Hwa Chong Institution (College)

Topics Page
1 Sequences & Series
 Skill Set 2
 Practice Questions 7
2 Graphs & Transformations
 Skill Set 17
 Practice Questions 21
3 Inequalities & System of Equations
 Skill Set 35
 Practice Questions 38
4 Functions
 Skill Set 45
 Practice Questions 49
5 Differentiation & Its Applications
 Skill Set 57
 Practice Questions 61
6 Integration Techniques
 Skill Set 72
 Practice Questions 76
7 2021 HCI C1 BT 79
8 Mock Paper 86

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 1

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
1
Sequences and Series
Skill Set
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
1. Evaluating limits (i) General formula
(i) algebraically Perform long division first before evaluating limits
(ii) using GC involving improper fractions.
2n 2  3  1 
lim 2  lim  2  2   2
n n  1 n  n 1 
Alternatively,
2n 2  3  2  32 
lim  lim  n 2
n n 2  1 n  1  1 
 n2 
(ii) (Tutorial 1A Q1(c))
n2
As n   , 3  0 , therefore the sequence is
n  2014
convergent and the limit is 0.
(iii) (Tutorial 1A Q2(b))
un  nn1  1  1n
when n   , 1n  0 , therefore un  1 . Thus un is
convergent and limit is 1.
(iv) (Lecture Notes Example 4(c))
3n
By keying in the general formula for the sequence, un 
n!
into the GC, we can observe how the sequence behaves as n
increases.

3n
By scrolling down the table, we can see that lim  0.
n  n !

2. Replacement (i) (Lecture Notes Example 2)

method to find We replace n by ( n  1 ) in Sn  2n  n 2 to obtain
(i) Sn1 from Sn ,
Sn1  2(n  1)  (n  1)2 .
(ii) un 1 from un .
(ii) Similarly, we replace n by ( n  1 ) in the expression of un to
obtain un 1 .

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 2

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
3. Give answers in the (i) (Tutorial 1A Q4(iii))
context of a After solving for r   12 or r  1 , the value r  1 is
problem.
rejected as the question states that sum to infinity S exists.
(ii) (Tutorial 1A Q5(iii))
After solving the inequality for n , we obtain
5.228  n  13.77 . However, the number of terms, n must
be a positive integer. The final answer should be given as
n  
: 6  n  13 .

4. Recognize a new (Lecture Notes Example 9)

sequence is formed A new sequence is formed using the even-numbered terms (i.e.
when certain terms u2 , u4 , u6 ,... ) of an AP with first term a and common difference d.
are extracted from a
 The new sequence is also an AP with first term (a  d ) and
given sequence.
common difference 2d .
5. Formulate (Tutorial 1A Question 11)
mathematical  Write down the first few amounts tracking every change to it.
equations or
n Amount worth in account at end of nth month
formulae from a
1 100(1  0.002)
word problem.
2 100(1  0.002)2
Some methods …..
include 12 100(1  0.002)12  $102.43 (nearest cents)
- write out the first
few terms and find X
o For X% interest, use a factor of 1 
the pattern for the 100
general term  Continue filling in the next few rows until you are confident
of writing down in the nth row.
- Recognize AP or
GP or their sums n Amount worth in account at end of nth month
1 100(1  0.002)
2 100  100(1.002)  (1.002)
…..

12 100(1.002)  100(1.002)2  100(1.002)3  100(1.002)12

= 100(1.002)[1  1.002  ...(1.002)11 ]
100(1.002)[1  (1.002)12 ]
=
[1  1.002]
=$1215.71
------------------------------------------------------------------------
A number of other such word problems can be found in the
lecture examples 18, 19, 20 and supplementary exercises question
3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 24, 25.
6. Method of (Lecture Notes Example 26)
differences using  Here is a quick check on partial fractions used for method
partial fractions. of differences (only for MOD):

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 3

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
For cancellations of terms to work in the method of
differences, the coefficients of the partial fractions usually
add up to 0.
1 1 1
For the partial fraction   , we
8  2r  1 4  2r  1 8  2r  3
1  1 1
can see that       0.
8  4 8
 Check that the terms are arranged in ascending order or
descending order before writing out the rows of terms. This
will enable you to cancel with ease.
 Spot the terms for cancellations by looking at the
denominators:
n  

1 1 1
   
r 1  
8 2r  1 4  2r  1 8  2r  3 
1/ 8 1/ 4 1/ 8
  
 (1)  3  5
1/ 8 1/ 4 1/ 8
  
 3  5 7
1/ 8 1/ 4 1/ 8
  
 5 7 9

1/ 8 1/ 4 1/ 8
  
 2n  3  2n  1  2n  1
1/ 8 1/ 4 1/ 8 
   
 2n  1  2n  1  2n  3 
It is easier to spot such trends using the denominators if one
do not simplify the original form of the fractions, i.e.
1/ 8 1/ 4 1/ 8 1 1 1
, , to , , .
5 5 5 40 20 40
7. Recognize method  (Tutorial 1B Q6)
of differences when 1 1 1 1
Verify that    .
the question did not 2 x  x  1 2  x  2  x  x  1 x  2 
say so. N
1
By using the above result, find 
n  3 n  n  1 n  2 
.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 4

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
N
1 1 N 1 2 1 

n  3 n  n  1 n  2 
     
2 n 3  n  n  1  n  2  
 1 2 1 
 3   
2 1
 
 1 
2

1 
 4 3 2 
 
 1 
2

1 
 5 4 3 
1
 1 2 1 
2    
 6 5 4 
 
 
 1  2  1 
 N 1 N  2 N  3 
 
 1 
2

1 
 N N  1 N  2 
This question does not tell you to show by using method of
difference. However, we can observe that a difference of
1 1 1
similar looking terms   is given which
2 x  x  1 2  x  2 
is an indication that method of difference may be the
technique to employ.
 (Tutorial 1B Q9)
When the question asks you to show a difference
f  r   f  r  1 of a given function, f  r  , it is also an
indication that method of difference may be the technique to
employ.
8. Add or subtract  (Lecture Notes Example 24(i))
terms at the We want terms r = 10 to r = n, so from the known summation
beginning of a of r = 1 to r = n, we remove the terms we do NOT want, i.e. r
summation = 1 to r = 9. Be careful to ensure the
r = 10 is NOT removed.
 (Tutorial 1B Q6(last part))
Sometimes we need to add terms at the beginning instead, e.g.
N 1 1 1 N 1
 3  3 3 3.
n 1 n 1 2 n 3 n
 For terms at the end of the summation, it is faster to do a
direct replacement of the upper index value.
N 1 1
e.g. Given  2  N  N  1 2 N  1 ,
n 1 n 6
N 1 1 1
 2   N  1  N  1  1  2  N  1  1 .
n 1 n 6
9. Find a "new" sum • (Tutorial 1B Q7(iii))
using a given sum.
Replace the variable

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 5

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
in the term of the n
r  5r  5
2

sum to get from the r 1 (r  3)!

new sum to the old
Replacing r by r  1 (the start and end values of the
one.
index must be changed correspondingly too)
Replacing r by r  1
n
r 2  5r  5
r 1 (r  3)!
r 1 n
( r  1) 2  5( r  1)  5
 
r 11 ( r  1  3)!
r  n 1
r 2  2 r  1  5r  5  5
 
r 2 (r  2)!
n 1
r 2  3r  1

r  2 ( r  2)!
n 1
r 2  3r  1 12  3(1)  1
 
r 1 ( r  2)! 3!


3

 n  1  3  5
2   n  1  2  ! 6
2 n4
 
3 ( n  3)!
• (Tutorial 1B Q9(iii))
Replace r by r  1 , (the start and end values of the index
must be changed correspondingly too)
Replacing r by r  1
n
r 2  5r  5
r 1 (r  3)!
r 1 n
( r  1) 2  5( r  1)  5
 
r 11 ( r  1  3)!
r  n 1
r 2  2 r  1  5r  5  5
 
r 2 (r  2)!
r 2  3r  1
n 1

r  2 ( r  2)!

r 2  3r  1 12  3(1)  1
n 1
 
r 1 ( r  2)! 3!


3

 n  1  3  5
2   n  1  2  ! 6
2 n4
 
3 ( n  3)!

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 6

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
10. Use found/proven (Tutorial 1B Q6)
general formula of a N 1 1 1
Given that    ,
sum/sequence to show a n 3 n  n  1 n  2  4 2 N  N  1
given inequality. N 1 11
show that  3  .
n 1 n 8
 It is important to note that for inequality question, we
need to draw the link between what is given. i.e.,
N 1 1 1
   and what is to be
n 3 n  n  1 n  2  4 2 N  N  1
N 1 11
shown,  3  .
n 1 n 8
1
 We compare the original summand n( n1)( n2) to the
1
new summand 3
. It is easy to see that for n   ,
n
n3  n  n  1 n  2  , so 13  n( n1)(
1
n2)
. If it is not
n
obvious which summand is larger, you may need to
expand the summand. For example,
 r  13  r 3  3r 2  3r  1 and
r  r  1 r  2   r 3  3r 2  2r ,
we can tell (r  1)3  r (r  1)(r  2) .
 Then, we apply summation to both sides with the
same index values of 3 to n. Note that 1 to n does not
work here as n( n1)( 1 cannot take n = 1 and n = 2.
n2)
 Use skill 8 above to change the starting index value.
The fact that 14 in the original summation does not
match with 11
8 in the inequality to be proven is a hint
that the starting index needs to be changed.

A (Method of Difference/Sigma Notation)

1. ACJC14/C1Mid-year/Q6
9 x 2  15 x  2 B C
(i) Show that  A  , where A, B and C are constants to be
9 x  15 x  4
2
3x  1 3x  4
found. [2]
n
9r 2  15r  2
(ii) Hence find 
r 1 9r  15r  4
2
in terms of n. [3]

n
9r 2  15r  2
(iii) Explain if the series 
r 1 9r  15r  4
2
is convergent. [1]

n2
9(r  1)2  15r  13
(iv) Find 
r  0 9( r  1)  15r  19
2
in terms of n. [2]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 7

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
2. AJC14/C1Mid-year/Q7
2 1 1
(i) Show that   where x  2, 0 . [1]
x( x  2) x x  2
 2  
(ii) Let f (n)  (1) n   , where n  . By using the method of differences,
 n(n  2) 
N
1 1
show that  f (n)   , where N is a positive even integer. [4]
n 1 ( N  1)( N  2) 2
M
(iii) For any positive integer M , determine  f (n) in terms of M.
n 1

Hence find  f ( n) .
n 1
[4]

3. JJC13/C2Mid-year/Q4(b)
A sequence u1 , u2 , u3 , is given by
1 for n  1 .
un 
n!
n
(i) Show that un  un 1  . [2]
(n  1)!
N
n
(ii) Find  (n  1)!
n 1
in terms of N. [3]

(iii) Hence show that for N  2 , the sum of the series

2 3 4 N
   
3! 4! 5! ( N  1)!
1
is less than . [3]
2

4. CJC14/C1Mid-year/Q11
1
(i) By considering ur  ur 1 , where ur  for r  1 , show that
 r  1!
N
r 1 1 1
 2  r  2 !  4  2  N  2 !
r 1
[4]

1 N r 1 1
(ii) Deduce that    . [2]
6 r 1 2  r  2 ! 4

r 1
(iii) Give a reason why the series  2  r  2 !
r 0
converges and write down its value.

[3]
N
r
(iv) Find  2  r  1!
r 6
in terms of N using the result in (i). [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 8

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
5. HCI14/C1Mid-year/Q7
r 2  5r  8
(i) Express in partial fractions. [3]
r  r  1 r  2 
n
r 2  5r  8  1  3
(ii) Hence find  r  r  1 r  2   2
r 1
r 2 

, give answer in the form  f  n  .
8
[3]
n
1 3
(iii) Use your answer to part (ii) to show that  r2
r 1
r 2
 .
8
[3]

6. NJC14/C1Mid-year/Q6
(i) Prove that cos[(n  1) ]  cos[(n  1) ]  2sin(n )sin  , where n  . [1]

 sin(n ) .
N

(ii) Hence find [3]

n 1

   29
(iii) Deduce the exact value of sin  sin  sin  ...  sin . [4]
6 3 2 6

7. SAJC 2018/BT/7
6r  18 A B C
(i) Express in the form   , where A, B and C are
(r  1)r (r  2) r 1 r r  2
constants to be determined. [2]
n
r 3 43 4 1 1
(ii) Hence show that      . [4]
r  2 ( r  1) r ( r  2) 36 3n 6( n  1) 6( n  2)
n
r4
(iii) Use your answer to part (ii) to find  . [3]
r  2 r ( r  1)( r  3)
n
r4
(iv) State the value of lim  . [1]
r  2 r  r  1 ( r  3)
n 


r4 41
(v) Hence, deduce  (r  3)
r 2
3

72
. [3]

8. RI19/C1Promo/Q3

The sequence u1 , u2 , u3 , ... is given by un  tan  n  2  tan  n  3 for n  1 .

tan A  tan B
(i) By considering tan( A  B)  , show that
1  tan A tan B
tan  n  3  tan  n  2 
un  1. [1]
tan1
n
(ii) Hence find u
r 2
r in terms of n. [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 9

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
B (Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression)
9. RI19/C1Promo/Q2
An arithmetic series has first term a and common difference d, where a and d are
non-zero. The 21st and 53rd terms of the arithmetic series are 91 and 155 respectively.
Given also that the sum of its first n terms is 6600. Find the values of a, d and n. [4]

10. NYJC19/C1Promo/Q1
The sum, S n , of the first n terms of a sequence u1 , u2 , u3 , ... is given by


Sn  ln 2n3n
2
.
Show that
(i) un  ln 2  (2n  1) ln 3 , [2]
(ii) the sequence is an arithmetic progression. [2]

11. AJC14/C1Mid-year/Q11
(a) An increasing arithmetic progression has first term a and common difference d.
The nth term of the progression is denoted by Tn . T2 , T6 and T9 are consecutive
terms of a geometric progression. The sum of all the odd-numbered terms of the
arithmetic progression from the eleventh to the thirty-fifth term (i.e.
T11 + T13 + T15 ...... T35 ) is 455.
(i) Find the common ratio of the geometric progression. [3]
(ii) Find the values of a and d. [3]

(b) John is considering two investment plans offered by a bank.

Plan A: John will invest $27000 at the beginning of the first year. At the end of
each year, he will receive $1800 as interest in his account.
Plan B: John will invest $27000 at the beginning of the first year and then a further
$200 at the beginning of each subsequent year. Due to interest, the amount in his
account at the end of each year will increase by 4% of the amount he has at the
beginning of that year.
John decides that, for either plan, he will not withdraw any money out of his
account, but just leave it for any interest to build up.

