirs in atmospheric oxygen
CURRENT VELOCITY
The faster water flows, the more atmospheric oxygen is
mixed into the water.
WATER CLARITY
Amount of Sunlight Reaching Plants
The muddier the water is, the less light reaches the plants!
CLOUD COVER
• Clouds decrease the amount of sunlight reaching
aquatic plants, thus oxygen production is reduced.
Significance of dissolved oxygen
Most aquatic organisms require oxygen in specified concentration ranges for
respiration and efficient metabolism, and DO concentration changes above or below
this range can have adverse physiological effects .Even short-lived anoxic & hypoxic
events can cause major kills of aquatic organisms.
Moreover, the toxicity of many toxicants (lead, zinc, copper, cyanide, ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide and pentachlorophenol ) can double when DO is reduced from 10
to 5 mg L-1
The death of immobile organisms and avoidance of low-oxygen conditions by mobile
organisms can also cause changes in the structure and diversity y of aquatic
communities In addition, if dissolved oxygen becomes depleted in bottom waters (or
communities.
sediment), nitrification and therefore denitrification may be terminated, and
bioavailable orthophosphate and ammonium may be released from the sediment to
the water column. These recycled nutrients can give rise to or reinforce algal
blooms Ammonia and hidrogen sulfide gas, also the result of anaerobic respiration,
blooms.
can be toxic to benthic organisms and fish assemblages in high concentrations
Oksigen Terlarut dalam Lingkungan
•DO dalam limbah cair merupakan faktor yang menentukan
apakah perubahan biologis berjalan oleh bakteri aerobik atau
anerobik.
•Untuk menjaga kondisi yang nyaman untuk tumbuh dan
berkembang
kehidupan aquatik
•Merupakan dasar pengukuran BOD
•Semua pengolahan secara aerobic sangat tergantung atas
kehadiran Oksigen
•Faktor penting dalam proses korosi besi dan baja terutama dalam
distribusi air bersih.
Environmental Impact:
Adequate dissolved oxygen is necessary for good water quality.
Oxygen is a necessary element to all forms of life.
Natural stream purification processes require adequate oxygen
levels in order to provide for aerobic life forms.
As dissolved oxygen levels in water drop below 5.0 mg/l,
aquatic life is put under stress. The lower the concentration, the
greater the stress.
Oxygen levels that remain below 1-2
1 mg/l for a few hours can
result in large fish kills.
Principles of Surface Water Quality Modeling and Control, Robert V. Thomann
Pengambilan sampel
Cara khusus
Mudah terurai diberi bahan pengawet
Disimpan dalam botol yang gelap dan didinginkan
Langsung diperiksa maksimum setelah 6 jam
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Typically Measured by DO probe and Meter
Electrochemical Half Cell Reaction
In situ
Pengukuran : volumetric _Iodometri
the Winkler (iodometric) method
