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MECHANICAL TURNING

GROUP MEMBERS
LAWSON Bêtum Latévi

Rodolphe

SIMTCHOO Aklesso

OURO-DJOW Dimitri

SOKLOU Kossivi

KOUBIDINA David

DOH PRINCE EYAKO JUNIOR

Introduction

Engineering is a very important sector for the economic, social, cultural and even artistic development of
a society, a country, a continent. The innovations in the field of engineering have been made possible by
the manufacture of machines, tools and elementary mechanical parts. One of the methods used for the
manufacture of these elements is turning. We will give you a brief overview of what turning is and its
advantages

Definition

Mechanical turning consists of producing parts whose shapes are the result of a revolution of a profile
around an axis, creating a volume such as a cylinder, a cone, a top, a keel, etc.

This profile is generated by the displacement of cutting tools on a virtual plane XZ, the Z axis being the
axis of revolution. Turning is a machining process by removing material from a blank, the starting volume
in which we want to shape the part to be machined. A machine using this process is called a lathe.

To generate a cutting movement, an electric motor drives a spindle in rotation on which a clamping
device (chuck, collet, etc.) ensures that the "blank" is held during machining. Rigid carriages move the
cutting tools on the X and Z axes to bring them into contact with the stock, creating the feed movement.
This combination of motions allows the removal of material in the form of chips. It is also possible to drill
on a lathe, even if this is not its primary function.

The different types of lathes

Parallel lathe vertical lathe

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
Numerical control lathe Tour frontal Frontal lathe
The study of the machine will be done on the parallel lathe.
Presentation of the lathe

Apparatus to fall back in the step: apparatus placed on the right or on the left of the drag. It is essentially
composed of a vertical axis carrying at its lower end a helical pinion meshing with the lead screw of the
lathe and at its upper part a graduated indicator disk, on both sides, also removable, but not keyed.

Its role is to indicate the moment when it is possible to engage the nut of the lead screw, whatever the
position of the tool in front of the screw to be threaded.

It is used for threads whose pitch is not a sub-multiple of that of the lead screw.

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Chip tray: removable receptacle for scraps and chips. On lathes equipped with lubrication, there is also a
coolant decanter and a lubricant pump at the bottom.

Bed: part of the lathe on which the longitudinal slide, the headstock and the steady rest can move. The
portions intended for movement are called slides. The most common lathes have a "flat" or prismatic bed,
but there are lathes with a "cylindrical" bed, which are rare. A "broken" bed is one in which part of the
bed is cut off under the chuck to increase the turning diameter.

Carriage bar: also called feed bar, it transmits by rotation the force to the longitudinal carriage (trainard)
so that this one moves automatically on the slides.

Depending on the lathe, a gear system also sends this force to the cross slide. We speak then about
automatic longitudinal and transverse advance(s). The feed speed(s) are managed by the feed box.

Frame : monobloc or not assembly which supports the bench. Most of the time, it houses the motor and
the lubrication system. The lathes that do not have a frame are called bench lathes.

Gearbox (spindle): it manages the speed of rotation of the spindle. On older lathes without gearboxes,
these are managed by changing the position of the drive belt on the various stages of the spindle pulleys
and motor.

Feed gearbox: also called Norton gearbox on older lathes, it allows to manage the different feed speeds
of the longitudinal carriage. On some lathes, the feed gearbox function is provided by the threading box.
In this case, the longitudinal feeds are generally 1/10th and the transverse feeds 1/20th of the selected
pitch.

Spindle: it is part of the headstock and is mounted on bearings (old lathes) or on bearings. Driven by the
gearbox, it gives the rotary movement intended for turning. Spindles mounted on bearings allow higher
speeds. On the spindle nose is fixed the chuck (or a plate). Most spindles are hollow, so we speak of a
spindle bore that allows a workpiece to pass through. Depending on the model, the spindle nose has a
Morse taper (CM1 to 10) and it is possible to mount a collet holder.

Longitudinal carriage: also called trainard or apron, it moves parallel to the axis of the slides. It supports
the transverse carriage and contains the gears used for the feeds. It is driven by the slide bar or the lead
screw depending on the machining operation.

Cross slide: placed on the longitudinal slide, it moves perpendicular to the axis of the slides. It supports
the small slide.

Tool carrier or small carriage: fixed on the transverse carriage, it supports the tool carrier turret. It can
be oriented to machine small cones, to achieve micrometric depth of cut.

Tailstock: it is placed in the headstock sleeve. Its role is to maintain the workpiece fixed at its other end
in the chuck (or in a clamp or a tip). There are different types of tips, fixed or rotating tips.

Rack: attached to the bed. It is used for the movement of longitudinal feeds and allows the longitudinal
displacement of the straggler by a manual control directed by the steering wheel.