(i) Show that at the end of n years, when the interest for the last year has been
added, the amount that John will have in his account under plan B is

$ 32000(1.04) n  5200 .  [4]
(ii) Find the total amount of interest John will receive under plan B at the end of
n years. [2]
(iii) Find the least number of years John will need to invest under plan B for his
total interest to exceed that of plan A. [2]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 10

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
12. DHS14/C1Mid-year/Q13
(a) A geometric series has common ratio r and first term a. The sum to infinity of this
series exceeds the sum of the first five terms by 2. Given that the sum to infinity
is 64, find the values of r and a. [4]
(b) A motorcycle is travelling at a constant speed of 10 m/s. The rider spots an obstacle
34 m ahead and applies the brakes after 1 second. Thereafter, the distance travelled
in each subsequent second is 0.7 times the distance travelled in the previous second.
By considering the maximum distance travelled, show that the motorcycle will not
hit the obstacle. [2]
(c) Initially, a car and a van were alongside each other at a red light traffic junction.
When the traffic light turns green, they travel along the same straight road.
(i) The distance travelled by the car in each successive second after the traffic
light turns green, follows an arithmetic progression with common difference
0.5 m. Given that the car travels 5 m in the 1st second, find the distance
travelled in the 25th second. [2]
(ii) The total distance, in metres, travelled by the van in the first n seconds after
the traffic light turns green, is given by e  1. Find after how many
0.2 n

complete seconds will the van overtake the car. [4]

13. RI14/C1Mid-year/Q8
(a) The seventeenth term of an arithmetic series is 73, and the thirty-third term of the
series is 71. Find the first term and common difference of the series. [2]

Given that the sum of the first n terms is equal to the sum of the first (n  1) terms
of the series, find the value of n. [2]

(b) A geometric series has non-zero first term and sum to infinity S. Given that the
first, fifth and sixth terms are consecutive terms of an arithmetic series, find the
common ratio of the geometric series. [3]
If S = 10, find the least value of m for which the magnitude of the difference
between S and the sum of the first m terms of the geometric series is less than
0.001. [3]

14. SAJC14/C2Mid-yearP2/Q1
5n
(a) The sum of the first n terms of a sequence is given by the expression 9  .
3n 2
Show that this sequence is a geometric progression. [3]

(b) A sequence of numbers is grouped into sets A1  1,3 , A2  5, 7,9 ,

A3  11,13,15,17 , … where the set An has n  1 elements.
(i) Show that the total number of elements in the first n sets can be expressed as
n
 n  3 . [2]
2
(ii) Hence find the first element of the set An 1 , in terms of n. [2]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 11

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
15. HCI14/C1Mid-year/Q8
John deposits $1000 into Account A at the beginning of the first month. In the middle of
this month, he receives an interest of $10. In the middle of each subsequent month, the
interest he receives is $10 more than that in the previous month.

(i) Express the amount in the account at the end of the n th month. [2]
(ii) At the end of which month will the amount in his account exceed $2000 for the
first time? [2]

John deposits another $1000 into Account B on the same day as he deposits $1000 into
Account A. In the middle of each month, he receives a fixed interest of 6% of the amount
of money in the account, and will withdraw $10 on the next day after the interest is added.

(iii) Show that the amount in dollars in this account at the end of the n th month is
 2500  500
1.06 
n
 . [4]
 3  3
(iv) The amount in Account A exceeds the amount in Account B for the first time at the
end of the k th month. Find k . [2]

16. (IB May12/MathSLP2/TZ1/Q4 modified)

The Green Park Amphitheatre was built in the form of a horseshoe and has 20 rows.
The number of seats in each row increase by a fixed amount, d, compared to the number
of seats in the previous row. The number of seats in the sixth row, u6 , is 100, and the
number of seats in the tenth row, u10 , is 124. u1 represents the number of seats in the
first row.
(a) Find the total number of seats in the amphitheatre. [6]

A few years later, a second level was added to increase the amphitheatre's capacity by
another 1600 seats. Each row has four more seats that the previous row. The first row
on this level has 70 seats.

(b) Find the number of rows on the second level of the amphitheatre. [4]

Frank is at the amphitheatre and receives a text message at 12:00. Five minutes later he
forwards the text message to three people. Five minutes later, those three people
forward the text message to three new people. Assume this pattern continues and each
time the text message is sent to people who have not received it before.

The number of new people who receive the text message forms a geometric sequence
1, 3, …
(c) Calculate the total number of people who will have received the text message by
12:30. [2]
(d) Calculate the exact time at which a total of 29524 people will have received the
text message. [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 12

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
17. EJC 2018/BT/2
Mr. Daya decides to train for a marathon – of distance 42 195 metres – with the goal of
completing it in under 4 hours. Each week, he runs 2 sessions of the same duration, and
maintains an average speed of 3 metres per second. In the first week, Mr. Daya runs for
100 minutes in each session. For each subsequent week, the duration of each session is
10% longer compared to a session in the previous week.

(i) Show that the distance Mr. Daya runs in each session in the 3rd week of his
training is 21 780 metres. [2]
In the final week of his training, the distance covered in each session will exceed 42
195 metres for the first time.

(ii) Find the number of weeks that Mr. Daya spends training. [2]
(iii) Hence, find the total distance, to the nearest metre, that Mr. Daya runs in all his
training sessions. [2]

18. EJC 2018/BT/3

Let tn be the nth term of an arithmetic progression with first term a and common
difference d. Define u1 , u2 , u3 , , un , as follows:
u1  t1  t2

u2  t3  t4

u3  t5  t6

un  t2 n 1  t2 n

Consider the sequence u1 , u2 , u3 , , un , (i.e. the sequence with un as its n th term).

(i) Express u2 in terms of a and d. [1]

(ii) Express un in terms of a, d, and n. [2]

(iii) Hence or otherwise, show that the sequence u1 , u2 , u3 , , un , is also an

arithmetic progression. [2]

19. SAJC 2018/BT/8

Drug overdose is an increasingly serious issue globally. Therefore it is important that
patients are aware if there is a possibility of drug overdose when taking medication.

(a) Doctor A advised his patient John to take 3 mg of the drug at the beginning of
each day and increase the intake of the drug by 2 mg every subsequent day. To
prevent drug overdose, Doctor A tells him that he can at most consume 50 mg of

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 13

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
the drug over the entire course of medication. Find the last day in which John can
still take his medication and not exceed the limit set by Doctor A. [3]

(b) Doctor B advised his patients David and Luke that they should each take 30 mg
of the drug at the beginning of each day. It is known that the human body will
burn off a fixed percentage of the drug by the end of the day due to human
metabolism.

It is estimated that David’s metabolism will burn off 60% of the drug in a day.
(i) Show that the amount of drug in David’s body after 3 complete days is 18.72
mg. [2]
(ii) Find an expression in terms of n for the amount of drug in David’s body
after n complete days. [3]
(iii) It is known that if the level of drug left in the body reaches 54 mg, this could
result in death. Explain with a reason if it is safe for David to continue taking
the medication indefinitely. [2]

It is also known that metabolic rate of each person varies from person to person.
(iv) At the end of the 20th day since Luke had started taking the drug, he was
admitted to hospital for suspected drug overdose. It is found that he had 53
mg of the drug in his body. Find the percentage of the drug left at the end
of each day in Luke’s body. [4]

20. VJC 2018/BT/7

The sequence u1 , u2 , u3 , ... is a geometric progression with first term 3 and common
ratio r.

(i) Write down uk in terms of k and r. Hence, show that ln u1 , ln u2 , ln u3 , … is an

arithmetic progression. [3]
30
It is further given that  ln u
k 1
k  45 .

(ii) Find the value of r. [2]

1 1 1
(iii) Show that , , ,... is a geometric progression. Explain why this progression
u1 u2 u3
is convergent and find the sum to infinity. [5]

21. VJC/2019C1BT/10
On 31 December 2009, Gordon put $150000 into a retirement account which pays
compound interest at a rate of 0.2% per month on the last day of each month.

(i) Find the amount in his retirement account at the end of June 2010 if no withdrawal
from this account was made during this period. [2]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 14

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
Starting from 1 January 2010, Gordon withdraws $1000 on the first day of each month.
(ii) Find the amount in the account at the end of January 2010. [1]
(iii) Show that the amount in the retirement account at the end of the nth month is given
by $ k  351000(1.002)n where k is a constant to be found. [5]
(iv) Find the year and the month for which the account is first fully depleted. [3]
(v) Find the amount he can withdraw on his last withdrawal. [1]

Answers

1 2 3 2
1 (ii) n   (iv) n  
2 3n  4 2 3n  1
 1
M
M
1 1 1
 f (n)  (M  1)(M  2)  2 ,  2
1
2 (ii)  (iii)
( N  1)( N  2) 2 n 1

1 1 1 1
(ii) 1  4 (iii) (iv) 
1440 2  N  1!
3
( N  1)! 2
4 4 1 3 1 1
(i)   (ii)  n 1  n2
8 2  n  1 2  n  2 
5
r r 1 r  2

6 (ii) 
1

2sin 

cos  N  1   cos  N   cos   1 (iii) 32
6r  18 8 9 1
(i)   
(r  1)r (r  2) r  1 r r  2
43 4 1 1
(ii)   
36 3n 6(n  1) 6(n  2)
41 4 1 1
7 (iii)   
72 3(n  1) 6(n  2) 6(n  3)
41
(iv)
72

r4 41
(v)  
r  2 ( r  3)
3
72
tan  n  3  tan 4
8 (ii) 1 n
tan1
9 a  51, d  2, n  60
3 119 , d 7
11 (a) (i) Common ratio = (ii) a
4
(b) (ii) 32000(1.04)n  200n  32000 (iii) 23
1 1
12 (a) r  , a  32 (b) Maximum distance = 33 . Will not hit obstacle.
2 3
(c)(i) 17m (ii) After 30 seconds.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 15

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
13 (a) a  75, d  0.125 ; n  600 (b) 0.775 ; 37

14 (b)(ii) n2  3n  1

15 (i) 1000  5n2  5n (ii) end of 14th month (iv) k = 15

16 (a) 2540 (b)16 (c) 1093 (d) 12:45

(ii)1710 (ii) 10 weeks (iii) 573 747 m

18 (i) u2  2a  5d (ii) un  2a   4n  3 d

19 (a) Day 6 (b)(ii) 20 1  0.4n  (b)(iv) 63.9%

e3
20 (i) uk  3r k 1 (ii) r  29  1.03 (3 s.f.) (iii) 12.2
9
21 $151809.02 ; $149 298 ; 501000  351000(1.002)n ;179th month; $ 87.87

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 16

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
2
Graphs and Transformations
Skill Set
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
1. Use of Zoom Functions
and WINDOW (GC) to
identify features of
graphs:
Use of ZSquare (Tutorial 2A Q2(a))
5:ZSquare
To enable viewing a
graph without
distortion (equal scales
used for the x and y
axes). Frequently used
when sketching conics.

Use of WINDOW to view turning points (Tutorial 2A

WINDOW Q1(e))
Mainly to adjust Xmin,
Xmax, Ymin, Ymax to
enable better display of
important features of
the graph in a particular
region.

2. Use of algebraic (Tutorial 2A Q8(ii))

methods to prove that a Express the equation of the graph in the form of a quadratic
curve lies/does not lie equation in x, and equate discriminant to less than 0.
between two values of x2  x  2
y. y  x 2  x(1  y)  (2  3 y)  0
x3
No points on C  No y values  No roots/solutions to the
quadratic equation above:
 (1  y)2  4(1)(2  3 y)  0  9  y  1
3. Identify types of  Vertical asymptote: Put denominator = 0
asymptotes from an  Horizontal asymptote: Exists when degree of numerator
equation of a graph. equals to degree of denominator. Use long division method
to find or take ratio of coefficients.
 Oblique asymptote: Exists when degree of numerator is
one more than degree of denominator. Use long division to
find.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 17

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
4. Identify lines of Example
symmetry (especially x2
The curve C has equation y  , where  is a
x-axis or y-axis).
 x    x  1
non-zero constant. Sketch C for the case where C is
symmetrical about the y-axis:
To be symmetrical about y-axis, f  x   f   x  
x
2
x2
 to deduce   1 . The
 x    x  1   x     x  1
x2
resultant expression is f  x   . Or use the fact that to be
x2 1
symmetrical about the y-axis, all the terms in x must be of
even powers.
To be symmetrical about x-axis, all the terms in y must be of
even powers.
5. To sketch a graph with Example
unknown(s) in 
The curve C has equation y  x  where  is a non-zero
equation. x 1
constant. Sketch C for the cases (i)   0 and (ii)   0 .
 Use GC to find out the shape of the graph by exploring
different values of   0 such as taking   2 or 3 etc.
 Note: Details in the final graph should still be in terms of
.
6. Identify a suitable (Tutorial 2A Q6(iii) and Q7(iv))
graph to draw on the  Manipulate until the original equation of the curve appears
same sketch to help in on one side of the equation.
finding the number of (Tutorial 2A Q8(v))
x 2  2 x  1  x  1
real roots of a given 2

equation. Substitute y   into

x2 x2
2 4 2

9 y 2  9a 2  a 2  x  3  9  x  1  a 2  x  2  9   x  3
2

 Note that the new equation is obtained by solving the
equations of the curve and the ellipse simultaneously.
 To obtain 3 real roots  To obtain 3 points of intersection
from the two graphs.
7. Identify the types of (Tutorial 2A Q2(a))
conics based on their Circle  2 x  11  4 y 2  121 : Same coefficients of x 2 and
2

standard equations.
y2 .
(Tutorial 2A Q2(b))
Ellipse y 2  4 x 2  4 x  7 : Coefficients of x 2 and y 2 have the
same sign but different magnitude.
(Tutorial 2A Q2(c))
Parabola  y  3  10  2 x : Entire equation, one variable has
2

highest power 2, while the other has highest power 1.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 18

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
(Tutorial 2A Question 2(d))
y 2 x2
Hyperbola   1 : Coefficients of x 2 and y 2 have
7 5
opposite signs.
8. Able to recognize/find  Parabola – vertex
the main features of  Ellipse – centre, horizontal and vertical widths
each conic.  Circle – centre, radius
 Hyperbola – centre, asymptotes, vertices
9. Finding the equations (Notes Example 16(b))
of the asymptotes of a Hyperbola with equation  y  1  25  x  2   25 :
2 2

hyperbola.
As x   ,  y  1  25  x  2  since a difference of 25 is
2 2

negligible.
 y  1  25  x  2  .
2

Thus, equations of asymptotes are y  1  5  x  2  and

y  1  5  x  2  .
10. Use of GC (including Example
adjusting WINDOW) x  3tan   6, y  5sec   7 .
to sketch parametric Initial WINDOW setting and graph:
curves.

After knowledge of the graph in 3rd quadrant:

11. Use of substitution (Tutorial 2A Q4)

method or  (a) x  t 2  1, y  2t .
trigonometric identities y
to convert parametric Substitute t  into x  t 2  1 .
2
equation to Cartesian
1
equation.  (d) x  2cos t , y  sin t .
2
2
x
Use identity sin 2 A  cos 2 A  1      2 y   1 .
2

2

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 19

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
12. Able to obtain/sketch a (Tutorial 2B Q1(a))
transformed graph  To obtain y  3f  x  20  from y  f  x  using
using at least two series
translation followed by scaling/reflection or
of geometrical
scaling/reflection followed by translation.
transformations
 Note that these two transformations can be done regardless
(translation, scaling and
of their sequence as one involves the x-axis while the other
reflection).
occurs along the y-axis.
13. Able to do algebraic (Tutorial 2B Q1(c))
replacement to check  To obtain y  f  3x  20  from y  f  x  , use either of the
the sequences of following transformation sequences:
transformations. 1. Translate by 20 units in the negative x-direction.
2. Scale parallel to the x-axis by a factor of 13 .
f  x   f  x  20   f  3x  20 
OR
1. Scale parallel to the x-axis by a factor of 13 .
2. Translate by 20
3 units in the negative x-direction.


f  x   f  3x   f 3 x  20
3   f 3x  20
 Note that the sequence of these two transformations
matters as both involve the same x-axis.
14. Able to use algebraic (Tutorial 2B Q3 and Q6)
replacement to work Always work ‘forward’ to check if the resulting
backwards to obtain curve/equation in the question can be obtained.
original equations from
transformed graphs.
15. Able to obtain the (Tutorial 2B Q8)
reciprocal graph Take note of the transformation of the following features:
y  f (1x ) from the vertical asymptotes  x-intercepts
x-intercepts  vertical asymptotes
graph of y  f  x  , find maximum points  minimum points
minimum points  maximum points
the new region(s)
oblique asymptote  horizontal asymptote y = 0
where the curve will lie
in and how the turning Take reciprocal of y-variable for y-intercepts, horizontal
points and asymptotes asymptotes and max/min points.
are transformed.
16 Able to obtain the (Tutorial 2B Q2(a) and Q2(b))
graphs of y  f  x  ,  For y  f  x  , reflect the parts of y  f  x  below the x-axis

y  f  x  , from the
in the x-axis.
  
For y  f x , remove the parts of y  f  x  on the left of
graph of y  f  x  .
the y-axis, then reflect and duplicate the remaining parts of
y  f  x  in the y-axis.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 20

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
A Curves Sketching and Conic Sections
1. CJC14/JC1Mid-year/Q1
 y  1
2

  x  2  1 .
2
The curve C has equation
4
(i) Sketch C , indicating clearly the equations of asymptotes, coordinates of axial
intercepts and vertices, if any. [4]

(ii) Determine the value of r where r  0 , such that the graph of

 x  2    y  1  r will intersect C at exactly two points.
2 2 2
[1]

2. CJC19/JC1Mid-year/Q7
The curve H has equation 9 y 2  36 y  4 x 2  8x  4  0 .
Show that the equation 9 y 2  36 y  4 x 2  8x  4  0 can be written as
 y  2  x  1
2 2

  1. [2]
4 9
State the lines of symmetry of H. [1]

Sketch the curve H, stating the coordinates of any points of intersection with the axes,
the coordinates of any turning points and the equations of any asymptotes. [4]

The curve J has equation 2n  x  1   y  2   2n , where n is a positive constant.

2 2

Deduce the range of values of n such that H and J intersect at least twice. [3]

3. ASRJC19/JC1Mid-year/Q3

x
The curve C1 has equation y  .
x4

The curve C2 has equation x 2  y 2  4 x  6 y  9  0 .

(i) Sketch C1 and C2 on the same diagram, stating the equation of the asymptotes. [4]
(ii) Find the points of intersection of C1 and C2. [2]

4. RVHS14 /JC1Mid-year/Q12

The curve C has equation

ax 2  2 x  4
y ,
xb

where a and b are constants. It is given that one of the asymptotes of C has equation
y  2x .

(i) Find the values of a and b. [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 21

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
(ii) By differentiation, what can be said about the gradient of C? [3]

(iii) Sketch C, showing its asymptotes and stating the coordinates of the points of
intersection with the axes. [3]

(iv) By drawing a sketch of another suitable curve in the same diagram, deduce the
number of distinct real roots of the equation
( x  1)4  (2 x 2  2 x  4)2  4( x  1)2 [3]

5. EJC18/JC1Mid-year/Q7
x2   x  
The curve C has equation y  , where   .
x 1
(i) Show that the values of y cannot lie between the values   4 and  . [3]

(ii) Sketch the curve C for the case where   5 , stating the coordinates of any points
of intersection with the axes, any turning points, and the equations of any
asymptotes.
[4]
(iii) By drawing another line on the same diagram, find the range of values of  such
that
x2  5x  5
  ( x  1)  3
x 1
has two distinct roots. [2]

6. JJC13/JC1CT/Q4
x 1
(a) The curve C1 has equation y . The curve C2 has equation
x2
 x  2    y  1  2.
2 2

(i) Sketch C1 and C2 on the same diagram, stating the coordinates of any points
of intersection with the axes and the equations of any asymptotes. [4]
2
 1 
Hence, deduce the number of roots of the equation  x  2      2.
2
(ii)
 x2
[2]
(iii) Another curve C3 has the equation  x  2    y  1  h .
2 2

State the range of values of h  such that C1 and C3 intersect at 4 points.

[1]
Ax  Bx  11 2
(b) A sketch of the curve y  , where A , B and C are constants, is
xC
shown below. The lines x  2 and y  x  5 are asymptotes to the curve. Find the
values of A , B and C . [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 22

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
y

x
O

7. MJC18/JC1Mid-year/Q3

(i) A curve C1 has equation x  4 x  4 y  12  0 . By completing the square, show

2 2

 x  h y k
2 2

that the equation of C1 can be expressed in the form   1 , where

a2 b2
a, b, h and k are real constants. Sketch C1 , indicating clearly, the axial intercepts
and equations of asymptotes. [4]
(ii) Another curve C2 is defined by the parametric equations
x  5  3sin  , y  2cos  , where 0    2 .

Find the cartesian equation of C2 . [2]

(iii) Sketch C2 on the same diagram as C1 , indicating clearly the axial intercepts and
any other relevant features. (You need not find the points of intersection between
C1 and C2 .) [3]

(iv) Show algebraically that the x-coordinate of the points of intersection of C1 and C2

 x  2  x  5
2 2

satisfies the equation   2 . Use your calculator to find this

42 32
x-coordinate. [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 23

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
B Parametric Equations

8. NJC18 /JC1Mid-year/Q6b

A curve C2 is given by the parametric equations x  t 3  t , y  et  2e  t , 1  t  1 .

(i) Sketch C2 , indicating clearly where the curve crosses the x- and y-axes. [4]

(ii) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of C2 and the line y  x  1 . [3]

9. SAJC/2019C1BT/5
4 x 2  8kx  5k 2  4
A curve C is defined by the equation y  , xk.
xk

(i) Find the range of values of k such that C has two stationary points. [5]

(ii) It is given that C has an oblique asymptote which cuts the y-axis at the point (0 , 4).
Find the value of k. [2]

(iii) Using the value of k in (ii), sketch the curve C, stating the equations of asymptote(s),
exact coordinates of turning point(s) and axial intercept(s), if any. [3]

(iv) A curve C1 is defined by the following parametric equations

x  1  tan t , y  b sec t , 0  t  2π, b  0 .
Find the cartesian equation of the curve C1 . [2]

(v) Find the range of values of b such that there are at most two intersection points
between the curves C and C1 . [2]

10. VJC14/JC1Mid-year/Q12
A curve C has parametric equations
t 3
x  16  t 2  9, y , for t  .
t
(i) Find the coordinates of the points where C crosses the x- and y-axes. [3]
(ii) Show that C has no stationary point. [3]
(iii) Find the equation of the vertical asymptote. [1]
(iv) Given that y  a as x  , find a. [2]
(v) Sketch C. [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 24

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
11. MJC11/JC1BT/Q3(modified)
The curve C is given by the parametric equations
 
x  a sin   2 , y  3cos  , where    and a  0 .
2 2
(i) State the range of values for x and y . [2]
(ii) Sketch C for which 0  a  2 . [4]

12. EJC 2020 C1 BT Q6

The curve C1 has parametric equations

x  3sin   4, y  3cos  3, where 0    2 ,

and the curve C2 has equation x 2  y 2  4 .

(i) Sketch C1 and C2 on the same diagram, stating clearly the co-ordinates of any
points intersection with the axes and the equations of any asymptotes. [5]

(ii) Show algebraically that the points of intersection of C1 and C2 satisfy the equation
3(sin 2   cos 2  )  8sin   6 cos   1  0 . [2]

(iii) Hence, find the co-ordinates of the points of intersection of C1 and C2. [3]

C Graph Transformations

13. NJC/2019C1BT1/5
(a) Describe a pair of transformations which transforms the curve with equation
x 2  y  3
2

  1 on to the circle with centre at the origin and radius 6 units. [3]
62 22
1
(b) The diagram shows the curve with equation y  . The curve passes through
g( x)
the points with coordinates 1, 0  ,  3, 0  and  0, 3 , and has a maximum point at
 2, 5 . The lines x  2 and y  3 are asymptotes to the curve.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 25

Hwa Chong Institution (College)

Sketch, on separate diagrams, the curves of

1
(i) y , [3]
g(2  x)

(ii) y  g( x) , [3]

stating the equations of any asymptotes, and the coordinates of turning points and
of points where the curves cross the axes.

14. AJC14/JC1Mid-year/Q9

The diagram below shows the graph of y  g( x) . The curve has a maximum point at
A(7, ̶ 7) and a minimum point at B(3, –1), and crosses the x-axis at the points C(2, 0)
and D(4, 0). The lines y   x  1 and x  5 are asymptotes to the curve.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 26

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of
(i) y  g(1  x) , [3]
1
(ii) y , [3]
g( x)
showing clearly in each case the coordinates of the axial intercepts, turning point(s), and
the equations of asymptotes, if any.

The inequality g(1  x)  a , where a is a constant, has the solution set  x  : x  4 .

Find the set of values of a. [2]

15. CJC18/JC1Mid-year/Q10

(a) The diagram shows the graph of y  f ( x) . The curve crosses the x-axis at the origin
and has a minimum point at (1, 2) . The lines y  0 and x  1 are asymptotes to
the curve.
𝑦
𝑥=1

𝑦=0
𝑥
𝑂

ሺ−1, −2ሻ

On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of

1
(i) y  f  x  2 , [3]
2
(ii) y  f  x  1  , [3]
1
(iii) y , [3]
f  x
indicating clearly the equations of any asymptote(s), the coordinates of turning
point(s) and any points where the curve crosses the x- and y- axes, whenever
possible.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 27

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
(b) A curve C1 undergoes, in succession, the following transformations:
A: Translation of 4 units in the negative y-direction
B: Scaling parallel to the x-axis by a scale factor of 3
C: Translation of 2 units in the positive x-direction.
x2  2
The equation of the resulting curve, C2 , is y  .
x 1
Find the equation of the original curve C1 . [3]

16. CJC19/JC1Mid-year/Q11

The diagram shows the graph of y  f ( x) .

y

On separate diagrams, indicating clearly the equations of any asymptotes, the coordinates
of turning points, and the coordinates of any points of intersection with the x- and y-axes,
sketch the graphs of
1 
(i) y  f  x  1, [4]
2 
(ii) y  f  x , [3]
1
(iii) y  . [4]
f  x

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 28

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
17. DHS19/JC1BT/Q4
A curve C1 has equation 4 y 2  9  16 x 2 . It undergoes two transformations in this order:

 translate 1 unit in the positive x-direction,

 scale parallel to the y-axis by factor k, where k is a positive constant.

(i) Find the equation of the resulting curve C2 , leaving your answer in terms of k. [2]
(ii) Sketch C2 indicating clearly the centre, equations of the asymptotes and the
coordinates of the vertices. [3]

18. YIJC/2019C1BT/4

The diagram shows the curve y  f  x  with an asymptote y = –2. The curve has turning
points at A and B and crosses the x-axis at the point C. The coordinates of A, B and C are

(–3, 0), (0, –4) and (2, 0) respectively.

A O C x
y = –2

Sketch, on separate diagrams, the graphs of

(i) y  f x  3 , [2]

(ii) y  f  x  1 , [2]
1
(iii) y , [3]
f  x
stating the equations of any asymptotes and the coordinates of the points corresponding
to A, B and C where appropriate.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 29

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
D Real Life Applications

19. CJC18/JC1Mid-year/Q1
Oumuamua is the first known interstellar object to pass through the Solar System.
Oumuamua has a hyperbolic trajectory of the inner Solar System, with the Sun as the
focus. The diagram below shows the trajectory of Oumuamua relative to the Sun and the
axes.
𝑦

𝑦 = 1.5096𝑥
Sun

0.2553 AU

𝑥
𝑂

The perihelion (the shortest distance of an object from the Sun) is 0.2553 Astronomical
Unit (AU) while the Sun is 1.5351 AU from the origin, O . The trajectory approaches
the asymptote y  1.5096 x.
y 2 x2
A possible model of the trajectory is 2  2  1 , where a  0 and b  0 .
b a
Find the values of a and b . [3]

20. A tunnel is built to facilitate the transportation of goods by trains between Country X
and Country Y . Due to differences in the rail systems between the two countries, two
types of tracks are used – the international track with track gauge of 1435 mm and the
narrow track with track gauge of 1000 mm (in rail transport, track gauge is the spacing
on a railway track). It is known that the cross-section of the tunnel is a half ellipse with
centre O and width MN (see diagram). The maximum height of the tunnel is 2000 mm.
To standardize the volumes of the goods to be transported, the areas ABCD and EFGH
are made equal. Find the width of the tunnel MN , giving your answer to the nearest mm.
[4]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 30

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
D C

H G

2000 mm
M E A O B F N
1000 mm
1435 mm

21. NJC16/C1BT/Q9
π
Toy Rocket A is launched at an angle  to the horizontal ground, where 0    . As
2
shown in the diagram below, its path in the air after t seconds is approximated by

x  10cos   t , y  10sin   t  5t 2 ,
where the origin O is the launch point.

The horizontal distance between the launch point and the landing point is called the
range.
(a) Find, in terms of  ,
(i) the time taken for Toy Rocket A to hit the ground, [2]
(ii) the range of Toy Rocket A. [1]

State the angle to the horizontal at which Toy Rocket A should be launched to
obtain the maximum range. Justify your answer. [2]

π
(b) It is known that Toy Rocket A is fired at an angle of to the horizontal ground.
3

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 31

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
(i) Show that its path in the air before hitting the ground can be described by the
1
Cartesian equation y  3x  x 2 . [2]
5
(ii) Sketch the path of Toy Rocket A on an x – y plane, indicating the exact
coordinates of the turning point and the point where it hits the ground. [3]

(c) Toy Rocket B is fired from the origin O in the positive x-direction. Its path in the
air follows the parabola y  10 3x  4 x 2 .
Describe a sequence of two transformations which maps the path of Toy Rocket A
onto the path of Toy Rocket B. [2]

22. EJC 2020 C1 BT Q9a

(a) Engraving is the process of incising a design or text onto a surface. For instance, serial
numbers are commonly engraved onto items such as machine parts, in order to
identify them individually. Today, computers are used for engraving, but in the past
the job required a mechanical linkage known as a pantograph.

The diagram shows a simple pantograph, in the x-y plane, consisting of two pairs
of parallel rigid rods, joined together at four joints. The rods are free to rotate at
these joints. One end of the pantograph is fixed at the origin O represented by the
point (0, 0). Points  x, y  are defined relative to the fixed point O. A pointer is
attached to A, while the engraving bit is attached to B. The engraver controls the
pantograph by moving the pointer over a stencil, which then causes the engraving
bit to trace out a copy of the shape.

(i) A pantograph is set up such that the engraving bit, point B, always lies on
the same line as OA as the pointer moves. The ratio of the distances OA : OB
is set at 5 :1 . Describe a sequence of geometric transformations which maps
the shape of the stencil (at A) to the shape of the engraving (at B). [2]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 32

 Suppose that the shape on the stencil is a circle with centre at  h, k  and
Hwa Chong Institution (College)
(ii)
radius r. State the equation of the circle. Find the equation of the engraved
shape, showing your working clearly. [3]

(iii) State the area enclosed by the engraved shape. [1]

Answers

A Curves Sketching and Conic Sections

1. r=2
2. x  1 and y  2 ; n  2
3.(ii) Intersection points: (2, 1), (3.28, 4.54).