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Distance between points: it is the maximum dimension of the machinable parts between points. It is
measured between the dry point placed in the spindle and the dry point on the tailstock.

Slides: these are the upper parts of the bed. Grinded, they ensure the guidance of the longitudinal
carriage and the tailstock.

Cross-cut height: is between the spindle axis and the top of the cross-cut slide. It differs from the tip
height (see Fig.1) and is more restrictive depending on the turning operation to be performed.

Tip height: it is measured between the axis of the spindle and the top of the slides. It should be taken into
account because it corresponds to the maximum radius of the machinable parts between the chuck and
the tailstock.

steady rest: fixed steady rest, clamped on the bed, and steady rest to follow fixed on the chuck. Traverse:
accessory necessary for turning long workpieces at the end or between centers.

Binder: also called horse head, it carries the pinions which ensure the synchronization of the rotation
speed of the spindle with that of the feeds.

Chuck: fixed on the spindle nose (100 different types of spindles exist on the market). With its 3 - 4 or 6
hard jaws (or soft jaws for "recovery") it allows a secure clamping of the part to be turned, whether it is
cylindrical or parallelepipedic. There are chucks with concentric clamping, with independent clamping of
the jaws (e.g. 4 jaws) but also mixed, i.e. concentric and independent. For the installation or reworking of
parts of any shape, the chuck is replaced by a plate with holes (or slots) on which are mounted brackets,
flanges and specific fixtures. The plate is also used to drive the jaws when turning between centers.

Feet : feet of fixing and levelling to ensure a perfect horizontality of the bench in the transverse and
longitudinal direction (requires the use of a precise mechanic level for the adjustment)

Brake (foot pedal): foot-operated safety device for stopping the spindle quickly. Useful in case of
emergency and when threading towards a shoulder.

Headstock: depending on the lathe model, it supports at least the spindle and other devices, such as the
gearbox, etc. It faces the headstock.

Sliding headstock (fig. 3): also called tailstock or tailstock, it is opposite the headstock. Most of the time, it
consists of a sliding sleeve in which various tools, points, drills, drilling chucks, taps, etc., are placed. The
advance of the quill is ensured by a vernier (at the end) or a capstan (at the front).

Tower tips
There is a whole range of tips for the execution of a variety of turning operations.

1.1.1. The rotating counterpoint (fig.4).

Sometimes called a live point, it is generally used to support the end of a long workpiece clamped in the
chuck jaws. No lubrication of any kind is required between the tip and the workpiece, andthe workpiece,
and the tension at the tailstock is not altered due to expansion of the workpiece during machining.

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 Micrometric tailstock (fig.5)
Fits on the sliding headstock and is used to center the lathe tips one on the other,
or to give a slight angle to the tip for conical turning between the tips of a part.
Thanks to the micrometric tailstock, the centering of the tips can be performed
quickly and easily.

(Fig.6)
Impression point (Fig.6)

Mounted in the headstock spindle, it is ideal for machining a workpiece in a single stroke along its entire
length, in which case it is impossible to use a chuck or a feed dog. The moulded indentations on the
periphery of the tip ensure that the workpiece is driven. The workpiece is held in place on the tip by a
rotating tip

Concentric chucks (fig.7)

3 to 6 jaws with automatic (MOCN) or manual opening-closing; 3 jaws for cylindrical and hexagonal parts;

4 to 6 jaws for flat or short non-cylindrical parts.

Hard jaws (hardened and ground): Workpiece pickup on blank, cylindrical section: high capacity, for
external and internal holding with quick and accurate jaw adjustment.

Soft jaws (hardened and unhardened steel): For holding workpieces on chucks machined from the inside
and outside.

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3-jaw chuck 4-jaw chuck

3.1.5. Collet chucks and expanding chucks (fig.7c)

For holding cylindrical parts in position when reworking or picking up from outside or inside. These
chucks are mounted in place of the original chuck either by means of a false plate or directly on the
spindle nose.

(Fig.7c)

Magnetic chucks (fig.8)

These are used to hold workpieces that are too thin or too delicate to be clamped
between the jaws of an ordinary chuck. These chucks are mounted on the headstock
spindle by means of a special adapter. This type of chuck is used only for light
cutting and for grinding by special methods.

(fig 9)

Lathe machine cutting tools

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It is practical for mild steels and aluminium. This tool is used to
machine a cylinder, a cone. By dismantling the tool, it is possible
to machine a flat surface (Im.A5).
Bend tool to slide
This tool can be used for turning , dressing and chamfering

knife tool
This tool can be used for turning with facing
Angle dressing tool
This tool allows for straightening and connection.
Cut-off tool
It is used to cut parts after machining. These tools generally have a fairly small
section which makes them very fragile during machining. The head of the cutting
tool is provided as narrow as possible, to reduce the loss of material and energy

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consumption, but a minimum width is necessary, to avoid the blade breaking ( 2 to 3
mm ). The most used tool on a traditional lathe is the so -called gooseneck (Image
B1). For cast iron or bronze, carbide-tipped tools will be used (image B2).

shovel tool
This tool is used to machine a very wide groove (Im.B3-4), the small widths are used
for grooving intended to receive a seal , a circlip , etc.