4.(i) a = 2, b = 1
4.(ii) The gradient of C is positive for all x  , x  1 .
4.(iv) 4 distinct real roots
5.(iii)  1
6.(aii) 2 (aiii) h  2 (b) A  1 , B  3 , C  2
 x  5  y  1
2
7(ii) 2

32 22
7(iv) x  6.99 (3 s.f)

B Parametric Equations

8.(ii) (0.602, –0.398)

9.(i) k  2 or k  2 (ii) k  1
9.(iv) 2
 y
    x  1  1
2

b
9.(v) b4
10.(i) (11.8, 0), (0, 0.809), (0, 1.19)
10.(iii) x  13 (iv) a = 1
11.(i) 2a  x  2a , 0  y  3
12.(iii)   2.5083   5.78,  5.42 
  5.6014   2.11,  0.671

C Graph Transformations

13. Scale parallel to the y-axis by a factor of 3 .Translate in the positive y-direction by
9 units. OR
Translate in the positive y-direction by 3 units.Scale parallel to the y-axis by a
factor of 3.
14. a  : 7  a  1
15.(b) 9 x 2  24 x  14
y
3x  3

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 33

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
17.(i)  y
2

4    9  16( x  1) 2
k

D Real Life Applications

19 a  0.848  3 s.f  , b  1.2798

20 1749 mm
21(a)(i) 2sin  seconds
21(a)(ii) Range is 20cos  sin  or 10sin 2 .
π
Rocket A should be launched at
4
21 (c) The graph traced by Toy Rocket A is scaled by a scale factor of 5 parallel to the y-
1
axis and then scaled by a scale factor of parallel to the x-axis. (Or vice versa)
2
22 (a)(i) Scaling parallel to y-axis with scale factor 1/5;
Scaling parallel to x-axis with scale factor 1/5

22 (a)(ii)  h 
2
k r
2 2

x  y   
 5  5 5
22 r 2

(a)(iii) A
25

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 34

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
3
Inequalities and Systems of Equations
Skill Set
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
1. Manipulate inequality into (Lecture Notes Example 4)
f  x 3x  1
the form  0 and Find the solution of  2.
g  x x 1
3x  1 3x  1  2( x  1) x3
solve the inequality using 20  0  0.
algebraic method, where a x 1 x 1 x 1
number line is drawn
using the critical values + – +
found.
Hence solution is 3  x  1 .
Note that the signs will
not be alternating when
(Lecture Notes Example 3)
there is a repeated root of
x  x  1 x  2   0
2
even power.
+ – + +
2
1  x  0 or x2

2. Complete the square to (Lecture Notes Example 2)

deduce if a quadratic
expression is always

Solve x 2  2 x  5   x  1 2  x   0 .
Note that x 2  2 x  5   x  1  4 is always positive.
2
positive or always
negative.
[Or, discriminant = 22  4 1 5   0 and coefficient of x 2 is positive,
implies x 2  2 x  5 is always positive. ]

Thus, x 2  2 x  5   x  1 2  x   0   x  1 2  x   0 .
We draw the number line using the critical values 1 and 2 .
– + –
Therefore the solution to the inequality is 1  x  2 .
3. Use the graphical method (Inequalities Tutorial Q2(d))
to solve inequalities if x2  2x
exact answers are not
demanded, or if the
expressions involve
logarithmic, exponential,
trigonometric functions
etc.
Arrange the inequality to
the form f  x   0 or
f  x  g  x . The two graphs intersect at points with x-coordinates –0.767, 2, 4. Therefore,
0.767  x  2 or x  4 .

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 35

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
If exact solutions are (Lecture Notes Example 7)
required, graphical From 4 x 2  1  3  4 x 2  1  3  0 . Thus we sketch the graph
method can be used to
identify the points of y  4 x2  1  3 .
intersection. We then
proceed to solve the y
equations to obtain the
exact values of the points
of intersection.
x

From the diagram, instead of finding points of intersection as in previous

examples, here, we find the axis intercepts which are given as  1, 0  and

1, 0  .
To satisfy the inequality 4 x 2  1  3 , we identify the range of values of x
such that the curve lies above the x -axis. Thus, the answer is x  1 or
x 1.
(Lecture Notes Example 8)
2x2 1
Find the range of values of x for which  2 , giving your answer
x3
in exact form.

2x2 1
we solve for x in 2
x3
2x2 1 2 x2 1
Consider:  2 or 2
x3 x3
Upon simplifying, we obtain
2 x²  2 x  5  0 or 2 x²  2 x  7  0
2 x²  2 x  5  0 has no real solution while
1  15 1  15
2 x²  2 x  7  0 gives x or x
2 2

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 36

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
1  15
Thus, the x-coordinates of the intersecting points are x and
2
1  15
x .
2
2 x2 1 1  15 1  15
 2  x or x  , x  3 .
x3 2 2
4. Solve inequality of the (Lecture Notes Example 5)
form 2x  3 x 2  3x  4
f  x  g  x  h  x From x ,
x2 x 3
by splitting it into two 2x  3 x 2  3x  4
sub-inequalities consider (1)  x AND (2) x  .
x2 x 3
f  x   g  x  and
g  x   h  x  , and then For (1): Rewrite
2x  3
x
x2  3
0 
x 3 x 3 
 0.
 
find the intersection of the x2 x2 x2
solutions for each
inequality. This gives 2  x   3 or x 3 as the solution for (1).
x  3x  4
2
4
For (2): Similarly, rewrite x  as 0 .
x 3 x 3
This gives x  3 as the solution for (2).
Combining (1) and (2):

(2)
(1)

From the number line diagram, we are looking out for the intersections of the
partial solutions’ regions. In this case, the combined answer is
2  x   3 or 3  x  3.
5. Solving inequalities (Lecture Notes Example 6)
involving modulus. 2 x  1  3x  2    3x  2   2 x  1  3x  2
 2  3x  2 x  1  3x  2
Thus 2  3x  2 x  1 AND 2 x  1  3x  2
x  15 AND x3

 answer is x  3 .
(Inequalities Tutorial Q1(g))
5x  8  2 x  1
5 x  8  2 x  1 OR 5x  8  2x  1
7x  7 OR 3x  9
x 1 OR x3

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 37

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
6. Identify suitable (Lecture Notes Example 9)
replacement for x to find x 1
the solution to new Solving  , we obtain
inequalities. x  8 x 1
8  x  2 or 1 x  4
x 1 1 x 1
To obtain  from  , replace x with x  1.
x9 x x  8 x 1
8  x  1  2 or 1  x 1  4
So, 9  x  3 or 0 x3
7. Formulate an equation or (Lecture Notes Example 11)
a system of linear Three students (A, B, C) decided to raise money by selling shirts for three
equations from a problem weeks. The following table shows the number of shirts sold during each week
situation and the target amount to be raised by each student. To help meet the target,
they would set the unit price at the start of each week. Find the unit prices they
Find the numerical charged in each of the three weeks.
solution of equation A B C
(including system of
Week 1 8 7 2
linear equations)
using a graphic calculator Week 2 2 3 3
Week 3 6 1 4
Total Amount ($) 105 76 55
Let the unit prices in each week be x , y and z respectively.
Note: Define your variables clearly and write out the 3 equations.
We have 3 equations:
8 x  2 y  6 z  105
7 x  3 y  z  76
2 x  3 y  4 z  55
From GC, x  7.5, y  6, z  5.5
Therefore, the unit prices are $7.5 , $6 and $5.5 respectively.

Inequalities
1. RVHS11/C1BT/Q1
Given that x is real, prove that x 2  2 x  3 is always positive. [1]
x2  2x  3
Without using a calculator, solve the inequality 3  0. [3]
x  4x2  x  4

2. RI10/C1BT/Q2
Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs of y  e 2 x 1 and y  x  1 .
Hence solve the inequality e2 x 1  x  1.
Deduce the solution of the inequality e  (2 x 1)  1  x . [4]

3. RI11/C1BT/Q6
(a) Solve graphically the inequality x  3  ln x where x  0 . [3]
1  3x
Hence, find the solution of  ln x  0 where x  0 . [3]
x
2x2  7 x  6
(b) Without using a calculator, solve the inequality  1. [4]
x2  x  2

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 38

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
4. ACJC10/C1BT/Q3
1
Solve the inequality  4 x  a , where a is a positive constant, leaving your answer
xa
in terms of a . [3]

5. HCI14/C1BT/Q4
2 x2  4
(i) Without using a calculator, solve the inequality  1 . [4]
 x  11  2 x 
2sin 2 x  4
(ii) Hence, find the exact set of values of x for which  1 ,
 sin x  11  2sin x 
where 0  x  2 . [4]

6. AJC16/C1BT/Q8
Sketch the curve with equation y  x 2  5 x  2 , labeling your graph clearly.
On the same diagram, sketch the line with equation y  10  5 x . [4]
Hence, solve the inequality x 2  5 x  8  5 x , giving your answer in exact form. [4]

7. CJC16/C1BT/Q2
 x  1
2

  y  3  1 , showing clearly the coordinates of the

2
(i) Sketch the graph of
4
vertices and equations of the asymptotes. [3]
 x  1
2

(ii) Hence or otherwise, solve the inequality 3  1  2x . [2]

4

8. IJC16/C1BT/Q5
(i) Prove that 3x 2  3 x  1 is always positive. [2]
x 1
(ii) Using an algebraic method, solve the inequality  . [3]
2 x  1 3x  1
x2 1
(iii) Hence solve  2 , leaving your answer in exact form. [3]
2 x  1 3x  1
2

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 39

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
9. NJC16/C1BT/Q4
Without using a calculator, find the set of values of x that satisfies the inequality
29  3x
4. [4]
9  x2
3 x  29
Hence solve the inequality  4 exactly. [4]
x2  9

10. SRJC16/C1BT/Q6

3x  13
Without the use of a graphing calculator, solve 1. [4]
x  x  12
2

ln x3  13
Hence, solve exactly the inequality 1. [3]
(ln x)2  ln x  12

11. RI 2020 C1 BT Q8

Do not use a calculator in answering this question.

x2
(i) Solve the inequality  1. [3]
x2  x

(ii) Hence, solve the inequalities

2  ex
(a)  1, [2]
e x  e2 x

x 3
(b) 1. [2]
x  3x  2
2

(iii) Deduce the set of values of x satisfying

 2  ex  x  3  x  2 
 x 2 x  1  2  1 2  1  0 [2]
e e   x  3 x  2  x  x 

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 40

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
System of Equations

12. MJC13/Promo/Q3
The diagram below shows the traffic flow of vehicles in four traffic junctions A, B, C and
D. Each arrow indicates the direction of the vehicles entering or leaving the junction. The
unknown constants a, b, c and d indicate the number of vehicles entering or leaving a
particular junction. It is given that the total number of vehicles entering a traffic junction
must be equal to the total number of vehicles leaving that same junction. There are 48
vehicles leaving junction B.

A D

B C

(i) Determine the values of a, b, c and d . [3]

(ii) The shaded region indicates the presence of an Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)
gantry located at that road. It is known that each gantry charges a fixed price of
$0.50 per vehicle. How much revenue will be collected in total by the gantries in
these regions? [1]

13. HCI11/C1BT/Q4
The amount of annual profit P of a company may be predicted by the model
c
P  at  b 
t4
where a, b and c are constants and t is the number of years after 2000.

In 2000, the annual profit of the company was $160 000.

In 2001, the annual profit was $38 000 more than the annual profit in 2000.
1
In 2002, the annual profit was 1 times the annual profit in 2000.
2
(i) Determine the values of a, b and c. [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 41

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
c
(ii) If instead the model is P  at  b  , using the values of a, b and c found in
t4
part (i), find the year after 2000 when the amount of annual profit P first becomes
zero. [3]

14. RI11/C1BT/Q1
On the 10th of March 2011, Dada bought 10 PineApple, 50 Googol and 300 Macrohard
shares, spending a total of $40040 with the price of 1 Googol share equivalent to the sum
of the prices of 1 PineApple and 10 Macrohard shares. The following day, the prices of
PineApple, Googol and Macrohard shares plunged by 10%, 15% and 20% respectively.
This resulted in Dada making a loss of $6227. Find the respective prices of 1 PineApple,
1 Googol and 1 Macrohard shares on the 10th of March 2011. [3]

15. HCI14/C1BT/Q3
The equation of a curve is given by
Ax 2  By 2  Cx  Dy  13  0
where A , B , C and D are constants.
dy
(i) Find in terms of x and y . [3]
dx
The curve has a stationary point at 1, 1 and the tangent to the curve at  3, 2  is
parallel to the y -axis.

(ii) Find the values of A , B , C and D . [4]

16. VJC11/C1BT/Q1
LTA is trying to adjust the ERP rates for cars, lorries and motorcycles at the Orchard
Road gantry. The number of the different types of vehicles passing through the gantry on
3 randomly chosen time periods for 3 different days is summarized in the table below.
The table also shows the projected amount of revenue LTA plans to collect for the 3
different days. Determine the ERP rates for the different types of vehicles. [3]
Cars Lorries Motorcycles Revenue ($)
Day 1 123 91 210 788.5
Day 2 175 98 210 910
Day 3 154 103 190 850.5

In order to curb the number of lorries passing through the Orchard Road gantry, LTA
decides to raise the ERP rates for lorries by 20%. Determine the new amount of revenue
collected on day 3 if the rates for other vehicles remain unchanged. [1]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 42

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
17. ASRJC/2019C1BT1/2

In a particular shop, the total price of a box of chocolates, a box of biscuits and a packet
of nuts is $73.40 during normal season. The shop owner decided to offer a discount
during the Mothers’ Day season, where every three boxes of chocolates would be given
a 15% discount, and for every two boxes of biscuits purchased, a discount of $5 would
be given.

Mary and John went to the shop during the sale and made the following purchase.

Boxes of Boxes of Packets of Total Cost

Chocolates Biscuits nuts

Mary 4 6 3 $297.97

John 6 5 2 $322.39

Find the usual unit price of each item and hence find the total savings made by
Mary. [4]

18. RI/2019C1BT/2

At Gardens by the Bay, the Singapore Resident admission rates for the Audio Tour and
the Cooled Conservatories are as follows:

Audio Tour Cooled Conservatories

Adult: $8 Adult: $20

Senior Citizen ( ≥ 60 years old): $5 Senior Citizen ( ≥ 60 years old): $15

Child (3-12 years old): $3 Child (3-12 years old): $12

A tour group of Singapore Residents purchased 45 tickets to join the Audio Tour. The
total amount for the tickets was $290.

(i) Find the different possible number of tickets that were purchased for the
children in the tour group. [4]
The tour group then paid $785 for 45 tickets to visit the Cooled Conservatories.

(ii) Find the total amount that was spent on the senior citizens’ tickets for the Audio
Tour and Cooled Conservatories. [2]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 43

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
Answers
1. 1  x  1 or x  4 2. x  0.944 or x  0.792 ; x  0.944 or x  0.792
3. (a) 0  x  2.21 or x  4.51 ; x  0.453 or 0  x  0.222 ;
(b) 1  x  4, x  2
1
4. x  a or x  a 
2
 5
or x  1 (ii)  x  : 0  x  
1
5. (i) 1  x  or  x  2 
2  6 6 
6. x  2 2 or x  5  17 7. x  3 or 1  x  2.09
1 1 1 1
8. (ii) 1  x  1 (iii) x or  x
3 2 3 2 2 3
7 7 7
9. 3  x   or 1  x  3; 3  x   or  x3
4 4 4
4
a  8, b  16, c  24 and d  32 0  x  e or x  e or x  e
3
10.
11. (i) 0  x  1 (ii)(a) x  0 (ii)(b) x  1 or x  2 (iii) (, 2) \{0,1}
12. (i) a  8, b  16, c  24 and d  32 (ii) $32
13. (i) a = 50 000, b = 100 000, c = 240 000; (ii) 2003
14. P  $326, G  $582, M  $25.60
dy 2 Ax  C
15. (i)  (ii) A  1, B  4, C  2, D  16
dx 2 By  D
16. 902
17. chocolate $36.40; biscuits $24.25; nuts $12.75; $31.38

18. 2, 5, 8, 11 or 14 ; $300

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 44

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
4
Functions
Skill Set
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
1. Sketch the graph of the function (Lecture Notes Example 1(b))
according to the domain.
g : x  x2  2 x  1, x  , x  2
- Students tend to sketch the y
graph without referring to the
domain given by the function.

O x

2. Find the range of the function by (Lecture Notes Example 2(c))

drawing accurate graphs.
h : x  e2 x , x , x  0
- Students must realize that the
y
accuracy of the range found
depends on accurate graphs. Do
pay attention to any asymptotes,  0, 1
turning points and other features y  h  x
of the graph. x
O

Rh = (0,1]
Here the horizontal asymptote is an important feature for figuring out
the range.
3. Determine if the function is one When the function is one to one:
to one. (Lecture Notes Example 3(b))
g : x  cos x, x , 0  x  ,
y

Method 1: By applying the  0, 1

‘Horizontal Line Test’ and
stating the correct reason to x
justify whether the function is O
one to one.
 ,  1

Every horizontal line intersects the graph of y  g( x) at no more than

one point, thus the function g is a one to one
function. Therefore its inverse exists.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 45

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
When the function is not one to one:
(Lecture Notes Example 3(c))
h:x x  1  2, x .

y  h  x
x
O

y  1

Draw a horizontal line on your graph to show that it intersects the curve
at two points. Thus h is not a one to one function.
OR
Give a counterexample like x  1, x  3 gives the same y value = 0.
4. Find the rule of the inverse (Lecture Notes Example 5)
function by letting y = f(x) and
making x as the subject
f : x  x2  2 x  3, for x  .
From y  f  x  , we have y  x  2 x  3
eventually. 2
(a) When f(x) is a quadratic
 y   x  1  4
2
function.
Method 1:
Complete square  x  1  y  4
Since x  1 , therefore we take x  1  y  4 .
Thus f
1
 y   1  y  4  f 1  x   1  x  4

y  f  x  , we have y  x  2 x  3
2
From

Method 2:  x2  2x  3  y  0
Express the quadratic expression
2  4  4(1)(3  y )
in the form of x
ax 2  bx  c  0 and find x in 2
terms of y using 2  4(4  y )
b  b 2  4ac x
x . 2
2a
 x  1  4  y
Since x  1 , therefore we take x  1  y  4 .
Thus f
1
 y   1  y  4  f 1  x   1  x  4

(b) When f(x) is a logarithmic (Tutorial Q1(d))

 ln x 
2
function f: x , x , x 1
- Realize that inverse of a ln
function is the exponential Let y  (ln x) 2
function. y  ln x since x  1, ln x  0

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 46

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills

 e y  x [Note: eln x  x]
xe y
 f 1 ( x)  e x
(c) When f(x) is a modulus (Tutorial Q1(e))
function
- Remove modulus sign by f: x 2
x 1 , x , x 1
resolving modulus function into
1 of the 2 expressions. i.e. Let y  x21
x  1  ( x  1) or  ( x  1)
Then, y   x21 since x  1

 y  x21   1y  x21  x  1  2y
 f 1 ( x)  1  2x
5. Find the domain and range of the Domain of f 1  Range of f
inverse function using the
relation: Range of f 1
 Domain of f
6. Sketch the graphs of y  f ( x) (Lecture Notes Example 4(iv))
1
and y  f ( x) on the same y
 2, 9 
diagram
yx
Important to note: y  f  x
(a) change of coordinates from
(x, y) to (y, x) after reflecting the y  f 1  x 
 9, 2 
graph of y  f ( x) in the line  1, 0  x
yx O
 0,  1
(b) same scale on both axes
(using ZSQAURE function on
TI84PlusC).
7. Restrict the domain of f so that f- (Lecture Notes Example 5(i))
f : x  x2  2 x  3, for x 
1
exists.
y

y  f  x

x
3 O 1

 1,  4 

From the graph, we observe that for the inverse to exist, i.e. for f is
one to one, the largest domain we can go for is x  1 .
Thus the smallest value of p is 1 .

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 47

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
8. State the range of f and domain Students need to check Rf  Dg for gf exists.
of g to check the existence of
composite function gf. Students must state the range of f and domain of g explicitly before
concluding if the former is a subset of the latter.
(Lecture Notes Example 6)
f :x 1  x , x  , x  0 and g : x 1  x, x  .
y

O x

From the graph, Rf  [1, ) . Since Rf  [1, )   Dg , gf

exists.
9. Find the rule of composite (Extension of lecture notes example 6)
function gf and its domain
f : x  1  x , x  , x  0 and g : x  1  x, x 
gf ( x)  g(f ( x))  g(1  x )  1  (1  x )   x
Dgf  Df  [0, )
10. Find the range of gf using (Lecture Notes Example 6)
Method 1:
Do in stages.
f : x  1  x , x  , x  0 and g : x  1  x, x 
Dgf  Df 
f
 Rf 
g
 Rgf Dgf  Df  [0, ) 
f
 Rf  [1, ) 
g
?
Use graph of y = g(x), substitute [1, ) into function g.
y

y = g(x)
1
Dg  1,  

1 x
R gf

Rgf  (,0]

Method 2: Graphical method (Lecture Notes Example 9(ii) Method 2)

Sketch the graph of y  fg( x ) Sketch the graph of y = gf(x) according to the domain of f. Find the range
Limitations: of gf.
2
- The graph of fg may not be
y  gf  x   e x   1, x  .
easy to draw accurately. e 1x
- This method is recommended if Sketch the graph of the composite function gf subjected to its domain.
fg is a simple function.






Hwa Chong Institution Page | 48

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills

 y






O x

From the graph, Rgf   2.83,   .

11. Solving the equation (Tutorial Q6(iv))
1 1
f ( x)  f ( x) is the same as Since the graphs of y  f ( x) , y  f ( x) and y  x will meet at
solving f ( x)  x , provided that the same point, to find the exact solution of the equation
the graphs of y  f ( x) and f ( x)  f 1 ( x) , we could solve f ( x)  x , ie. x 2  2 x  3  x .
y  f 1 ( x) only meet at the line
y  x.
12. Know the difference (Tutorial Q7(iii))
 x  1
1 2
between the graphs of f f and Given f : x  2, x  , x  1
1 1
ff What is the difference between the graph of f f and
1
ff ?
f 1 f( x)  f f 1 ( x)  x
[This result is true all the time, regardless of f].
1
Therefore f f and f f 1 share the same rule.
1
However, the domain of f f = domain of f = (,1) while domain
1 1
of f f = domain of f  (2, ) .

1. AJC12/C1BT/Q9(a)
Function h is defined by
e 3 x  , 0  x  3.
2
h:x
(i) Find the function h 1 . [5]
(ii) Find the range of values of x such that h 1h( x)  hh 1 ( x) . [3]

2. DHS10/C1BT/Q6
The functions f and g are defined by
1 x
f :x , x  2,
2 x
g:x x  1.
x ln x,
1 1
(i) Show that f exists and express f in a similar form. [4]
(ii) Find the exact value of x for which f ( x)  f 1 ( x) . [3]
(iii) Show that gf exists and solve exactly the equation  gf  ( x)  3 .
1
[3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 49

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
3. NJC11/C1BT/Q11(b)&(c)
The functions g and h are defined as follows:
g : x ln  x  2  , x  2,

h:x 
x x2  x 1 ,  1
  x  1.
3
 1
(a) Find the value of h 1    . [2]
 2
(b) Show that the composite function gh exists. Find the composite function gh and its
exact range. [5]

4. VJC11/C1BT/Q7
The functions g and h are defined by
g:x 3x , x  ,
h:x ax  b, x  , where a and b are non-zero constants.
(i) Find h 1 ( x). [2]
1 1
(ii) Given that h (2)  g(2) and the graphs of h and g meet on the y-axis, show that
1
a  and find the value of b. [3]
4
(iii) With the values of a and b found in (ii), find (gh)1 (3). [3]

5. DHS11/C1BT/Q8
The functions f and g are defined as follows:
f :x  x3  1, x  ,
g: x e2 x  2, x  b, b  0.
(i) Define f 1 in a similar form. [3]
(ii) Hence, without finding g 1 , find x such that fg 1  x   7  0. [3]

6. TJC10/C1BT/Q9
The functions f and g are defined by
1
f :x 2 1  4 x 2 for x  , cx
2
g: x ln  e  x  for x  , x < e
1
(i) In the case where c   ,
2
(a) sketch the graph of y  f  x  , showing clearly the intercepts on both axes.
[1]
(b) show that the function gf exists and state the range of gf, giving your answer
in exact values. [3]
1
(ii) Find the minimum value of c such that f exists. [1]
(iii) Using the value of c found in part (ii), sketch on the same diagram, the graphs of
y  f  x  and y  f 1  x  , illustrating clearly the relationship between the two
graphs. [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 50

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
7. AJC11/C1BT/Q11
1
(a) The function h is given by h : x , x  a . Find h 2  x  and hence
a
xa
7
determine h ( x) . [3]
(b) The diagram below shows the graph of function f defined on (1, ) .

x
O

(i) State the restricted domain of f such that f 1 exists and the range of f remains
unchanged. [1]
1
(ii) With the restricted domain of f found in part (i), sketch the graphs of f and
f 1f in a single diagram, showing clearly any asymptotes. [2]

8. AJC10/C1BT/Q12
(a) The functions f and g are defined by:
1
f  x 
, x  , x  0 and g( x)  e , x 
x

x2
Show that the composite function gf exists. Define gf and find its range. [5]
(b) The function h is defined by:
 a 2  x 2 , 0  x  a
h( x)   ,
 a  x , a  x  0
2 2

where a is a positive constant.

(i) By sketching the graph of y  h( x) , show that h -1 exists and h 1 = h. [3]
 a
(ii) Evaluate h 5    exactly, giving your answer in terms of a . [2]
 2
(iii) For 0  x  a , find in terms of a, the x-coordinate of the point of intersection
of the graphs y  h( x) and y  hh -1 ( x) , giving your answer in exact form.[2]

9. VJC10/C1BT/Q11
The functions f and g are defined, for x  , by
f : x x 2  1 and g : x x  3.
(i) Find f(3x). [1]
(ii) Use an algebraic method to solve fg( x)  gf( x) 3xx+44, giving your answer in
exact form. [4]
5x  8
The function h is defined by h : x , x  , x  3.
x 1
(iii) Solve the equation h(x) = x. [2]
(iv) Find the expression for h 1 ( x ) . [2]
10. RI11/C1BTP1/Q9

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 51

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
The functions f and g are defined as follows:
 x  2 2  1 for x  , x  2,
f(x)   2
 x  3 for x  , x  2,
3x  4
g(x)  for x  , x  0.
x 1
(i) Sketch the graph of y  f ( x) . [2]
(ii) Find the range of g. Hence, find fg( x) . [3]
(iii) State the equation of the asymptote of y  fg( x ) . [1]

The function h is defined as h: x f ( x), for x  , x  k.

(iv) State the largest value of k for which h has an inverse. [1]
(v) With this value of k found in (iv), find the inverse of h in similar form. [3]

11. TPJC15/C1BT/Q1
It is given that
5  x 2 for 0  x  2 ,
f ( x)  
 2x  3 for 2  x  4 .
and that f ( x)  f ( x  4) for all real values of x.
(i) Evaluate f (5)  f (2015) . [2]
(ii) Sketch the graph of y  f ( x ) for  3  x  9 . [3]

12. VJC15/C1BT/Q2
It is given that
cos 1 x for 0  x  1,

f ( x)    
 x for 1  x  2,
 2 2
and that f(x)  f ( x  2) for all real values of x.
(i) Sketch the graph given by y  f ( x ) for  3  x  4 . [3]

(ii) For 0  x  4 , solve the inequality f ( x)  , giving your answer in the exact
3
form. [3]

13. CJC16/C1BT/Q11
Functions f and g are defined by
f :x 
ln x 2  2 x  5  for x , x  5 ,
g:x x2  4 for x  .
(i) Show that fg exists. Find fg(x) , stating the domain and the range of fg . [5]
(ii) Give a reason why f does not have an inverse. [2]
(iii) The function f has an inverse if its domain is restricted to x  k . State the least
value of k for which the function f 1 exists. [1]
Using the value of k found in (iii),
(iv) find f 1  x  and state the domain of f 1 . [4]
(v) sketch on the same diagram, the graphs of f and f 1 , showing clearly the
relationship between the graphs and the coordinates of the endpoints. [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 52

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
14. TJC16/C1BT/Q11
The function f is defined by f : x 1  2  x , x  , 0  x  2 .
(i) Find f 1 , stating its domain. [3]
(ii) By sketching the graphs of y  f  x  and y  f  x  on the same diagram, show
1

that the equation f  x   f 1  x   0 has 3 real roots. [3]

Find the roots of the equation f  x   f 1
 x   0 , leaving your answers in exact form.
[3]
x
The function g is defined by g : x a , x  , x  0 where a  1 .
(iii) Show that the composite function gf exists and define it in a similar form. [3]
(iv) By sketching the graph of y  g  x  , find the range of gf in terms of a. [2]

15. NJC18/C1BT/Q5

The function f is defined by

 x  2, x  1,

f :x  1 x 2
 e , x  1.


(i) Sketch the graph of f and state its exact range. [3]
(ii) Explain why f 1 does not exist. [1]
(iii) State the largest integer value of k such that the restriction function

 x  2, x  1,
g:x  1 x 2
 e ,  1  x  k ,

has an inverse. [1]

(iv) With the value of k found in part (iii), find g 1 in a similar form. [4]

(v) On the same diagram, sketch the graph of g and g 1 , indicating clearly the line of
symmetry and its equation. [2]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 53

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
16. VJC 2020 C1 BT Q5

The domain of a function f is (0,4] and

 2 x  x2 for 0  x
f  x  
2,
f  x  2   1 for 2  x 4.

(i) Find f  2  and f  4  . [2]

(ii) Sketch the graph of y  f  x  for 0  x 4. [3]

(iii) The function g is defined by g : x x  2 for x  , 0  x  5. Does the composite

function fg exist? Justify your answer. [2]

Answers
1. (i) h 1 ( x )  3  ln x , 1  x  e9 (ii) 1,3
2x 1 3 5 ;
2. (i) f 1 : x , x 1; (ii) (iii) 2ln2
x 1 2
3. (a) 0.403;
 1   59 
(b)  
gh  x   ln x3  x 2  x  2 ; Dgh  D h    ,1 ; Range of gh =  0, ln 
 3   27 
x b 1 1
4. (i) h 1  x   ; (ii) a  , b   ; (iii) 5
a 4 4
1
5. (i) f 1 : x 1  x  3 , x ; (ii) e4  2
6. (i)(b) Rf = [0, 2]  (−, e) = Dg ; Rgf = [ ln(e − 2), 1]; (ii) min c = 0
(b)(i)  1, 0 ;
1
7. (a) h 7 ( x)  a  ;
xa
(b)(ii)

8. (a) gf  x   e , x  , x  0 , R gf  1,   ;
x2
(b)(ii)  3 a ; (iii) a
2 2
8 16
9. (i) 9x2 + 1; (ii)  x  ; (iii) x = 4;
6 3 6 3
x 8 7
(iv) h 1 ( x)  ,  x5
x5 2
6 x 2  18 x  13
10. (ii) fg  x   ; (iii) y = 6; (iv) 2;
x2  2x  1
(v) h 1 : x  2  x  1, x  , x  1

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 54

 y
Hwa Chong Institution (College)
11. (i) 7; (ii) 5
(9, 4)
1
x
-3 -2 0 2 4 6 8 9
12. (i)

1 5 5 11
(ii) 0 x or  x  or  x  4.
2 3 2 3
13. (i) Dfg   ,   , R fg  1.39,   (iii) k  1
(iv) f 1  x   1  e x  4 , Df 1  R f  1.39,  
(v)

f 1  x   2   x  1 , Df  1,1  2 
2
14. (i) 1

(ii)
y=x

(1,2)
(2,1)

1 5
x  1, x  or x  2
2
1 2

(iii) gf : x  a 1 2 x
,x , 0  x  2 (iv) R gf   a 1 2 , a 1 
 

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 55

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
 x  2 x  1,
15. (i) R f   , e (iii) k  0 (iv) g : x 
  1  ln x 1  x  e.