Threading tool
Tool whose active part is sharpened to the shape of the thread to be obtained: ISO,
gas, round, square, trapezoidal

Knurling tool
It is used to affix a ribbed surface most often used for better grip of a surface
(example: handles). Knurling is used less and less due to current standards. The
classic knurling tool does not work by removing material, but by upsetting. The
wheels are high-speed steel discs, mounted on an axle. Depending on the type of
grooves, their pitch and inclinations may vary. There are also tools for knurling by
chip removal.
Boring tool
This tool is used to make a bore (cylinder or cone) from a hole (Im.C1-3).
Chambering tool
This tool makes it possible, starting from a bore, to machine a groove (inner) to
position a seal or a circlip for example or to make clearance recesses (Im.C5-6).

Internal threading tool

This tool makes it possible to make internal threads from a bore. A tapping is then
obtained , the shape of the thread of which depends on the shape of the active part
of the tool: Iso, gas, round, square, trapezoidal (Im.C4-5).
retouching tool
This tool is used for turning , finishing and copying.
Grain holder tool
The tool itself is small, made of high-speed steel, often cut from a scrap of a broken
drill or a center drill, mounted in a housing pierced at the end of a metal rod and
fixed by a grub screw. Used for long bores requiring good tool rigidity. The active
part can have any desired shape (threading, grooving, boring, facing, etc.)
Some mechanical oprérations
turning : Step turning creates two surfaces with an abrupt change in diameters
between them. The final feature resembles a step.

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conical turning : conical turning produces a ramp transition
between the two surfaces with different diameters due to the
angled motion between the workpiece and a cutting too

FACING
During the machining, the length of the workpieces is slightly
longer than the final part should be. Facing is an operation of
machining the end of a workpiece that is perpendicular to the
rotating axis. During the facing, the tool moves along the radius of
the workpiece to produce the desired part length and a smooth
face surface by removing a thin layer of material.

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 3. GROOVIng
Grooving is a turning operation that creates a narrow cut, a
"groove" in the workpiece. The size of the cut depends on the
width of a cutting tool. Multiple tool passes are necessary to
machine wider grooves. There are two types of grooving
operations, external and face grooving. In external grooving, a tool
moves radially into the side of the workpiece and removes the
material along the cutting direction. In face grooving, the tool
machines groove in the face of the workpiece.

7. DRILLING

Drilling operation removes the material from the inside of a workpiece.

The result of drilling is a hole with a diameter equal to the size of the utilized drill bit.

Drill bits are usually positioned either on a tailstock or a lathe tool holder.

9. BORING

In boring operation, a tool enters the workpiece axially and removes material along the internal
surface to either create different shapes or to enlarge an existing hole.

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10. TAPPING
Tapping is the process in which a tapping tool enters the workpiece
axially and cuts the threads into an existing hole. The hole matches a
corresponding bit size that can accommodate the desired tapping tool.
Tapping is also the operation used to make a thread on nuts.

Safety on the turning station

- The lathe must be handled by one person

- Avoid wearing loose clothing
- Remove rings, watch, bracelet, tie and scarf
- Put away tools after use

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 - Remove the chuck wrench from the chuck before starting the
machine
- Do not attempt to remove chips with your hand.
- Turn off the machine completely before cleaning

Importance of Turning
Machining is considered as one of the most important
manufacturing processes. The industrial revolution and the boom
of manufacturing sector can be traced back to the development of
various machining operations [1]. In the field of manufacturing, the
most common metal removal technique is turning. Turning
operation is used to produce cylindrical surfaces and plain
surfaces such as face turning. In turning operation the surface
finish of the product is of utmost importance, since the quality of
finish is directly proportional to its functionality and finally its cost.
The intense international and domestic competition has
necessitated the improvement in the surface quality of machined
parts
Somes pieces made by mechanical turning
Door hinges ,shaft,screw, cone.

Fabrication of piece by mechanical turning

Making a door hinge (excplanation)

Conclusion
All in all we can say that turning has a very important role in the
manufacture of revolving parts. The very tight tolerances and the
surface finish obtained by mechanical turning make it a
manufacturing technique par excellence. It is therefore obvious
that the turning manufacturing operation to be neglected is why
the other modes of manufacturing such as milling, forging, etc..
must be neglected.

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.

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