(v) e

16. (i) f  2   0, f  4   1 (iii) fg does not exist

(ii)
y

(1, 1)
(2, 1)
(4, 1)
(0, 0) (2, 0) x

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 56

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
5
Differentiation and Its Applications
Skill Set
No. Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
1. Techniques of
differentiation using
 product rule Refer to Summary in Lecture Notes (Pg. 18)
 quotient rule
 chain rule
2. Differentiation of
 logarithm &
exponential
functions
 trigonometric Refer to Summary in Lecture Notes (Pg. 18-19)
functions
 inverse
trigonometric
functions
3. Implicit differentiation Tutorial 5A Q3a
x  xy  3
 dy
1  2 1xy y  x dx  0 
x  d x   2
dy
xy  y
dy 2 xy  y
dx
 x
4. Higher order Tutorial 5A Q6b

 ddyx   xy  3 y ddxy
differentiation 2 2
2

Differentiating w.r.t. x,

  
dy d2 y
   ddxy   3 y ddxy
dy
2 dx dx2  x dx  y  3 dx
dy 2
2
3
3

dy
   dy d2 y d3 y
x dx  y  dx dx2  3 y dx3
5. Differentiation involving Tutorial 5A Q7
parametric equations x  t 2  3t ; y  ln t
dx  2t  3 ; dy  1
dt dt t
dy dy dt 1
 
dx dt dx 2t 3
 t
 1
2t 2 3t
6. Simplify inverse Tutorial 5A Q3d
trigonometric functions sin–1(x + y) = xy
before differentiation x  y  sin( xy )
Differentiate w.r.t x:
dy
 dy

1  dx  y  x dx cos( xy)

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 57

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
No. Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
dy
 dy
1  dx  y  x dx cos ( xy )
dx 
1  x cos ( xy )   y cos ( xy )  1
dy

dy y cos( xy )1

dx 1 x cos( xy )
7. Simplify logarithm Tutorial 5A Q1d
functions using d ln x a  d 1 [ln( x  a )  ln( x  a )]
properties of logarithm dx xa dx 2
before differentiation  12 [ x 1 a  x 1 a ]
x  a ( x  a )
 12 ( x a )( x  a )
 12 22a 2
x a
 2a 2
x a
8. Always work in radians Tutorial 5A Q1c
for angles d  cos 2 ( x)  tan( x) 
dx  
 ddx cos 2 180
  
πx  tan πx 
180   
 π π

 2 cos 180  sin 180 180
x x
  
π  sec 2 πx π
180 180  
 180 
π sec 2 πx  sin πx
180 90 

π sec 2
 180 x  sin 2 x 
9. Finding equations (i) Lecture Notes Example 15
of tangents and normals 4 x 2  y 2  11
where curve is defined
dy
(i) implicitly 8 x  2 y dx  0
(ii) parametrically
dy
  dx  28 xy  4yx
At (3,5), gradient of tangent = 12
5
Hence equation of tangent to curve at (3,5) is y  5  12
5 ( x  3) ,
i.e. y  12
5 x 5
11
(ii) Tutorial 5B Q1
dx   a , dy  a
dt t2 dt 1  t2 
3

dy


a 1  t23  
  t 2  2t 
dx  t2
a

When t = 2,
dy
x  32a y  74a , dx  5
 equation of normal is y  74a  15 x  32a 
20y – 35a = 4x – 6a
20y = 4x + 29a
10. Properties of tangents Tutorial 5B Q4
and normals dy
(i) Tangent // x-axis  dx  0

(ii) Tangent // y–axis  dx undefined  d1y 0

dy
dx

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 58

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
No. Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
11. Intersections of graphs Tutorial 5B Q2(iii)
in parametric form and Equation of tangent at P: y  2   43 ( x  2)
cartesian form: find
value of t and substitute Substituting x  t 2  t , y  t 3  t into equation,
into x and y to find
coordinates t 3  t  2   43 (t 2  t  2)
t 3  43 t 2  13 t  23  0
Using GC,
t  1 (rejected this t is for P) or t  23
Substituting t  12 into x  t 2  t , y  t 3  t ,
Hence R( 92 , 27
26 )

12. Expressing quantity in Lecture Notes Example 22(i)

terms of a single
variable in connected x
rates of change and local r
maxima and minima
h
problems x
2r R

Given V  13 x h
2

 x2  x 2  x 2  2r 2
From diagram, (2r )
2

Also, h  R  r  r  R  h
2 2 2 2 2 2

 V  13 x 2 h  23r h  32 h( R 2  h 2 ) (shown)
2

13. Rates of change: Tutorial 5B Q5

applying chain rule V  13  r 2 h  13  r 2 (2r )  32  r 3
(i) dV
dt
 ddVr  ddrt and dl
dt
 ddrl  ddrt
(ii) dA
dt
 ddAr  ddrt
y  x 2xax 3a2 , where a is a constant.
14. Using differentiation to 2
find range of values of The equation of the curve C is 1
constants dy
Find dx and deduce that if C has two stationary points, then  13  a  1 .

Solution
y  x 2xax 3a2
2
1
dy ( x 1)(2 x 2a )( x2 2 ax 3a 2 )

dx ( x 1)2
 2 x 2ax  2 x 2a 2x  2ax 3a
2 2 2
( x 1)
x2  2 x (3a 2 2 a )

( x 1)2
dy
At stationary points,
dx
 0  x 2  2 x  (3a 2  2a)  0 (*)
Since C has 2 stationary points, (*) has 2 real distinct roots.
 discriminant  4  4(1)(3a2  2a)  0

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 59

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
No. Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
3a  2a  1  0
2

(3a  1)(a  1)  0
 13  a  1 (shown)
15. Determine nature of Lecture Notes Example 20
stationary points y  3x5  x3  5
analytically using 1st
derivative test or 2nd
dy
dx 
 15 x 4  3 x 2  3 x 2 5 x 2  1 
derivative test, including dy
use of 1st derivative test dx
 0  x  0,  0.447
if 2nd derivative test is 2
d y
inconclusive dx 2
 60 x 3  6 x
d2 y
At x  0.447 , y  4.96 ,  2.68  0
dx 2
  0.447, 4.96  is a minimum point.
d2 y
At x  0.447 , y  5.04 , dx2  2.68  0
  0.447, 5.04  is a maximum point.
x  0 , y  5 , dx2  0  inconclusive
2
d y
At
Using 1st derivative test
x 0– 0 0+
dy
dx  0 
  
  0, 5  is a point of inflexion.
16. Sketching y  f '( x) Lecture Notes Example 26
given y  f ( x) with
horizontal/oblique
asymptotes

y
Solution

3 O x

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 60

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
Techniques of Differentiation
1. AJC13/C1Mid-year/Q1
Find ddyx for each of the following, simplifying your answers.

(i) y  sin 1 (e x ) [3]

(ii) 
y  ln 1xlnx x  [4]

2. DHS13/ C1Mid-year/Q8
Differentiate the following with respect to x,
(a) sin 2 3x expressing your answer in terms of a single trigonometric function, [2]
(b) ln  sin x   cos 1 x   , [3]

(c) xlog3 x . [4]

3. MJC13/C1Mid-year/Q7
x2 y
(a) Given y  ln xe2 1 . Find dy
dx
. [4]
dy
(b) A curve has parametric equations x  3u2  u , y  tan 1 u . Find dx
in terms of u.
Hence find the range of values of u for which the curve is strictly increasing. [4]

4 PJC13/C1Mid-year/Q2
(a) Find ddx [sec(ln(3x  6))] .
2
[2]

(b) Given that cos1 1  x 2  e2  x  2 xy 2 , find dy

dx
in terms of x and y, simplifying
your answers. [4]

5. RI13/C1Mid-year/Q7
(a) A curve is given by the parametric equations
x  2  sin 2, y  3  2cos2 , for 0     .
dy
Show that dx
 cot  . [3]
Given that e x y   x ln  , show that
2
dy
(b) dx
 y[(ln )  2 x] . [4]

6. VJC13/C1Mid-Year/Q3
(a) Given that y  sin 1 ( x 2 ) and 1  x  1 , find dy
dx
. Deduce the set of values of x for
which y decreases as x increases. [4]
(b) Given that y  ln  tan( x  y ) , show that e y ddyx  1  e2 y  1  ddyx .   [3]

7. TJC20/MYA/Q5
(a) Given that ln y  x ln  f ( x) , where f ( x)  0 , show that

 xy  f( x)   y ln f ( x) .
dy f ( x)
dx  
Hence find the derivative of (1  2 x) with respect to x.
x
[3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 61

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
dy
(b) (i) Given that y  tan 1 ( x  y ) , show that ( x  y ) 2 dx  1 . [1]

Find the values of dx and dx2 at the point (1  4 , 4 ) .

2
dy d y
(ii) [4]

Maxima and Minima Problems

8. AJC14/C2Mid-year/Q11
B


45 m

  
A R C

80 m
m is in a canoe at point B which is 45 m
In the above diagram, not drawn to scale, John
from A, the nearest point on a straight shore AC. As part of an ironman competition, he
needs to disembark from his canoe at point R and must then run along the shore to point
C which is 80 m from A in order to complete the race. His rowing and running speeds
are 2 m/s and 5 m/s respectively.
(i) If x denotes the distance, in metres, between A and R, and t denotes the time, in
2025  x 2 80  x
seconds, required to travel from B to C, show that t   . [1]
2 5
(Assume that the time taken to disembark from the boat is negligible)
(ii) Find, by differentiation, the exact distance from A that John should disembark from
his canoe for him to complete his race in the shortest time. [3]
(You do not need to justify that the time taken is the shortest.)
(iii) Another competitor, Alex managed to disembark from his canoe at point A when
John was still at point B. The running speed of Alex is 1.5 m/s. Determine the range
of values of x such that the difference in the time taken for Alex and John to reach
point R is at most 5 seconds. [3]

9. MJC14/C2Mid-year/Q3

(i) A right-angled triangle has fixed base length B cm and fixed height H cm. A
rectangle is inscribed in the triangle as shown in the diagram above.
Using differentiation, find the dimensions of the rectangle such that its area is at
its maximum. [6]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 62

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
(ii) Hence what can be said about the two unshaded triangles when the area of the
inscribed rectangle is at its maximum? [1]

10. SRJC16/C2 MYE/II/4

B
2 cm
A 2θ
C
D
(a) The base of a solid prism is a rhombus ABCD, where AB = 2 cm and ∠ABC = 2θ
where 0    2 , as shown in the figure. Given that the volume of the solid is 100
cm3, find the value of θ when the total surface area of the prism is minimum. [6]

(b) ABCD is a rectangle where AB = 5 cm and AC = 10 cm. The point E is on AC where

AE = x cm and angle AEB = θ radians. E is moving from A to C at the rate of 0.1
cm /s. Calculate, when x = 5, the rate at which the length of BE is changing.
[3]

11. TJC16/C2 MYE/4

[It is given that the volume of a sphere of radius r is 4 πr 3 and the surface area of a sphere
3
of radius r is 4πr 2 .]
A paperweight is constructed from a hemisphere with radius 3r cm by removing a
circular cylinder of radius r cm and height h cm as shown in the diagram below. The
cost of anodizing the flat surfaces is $k per cm 2 while the cost of anodizing the curved
surfaces is $2k per cm 2 . As r and h vary, the total cost of anodizing the entire
paperweight is a constant denoted by $C.
3r r

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 63

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
117 3 Cr
(i) Show that the volume, V cm3, of the paperweight is V  πr  . [3]
4 4k
(ii) Find, in terms of C, as r varies, the cost of anodizing the flat surfaces when V is
a minimum. [5]

12. TJC2017/Mid-year/7
(a) (i) Differentiate ln  tan 1  2x   with respect to x. [2]

   cosec3 x  y cot x  .
dy
(ii) Given that y  cosec x cot x , show that [2]
dx
x2  4
(b) Given that f  x    4 ln x  ln  2 x  1 , show that f '  x  
x 15
. [2]
2 4 x  2 x  1
Hence show that the graph of y  f  x  has exactly one stationary point. [2]
Determine the nature of this stationary point without the use of a graphing
calculator. [2]

13. TJC18/C1BT/5
A food company manufactures cans of instant soup. Each cylindrical can has base radius
r cm and height h cm. The cans are made of thin metal sheets of negligible thickness.
The production cost of the curved surface and the flat surface of a can is 3 cents and k
cents per cm2 respectively.
(i) Given that each can has a fixed capacity of V cm3 , show that the cost C , in cents,
of producing each can is 6V  2 kr 2 . [3]
r
(ii) Using differentiation, show that r  3 when the production cost of each can is
h 2k
minimised. [5]
The company intends to produce a bigger can with twice the capacity and the costs of the
curved surface and flat surface of the bigger can are maintained at 3 cents and k cents per
cm2 respectively. A worker suggests that the ratio of base radius to height of the bigger
can should be twice that of the smaller can in order to minimise the production cost.
(iii) Explain whether the worker is correct. [1]

14. PJC18/C1BT/7
[It is given that the volume of a sphere of radius r is 4  r3 and that the volume of a
3
circular cone with base radius r and height h is 1  r 2 h .]
3

r cm

3 cm h cm

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 64

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
A restaurant serves ice-cream in the shape of a sphere of radius 3 cm. The restaurant
wants to make an open right conical-shaped container made of plastic of negligible
thickness to contain the ice-cream. The container has radius r cm and vertical height h
cm as shown in the diagram above. As r and h vary, the ice-cream is always in contact
with the curved surface of the container and the highest point of the ice-cream is at the
same level as the rim of the container.
3h
Show that r  . Hence find, using differentiation, the minimum volume of the
h 2  6h
open conical-shaped container. [8]

Tangents & Normals

15. VJC14/C2Mid-year/Q9 (modified)
The curve C has parametric equations
x  t 2  t, y  t 2  4t  8, for t  .
dy
(i) Find dx in terms of t. Hence find the coordinates of the minimum point on C.
[You do not need to show that the stationary point is indeed a minimum point.]
At the point A, the tangent to C is a vertical line. State the distance of this
tangent from the y-axis. [4]
(ii) Sketch C, indicating the coordinates of the turning point and the intersections with
the axes. [2]
It is given that the point P on C has parameter p.
(iii) Show that the equation of the tangent at P is
  
(2p  1) y  (2 p  1) p 2  4 p  8  (2 p  4) x  p 2  p .  [1]
(iv) It is further given that the tangent at P passes through the origin. Find the possible
coordinates of P, correct to 3 decimal places. [3]

16. CJC16/Prelim/II/3 (modified)

The diagram shows the graph of curve C represented by y  f ( x) , with oblique
asymptotes y  x and y   x .

(a) On a separate diagram, sketch a graph of y  f ( x) , clearly indicating the

equation(s) of the asymptote(s) and axial-intercept(s). [2]
(b) The above curve C is represented by the parametric equations
x  tan  , y  sec , where  2    2 .

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 65

 Show that the normal to the curve at point P, with coordinates (tan  , sec  ) ,
Hwa Chong Institution (College)
(i)
for 0    2 , is given by y   x cosec  2sec  . [2]
(ii) The normal to the curve at point P intersects the x-axis at point N. Find the
coordinates of the mid-point M of PN, in terms of  . [2]
(iii) Taking O as the origin, show that the area of triangle OPN is tan  sec  . Point
P moves along the curve such that the rate of change of its parameter  with
respect to time t is given by d  cos  . Find the exact rate of change of the
dt
area of triangle OPN when   6 . [4]

17. HCI 16/Prelim/I/7

x2
The curve C has equation y  , where k  1 .
kx  x  2
2

(i) Find the equation of the tangent at the point A where C cuts the y-axis. [2]
(ii) Sketch C, giving the equations of asymptotes, the coordinates of turning points and
axial intercepts in terms of k , if any. [4]
(iii) Find the equation of the normal at the point B where C cuts the x-axis. Leave your
answer in terms of k . [2]
(iv) Hence show that the value of the area bounded by the tangent at A, the normal at B
and both the x- and y-axes is more than 15 8 square units. [2]

18. RI 16/Prelim/I/9
A curve C has parametric equations
x  t 2 , y  1  2t for t  0.
(i) Sketch C. [2]
(ii) Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to C at the point P( p ,1  2 p) .
2

[4]
2
PT
The tangent and normal at P meet the y-axis at T and N respectively. Show that  p.
TN
[4]

19. VJC 18/BT/8

A rocket is fired from the origin O. The path of the rocket, C, can be modelled by the
parametric equations
x    sin  , y  1  cos  ,
where 0    2 .
dy
(i) Show that dx
 cot 12  and find the equation of the tangent to C at the point where
   . What can be said about the tangents of C as   0 and   2 ? [5]
(ii) Sketch C, showing clearly the features of the rocket’s path at the points where
  0,  and 2 . [3]
 
An anti-rocket missile is launched from the point 32 , 0 to intercept the rocket. This
anti-rocket missile is programmed to follow a linear path to intercept the rocket in mid-
air when its path is perpendicular to C.
(iii) Find the coordinates of the point where the missile intercepts the rocket. [3]
(iv) Find the equation that describes the path of the missile. Indicate the appropriate
range of values of x for this equation. [2]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 66

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
20. DHS 18/BT/9
The diagram below shows a ferris wheel and an observer positioned at origin O. A
passenger P gets on a capsule and the path travelled by P can be modelled by a curve C
with parametric equations
1  t )  120, y  75cos( 1  t )  165, for 0  t  30,
x  75sin(15 15
where x and y refer to the horizontal and vertical displacement of P with respect to O
respectively, and t refers to the elapsed time (in minutes) from his initial position.
You may assume the capsule to be of negligible size.
y
capsule

O x
Ferris Wheel
(a) (i) Using differentiation, find the equation of the tangent to C at P where t = p,
in terms of  . [4]
(ii) The angle of elevation,  for the observer to view P is the angle that the line
OP makes with the positive x-axis. Using the tangent found earlier, or
otherwise, find the largest value of  . [4]
(b) An object is projected from O at t  0 and its motion can be modelled with the
equation y   320
1 ( x  200) 2  125 , where x and y refer to the horizontal and

vertical displacement of the object with respect to O.

(i) Find the coordinates of the points where the object crosses C. [4]
(ii) The horizontal displacement x of the object at time t is given by x  8t.
Explain whether the object will hit P. [2]

Rates of Change
21. ACJC14/C2Mid-year/Q3
A circular cylinder is inscribed in a sphere with radius 26 cm so that all points on the
circumference of the two circular ends are on the surface of the sphere at all times. Show
that the relationship between the radius r cm and the height h cm of the cylinder is given
by 4r2 + h2 = 2704. [1]
At a certain instant, the radius of the cylinder is 24 cm and is decreasing at the rate of 0.5
cm s-1.
(i) Find the rate at which the height is changing at that instant. [3]
(ii) Find the value of the radius of the cylinder when its curved surface area is a
maximum. [4]
[You need not establish that the resulting value of the area is a maximum.]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 67

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
22. NYJC 16/Prelim/I/5
y

r
O x
A particle P moves along the curve with equation x2  y 2  r 2 , where x  0, y  0, and r
 y

is a constant. By letting m  tan sin 1 r , find an expression for ddmy in terms of y and
r. Given that the rate of change of y with respect to time t is 0.1% of r, show that
3
dm  r 
  .
dt  10 r 2  y 2 
dm
State the geometrical meaning of . [7]
dt

23. TJC 16/Prelim/I/5

B
A

A P C
In the diagram, A and C are fixed points 500 m apart on horizontal ground. Initially, a
drone is at point A and an observer is standing at point C. The drone starts to ascend
1
vertically at a steady rate of 3 m s as the observer starts to walk towards A with a steady
speed of 4 ms1 . At time t, the drone is at point B and the observer is at point P. Given
 3t 
that the angle APB is  radians, show that   tan 1  . [2]
 500  4t 
(i) Find ddt in terms of t. [2]
(ii) Using differentiation, find the time t when the rate of change of  is maximum.[4]

24. HCI 17/BT1/8

(a) [It is given that the volume of a circular cone with base radius r and height h is
1  r 2 h .]
3

Sprinkler

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 68

 A conical water tank of semi-vertical angle 6 , which is held with its axis vertical
Hwa Chong Institution (College)
and vertex downwards (see diagram above), is installed at the centre of the roof of
a greenhouse. It has a sprinkler attached to the vertex where it is programmed to
spray water once a day.
At the start of each day, the water tank will be filled to the brim with 5000 cm3
of water. When the sprinkler is in operation, water runs through the sprinkler at a
constant rate of 0.9 cm3s 1 . Find the rate at which the radius of the water surface
is decreasing 25 minutes after the sprinkler is in operation, leaving your answer
correct to 4 significant figures.
[You may assume that the volume of the sprinkler is negligible.] [5]

(b)

x
2x
A greenhouse, as shown in the diagram above, is made up of three parts.
 The roof is modelled by the curved surface of a semi-circular prism of diameter
x m and length 2 x m as well as 2 semi-circles of diameter x m at the two ends.
 The walls are modelled by the lateral surface of a cuboid of length 2 x m , breadth
x m and height y m.
 The floor is modelled by a rectangular surface of length 2 x m and breadth x m .
It is known that the costs of constructing the walls, the flooring and the roof of the
greenhouse is $k per m2, $0.5k per m2 and $4k per m2 respectively.
(i) Given that the volume of the greenhouse is a fixed value V m3, show that the
cost C of building the greenhouse is given by
3kV 17
C  k x 2  kx 2 . [3]
x 4
(ii) Using differentiation, find the exact value of x in terms of V such that the cost
of building the greenhouse is a minimum. [4]

Answers
dy e  x dy 1
1. (i)  (ii)   1  ln x
dx 2 x 1  e2 x dx x 1  ln x 
1 2 (log3 x )1
2. (a) 3sin 6x (b) cot x  (c) x ln x
 cos x 
1
1  x2 ln 3

dy 2 x3 y  2 xy  2 x 2 x  x 2 y  y  1
3. (a)  or
dx 1  x4 1  x4
dy 1 1
(b)  ; u
dx 1  u   6u  1
2
6

4. (a)   
sec ln  3x 2  6  tan ln  3x 2  6   x 2x 2
2

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 69

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
1  
1 2 y2 
dy x
(b)   
dx 4 xy  x (1  x )
2

 
6. (a) { x  : 1  x  0 }
dy  2  dy d2 y
7. (a)  xy    (1  2 x) ln(1  2 x)
x
(b)(ii)  1 ; 2  4
dx  1 2x  dx dx
90
8. (ii) Exact distance from A to R = (iii) 35.5  x  69.8 .
21
B H
9. (i) x y (ii) The two unshaded triangles are congruent
2 2
(a)    , (b)
1
10. cm/s
4 20
11. (ii) C
39
2
12. (a)(i) ; (b) minimum point
1  4 x   tan 1  2 x 
2

13. (ii) C is minimum when r  3 .

h 2k
(iii) Since the costs of producing the curved and flat surfaces remain unchanged, from
(ii), the ratio r  3 is independent of the volume of the can. Hence the
h 2k
worker’s suggestion is incorrect.
3 h 2
14. V ; h  12 ; 226 (3s.f.) or 72
h6
dy 2t  4 1
15. (i)  ,  6, 4  , unit (iv)  0.246,9.952  and (16.886, 6.688)
dx 2t  1 4
16. (a) (b)(ii)  32 tan  , 1 sec 
2  dA
(iii) dt  5
3

17. (i) y  1 ; (ii) y

y  4kx  8k
(iii)

A(0,1)
O x
B(2,0)
18.

O
Hwa Chong Institution Page | 70
Hwa Chong Institution (College)
(ii) y  1p x  1  p ; y   px  p3  1  2 p

19. (i) y=2 (ii)

(iii) Coordinate of interception: ( 3  1,1)

2
3
(iv) y x (or y  1.00 x  4.71)
2
πp   
(a)(i) y  tan    x   75sin    120    75cos    165 (ii) 75.5 (1 d.p.)
πp πp
20.
 15     15    15 
(b)(i) (98.9, 93.0) and (183, 124) (ii) Will not hit P
dh
21. (i)  2.4cms-1 (ii) r  338 cm
dt
r2 dm
22. 3 ; is the rate of change of the gradient of the line OP
r 2
y 
2 2 dt

60 1500
23. (i) or 2 (ii) 80
t  160t  10000 9t   500  4t 2
2

6V
24. (a) 0.001520 cm s 1 ; (b)(ii) x  3
17  4

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 71

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
6A
Techniques of Integration
Skill Set
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
1. Recognise the form [f(x)]n f '(x) where  Direct application of standard result
n  1 , and use the standard result Lecture notes Example 1(ii):
 ln x  1 dx  1 1
1
   ln x  1  x  dx  2  ln x  1 C
1 2
n 1
 f  x  f '  x  dx   n  1 f  x   C
n
x
 Rewrite function in [f(x)]n f '(x) form
to evaluate the integral.
Tutorial 6A Q1(a)(ii):
 xx  1 dx  2 x  x 2  1 dx   x 2  1  C
1 1

2 3 3 4

2 8
Lecture notes Example 1(iii):
1
t2
   6t  dt
1 
 dt 
6
2t 3  1 2 2

2t 3  1
1

 
 1
1 2t  1
3 2
 1
C
6  1
2
1

3

1 3
2t  1 2  C
2. f '( x)  Direct application of standard result
Recognise the form and use the
f ( x) Lecture notes Example 2(iii):
f ' x  1  1
dt   t dt  ln ln t  C
standard result  dx  ln f  x   C 
f  x  t ln t  ln t
f '( x)
to evaluate the integral.  Rewrite function in form
f ( x)
Lecture notes Example 2(i):
 1 dx   1  3 dx   1 ln 1  3x  C
 
 1  3x 3  1  3x 3
Lecture notes Example 4(i):
 sin x
 tan x dx   cos x dx
 sin x
  dx
 cos x
  ln | cos x |  C
Tutorial 6A Q3(j):

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 72

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
1 1
 2  e x dx   2  1x dx
e
ex
 x dx
2e  1
1 2e x
  x dx
2 2e  1
1
 ln (2e x  1)  C
2
3. Recognise the form f '  x  e   and  Rewrite function in f '  x  e   or
f x f x

f '  x  a f  x  , and use the standard results f '  x  a f  x  form

 f ' x e
f  x
dx  ef  x   C and Lecture notes Example 5(ii):
1 1  x2
 xe dx  2   2 x  e dx   2 e  C
 x2  x2
1 f  x
 f ' x a
f  x
dx 
a C
ln a Lecture notes Example 5(iii):
respectively to evaluate the integral.
1 1 x
 3 dx    1 3 dx   ln 3 3  C
1 x 1 x

4. Use trigonometry identities.  Sine and Cosine double-angle formulae

Tutorial 6A Q1(d)(i):
1  cos 2 x 1 1
 sin xdx   2 dx  2 x  4 sin 2 x  C
2

Tutorial 6A Q1(d)(ii):
3 3  cos 6 x 
 3cos 3x sin 3x dx  2  sin 6 x dx   2  6 
C
1
  cos 6 x  C
4
Further example:
1 1 1 2 x
 1  cos x dx   2 cos2 x dx  2  sec 2 dx
2
x
 tan  C
2
 Sum-to-product (or factor) formulae
Tutorial 6A Q1(d)(iii):
7
 7 sin 4 x cos 3x dx  2  2sin 4 x cos 3x dx
7
  sin 7 x  sin x dx
2
1 7
  cos 7 x  cos x  C
2 2
 Identity 1  tan x  sec x
2 2

Example:
 tan 2 d   (sec 2  1) d
2 2

1
 tan 2    C
2

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 73

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
5. Simplify improper rational function by Tutorial 6A Q3(b):
performing long division first before x3  x 2  x  5 x5
attempting integration.  x 2  x  2 dx   x  x 2  x  2dx
6. Use partial fractions to simplify proper Tutorial 6A Q3(b):
rational functions with linear factors in x3  x 2  x  5 x5
the denominator.  x 2  x  2 d x   x  x 2  x  2 dx
x5
 x dx
( x  2)( x  1)
1 2
 x  dx
x  2 x 1

7. For rational functions of the form Tutorial 6A Q3(d):

1 1 1 1
px  qx  r
2
, p  0 or p  0 ; and  2 y 2  4 y  5 dy  2  y 2  2 y  5 d y
2
1 1 1
, p  0;
px  qx  r
2  
2 ( y  1) 2  32
dy

complete the square for the quadratic Tutorial 6A Q3(f):

expression in the denominator before 1 1
applying standard integration results  3  t 2  2t dt   22  (t  1)2 dt
found in MF26.

8. For rational functions of the form Lecture notes Example 14:

sx  t f '( x) 1 3
[but not ], rewrite (2 x  1)
px  qx  r
2 x 1
 x2  x  1 dx   2x2  x  1  x 2 2x  1 dx
f ( x)
the function as
sx  t
d
d

x

px 2  qx  r
1
 A   B 2
px 2  qx  r px 2  qx  r px  qx  r
before applying standard integration
results.

9. For integration involving the use of a Lecture notes Example 16:

substitution, change the original variable u  3 x  1
to the new variable using differentiation du
and direct substitution before 3
dx
integration. Remember to express final 1
answer in terms of the original variable.  x   u  1  1 
  3
 d x
  du 
  3 
3

3
 3 x 1 
u
1
=  u 2  u 3du
9
1 1 1 
=   2 C
9  u 2u 
1 1 1 
   C
9  3 x  1 2  3 x  12 
 

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 74

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
s/n Skills Examples of questions involving the skills
10. For substitution involving trigonometry, Lecture notes Example 17:
draw a right angled triangle to obtain x  sin 
other simple trigonometric functions dx
 cos 
sine, cosine or tangent. This is useful in d
expressing the answer in terms of the
original variable.   1  x 2 dx
1
2
 cos 2  1 d
1 1
 sin 2    C
4 2 1
1 1
 sin  cos     C
2 2
1 1 1
 x 1  x  sin x  C
2

2 2

11. For integration of definite integrals by Tutorial 6A Q4(c):

substitution, change the limits from x  2sin 
values of the original variable to the dx
 2 cos 
corresponding values of the new d
variable. 
When x  1, 2sin   1   
6

When x  3, 2sin   3   
3

3 x 2sin 
1
4 x 2
dx  3
6 4  4sin 2 
2 cos  d

12. For integration of a single function that Examples include:

cannot be integrated directly, let v '  1 x
1 tan xdx  x tan 1 x  
1
dx
and apply integration by parts. 1  x2
 1 
 1 cos x dx  x cos x   x   1  x 2  dx
1 1

 1 
 1 sin x dx  x sin x   x  1  x 2  dx
1 1

1
 1 ln x dx  x ln x   x  x  dx
13. The same integral reappearing on the Tutorial 6A Q3(g):
RHS after integration by parts
 e sin x dx
x

 e x sin x   e x cos x dx

 e x sin x  (e x cos x   e x sin x dx)

 2  e x sin x dx  e x sin x  e x cos x  C '

1 x
e sin xdx  e (sin x  cos x)  C
x

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 75

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
1. TJC14/C1Mid-year/Q9
(a) Find   cos 2 x sin 7 x  dx . [2]
4x  6
(b) Find 2 x
 6x
dx . [4]

(c) Using integration by parts, find  e x tan 1  e x  dx . [3]

2. AJC14/C2Mid-yearP1/Q1
(a) Find  cosec2 x  sin 2 x dx . [3]
(b) 
Find  ln 4  x 2 dx .  [3]

3. DHS16/C1MYE/2


Find x (1  3x 2 )5  e x 1  dx.
2
(a) [3]
 
d
(b) Find cos 1 ( x 2 ). Hence, or otherwise, find the exact value of
dx
1


2 x
dx. [3]
0 1  x4

4. SAJC2021/C2BT1/2
2
(a) (i) Differentiate e x with respect to x. [1]
2

3 x2
(ii) Hence, find the exact value of x e dx. [3]
0

x 1
(b) Find
 x  6 x  13
2
dx. [3]

(c) (i) Find

 e cos x dx.
x
[3]
n
(ii) Hence find the possible values of
 0
e x cos x dx , given that n is a positive

integer. [3]

5. MI16/PU2Promo/2
1
 xe dx . Hence find the exact value of  x e x dx .
x
Find [5]
2

6. NYJC14/C2Mid-yearP1/Q2
Given that p is a positive constant, find the exact value of k such that
3 3

 
p 1 p
dx  k 1  px dx . [5]
1 p2 x2  1 0
p

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 76

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
7. DHS17/C2BT1/1

(a) Find  sin ( 3

2 x) cos ( 12 x) dx . [2]

4
1  3 1
(b) Using the substitution y  , find the exact value of  dx . [4]
x 2 x x 2  4

8. SRJC14/C2Mid-yearP1/Q12

x
1
(a) Use the substitution x = 2sec θ to find dx . [4]
3
x 4
2

d 
 
2
(b) (i) Find  tan 1 x  . [1]
dx  
x3  x  1
(ii) Find
 x2  1
dx . [2]

 x3  x  1 tan 1 xdx .
(iii) Hence, find
 x2  1
[4]

9. PJC14/C2Mid-yearP2/Q1
(a) By using substitution x  a cos  , show that

 2 2
x2
a x
dx  
x
2
a 2
 x 2

a2
2  x
cos 1    C ,
a

where C is an arbitrary constant. [5]

cos  x 
(b) (i) State the derivative of e . [1]
(ii) Find  sin  2 x  ecos x d x . [4]

10. RI17/C2BT2/3
1
(i) Show that u   2sec x, where u  sec x  tan x. [2]
u

(ii) Use the substitution u  sec x  tan x to find the exact value of

6 sec2 x
 dx . [4]
0  sec x  tan x 3

11. VJC17/C2CT1/1
 

 
6 6
Determine the exact value of x cos 2 x dx . Hence evaluate x sin 2 x dx , leaving
0 0

your answer in exact form. [6]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 77

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
Answers
1  cos 9 x cos 5 x  x
1(a)    C 1(b) 2 ln x 2  6 x  3ln C
2 9 5  x6 or
 ln x  5ln x  6  C

e x tan 1  e x   ln  e2 x  1  C
1
1(c)
2
x ln  4  x 2   2 x  4 tan 1
x
2(a) sin 2x  C 2(b) C
2
(1  3 x 2 ) 6 1 x2 1 π
3(a)   e C 3(b)
36 2 12
4 (i) 2 xe x2 5 xe x  e x  c ; 2  3e2

6 k
30
cos(2 x) cos( x) π
7(a)   C 7(b)
4 2 12
x2  4 1 2 2 tan 1 x
8(a)  cos 1    C 8(bi)
8x 2
16 x 1  x2
x2 x2
tan 1 x   tan 1 x   x  tan 1 x  C
1 2 1 1
8(bii)  tan 1 x  C 8(biii)
2 2 2 2 2
 sin  x  e   2 cos  x  e  e   C
cos x cos x cos x
9(bi) 9(bii)
5 3 1  2 3 1
10(ii) 11  ;  
18 24 8 144 48 16

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 78

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
HWA CHONG INSTITUTION
2021 JC1 BLOCK TEST H2 MATH
DURATION: 3 HOURS

1 It is given that
x 2  3x  1
y , x , x  2.
x2

Using an algebraic method, find the set of values that y cannot take and leave your answer
in exact form. [4]

2 A curve C has equation

xy  y 2
 x , where x  1 .
 x  1
2

Find the equation of the tangent to C which is parallel to the y-axis. [5]

3 The curve C1 has equation

b
y  ax  b  ,
ax  b

where a is a negative constant and b is a positive constant.

(i) Find the x-coordinate(s) of the stationary point(s) of C1 in terms of a and b. (You do
not need to show the nature of the stationary point(s).) [2]
(ii) Given that 0  b  1 , show that b b  0 . [1]
(iii) Sketch C1 , where 0  b  1 , giving the equation(s) of any asymptote(s), coordinate(s)

of any point(s) where C1 crosses the axes and x-coordinate(s) of any turning point(s)
in terms of a and b. [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 79

 is such that an 1  an  kan 1 , where k is a non-zero real constant
Hwa Chong Institution (College)
4 A sequence a0 , a1 , a2 ,

and n  .
(i) Given that a0  2 , a1  7 and a2  11 , find k . [2]

It is known that the nth term of this sequence is given by

an  A  2n   B  1  C ,
n

where A, B and C are constants.

(ii) Find A, B and C. [3]

n
(iii) Find a
r 1
r in terms of n. [3]

5 The function f is given by

 x  
5cos     2, where 0  x  3,
f  x    6 2
3e 3 x , where 3  x  6.


and that f  x   f  x  6  for all real values of x.

(i) Sketch the graph of y  f  x  for 4  x  10 , giving the exact coordinates of the

end-points and y-intercepts. [4]

(ii) It is given that f is restricted to a domain where 0  x  6 . Define f 1 in similar form.
[4]

6 The function h is defined by

h:x x  4  x for x  , q  x  4.

(i) Given that h 1 exist, state the smallest value of q . [1]

Use the value of q found in part (i) for the rest of the question.

(ii) Sketch on the same diagram the graphs of y  h  x  , y  h 1  x  and y  hh 1  x  ,

showing clearly the relationship between the three graphs. [4]

(iii) Find the set of values of x for which h 1 h  x   hh 1  x  . [1]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 80

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
The function g is defined by

ln x 
g:x for x  .
x
(iv) Find the exact coordinates of the stationary point of the graph of g. Show that gh
exists and find the exact range of gh. [4]

7 
7 (a) The diagram shows the graph of y  f  x  . The curve has a minimum point at  ,11
2 
 5 
and axial intercepts at   , 0  ,  2, 0  and  0, 2  . The curve also has vertical
 2 
asymptotes x  2 , x  3 and an oblique asymptote y  3x  1 .
y

O x

Sketch, on separate diagrams, labelling clearly the coordinates of any axial intercepts
(where applicable), turning points and equations of any asymptotes, the graphs of

1
(i) y , [3]
f  x
(ii) y  f 2  x . [3]
1
(b) Describe a sequence of transformations that transform the graph of y 
x  4x  3
2

3x 2  4
onto the graph of y  . [4]
x2 1

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 81

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
6
8 (i) Show that can be expressed in the form
 r  2  r  r  1
A B C
  ,
r  2 r r 1
where A, B and C are constants to be determined. [2]
N
1
(ii) Hence find  . [3]
r 3  r  2  r  r  1

(iii) Give a reason why the series in part (ii) converges, and state its limit. [2]
2N
1
(iv) Use your result in part (ii) to express   r  3 r  1 r  in terms of N .
r 10
[4]

9 A curve C2 has parametric equations

x  cos t , y  sin t  cos t , for 0  t  2π .

(i) Express y as a single trigonometric function and hence find the exact set of values
of y for which C2 exists. [2]

(ii) Find the exact coordinates of the points where C2 crosses the axes. [3]
(iii) Show that the Cartesian equation of C2 is y 2  2 xy  2 x 2  1 . [2]
(iv) Sketch C2 , stating the y-coordinates of the turning points and coordinates of the
axial intercepts. [2]
(v) Another curve C3 has equation

 x  h y k
2 2

  1,
a2 b2
where a, b, h and k are constants with a  0 and b  0 .

 
The tangent to the curve C3 at 0, 2 is parallel to the y-axis. The equations of

the two asymptotes of C3 are y  2 x and y   2 x  2 2 . Find the values of a,

b, h and k. [2]
(vi) Using parts (iv) and (v), explain how C3 could be used to determine the number of
real roots of the equation

b  cos t  h     a  sin t  cos t  k     ab 

2 2 2

where 0  t  2π . [1]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 82

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
10 Following a malaria outbreak in the country of Mutapa, a healthcare company, Agadez,
was engaged by the government to provide vaccines to the citizens of Mutapa. Agadez

claimed that they can vaccinate a total of 1 300 000  1 300 000  0.9  citizens by the mth
m

week of 2021.
(i) Find an expression for am , the number of citizens that Agadez would be able to

vaccinate in the mth week. Show that am follows a geometric progression and state
its common ratio. [4]
(ii) Find the number of citizens Agadez would be able to vaccinate in total if the
vaccination programme had no end date. [2]

At the start of 2021, a second healthcare company, Butua, was also engaged to provide
vaccines to the citizens of Mutapa from week 1 of 2021. Butua started with 60 nurses and
would recruit 8 nurses each week (ie. they had 68 nurses by the 2nd week of 2021). Each
nurse worked 5 days a week and could vaccinate 24 citizens a day.

(iii) Find in terms of n , the number of citizens that Butua would be able to vaccinate in
the nth week. Hence, find the number of citizens vaccinated by Butua in the 20th week.
Find also the total number of citizens Butua vaccinated by the 20th week.
[5]
(iv) It is given that Agadez and Butua started to provide vaccines to the citizens of Mutapa
on the same particular 1st week of 2021 and the number of citizens vaccinated weekly
by both healthcare companies were compared. In which week would Butua first
vaccinate more citizens than Agadez? [2]

11 (a) The diagram below shows a cargo ship blocking the Swee Canal of width 200 m. PS
is the width of the Swee Canal and the banks of the Swee Canal, AP and QS, are
parallel to each other. A worker standing at P wishes to cross the canal to the digger
at Q, which is 8 km from S. In order to reach Q in the shortest possible time, the
worker decides to hand paddle across the canal to R such that PR makes an angle of
 radians with QR as shown in the diagram below. He will then complete the rest of
the journey by walking along RQ. The worker hand paddles at a speed of 2.4 km/hour
and walks at a speed of 4 km/hour.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 83

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
A P

200 m

Q R S

8 km

(i) Show that the total time taken in hours by the worker to travel from P to Q can
be expressed as
 cosec   cot    ,

where     and  ,  and  are constants to be determined. [3]
2
(ii) Hence use differentiation to find the earliest time the worker would arrive at Q
if he departs from P at 8.20 am. [4]
(iii) State an assumption, in the context of the question, necessary for your
calculation in parts (i) and (ii). [1]

(b) The hull of the cargo ship is assumed be have the shape of an inverted isosceles
triangular prism with length 400 m and negligible thickness. The inverted isosceles
triangle has fixed width and fixed height of A m and B m respectively as shown in the
diagram below.

400 m

Am

wm
Bm
hm

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 84

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
(i) The hull of the cargo ship is initially empty. After some time, water starts to
enter the hull of the cargo ship at a constant rate of 10 m3 / s . At time t seconds
after the start, the width and height of the water in the cargo ship are w m and h
m respectively. Find an expression for the volume of water in the hull of the
cargo ship in terms of h, A and B at time t seconds. [2]
[The volume of a prism is base area  height .]

(ii) Find the rate of change of h after 30 minutes, leaving your answer in the form

1 B
of , where k is an integer to be determined. [3]
120 k A

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 85

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
MOCK PAPER
Duration: 3 HOURS
5
1 Using an algebraic method, solve the inequality  6 x 2  7 x  5 leaving your answers
1 x
in exact form. [3]

2 A function is defined as f ( x)  3x 2  6 x  1. By completing the square, describe a

sequence of transformations that transforms the graph of y  x2 onto the graph of
y  f ( x). [3]

3 A telecommunication company, StarPub charges their mobile prepaid card users based
on the usage for local calls, text messaging and data. Local calls are charged per minute,
while text messaging is charged per SMS sent and data usage is charged per megabytes
(MB) used or part thereof. For instance, a data usage in the interval of (1000,1001] MB
will be charged the amount for the usage of 1001 MB of data.

Below are the monthly mobile prepaid card bill statements for Mr Wee from May to
August 2020.

StarPub Mobile Bill (May) StarPub Mobile Bill (June)

Mr Wee Mr Wee

Hock Guan Biscuit Mansion… Hock Guan Biscuit Mansion…

Current month charges Current month charges

Local calls 124 mins **.** Local calls 156 mins **.**

SMS 18 SMS **.** SMS 12 SMS **.**

StarPub Mobile Bill (July) StarPub Mobile
Data Bill (August)
5839.5 MB **.**
Mr Wee Mr Wee
Total $52.04
Hock Guan Biscuit Mansion… Hock Guan Biscuit Mansion …

Current month charges Current month charges

Local calls 108 mins **.** Local calls 88 mins **.**

SMS 10 SMS **.** SMS 15 SMS **.**

It is known that the unit cost for local calls and text messaging remained unchanged from
May to August 2020. The unit cost for data usage remained unchanged for May and June
2020 but was increased by 8% with effect from 1 July 2020.

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 86

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
(i) Find the unit cost for local calls, text messaging and data usage for June 2020 in
dollars, giving your answers correct to the nearest 3 decimal places. [2]
(ii) The data usage for August 2020 printed on the bill has faded away. Using your
answers in part (i), find the data usage for August 2020 to the nearest MB. [2]

4 The diagram below shows the curve y  f ( x). The curve cuts the x–axis at
A  1.5, 0  , D  3, 0  and F  5, 0  as well as the y–axis at B  0, 2.5  . It has a
maximum point at C 1, 3 and a minimum point at E  4,  1.5  .
y
C y = f (x)
B

x
A O D F

Sketch, on separate diagrams, the following graphs. State clearly the equations of any
asymptotes and the coordinates of the points corresponding to A, B, C, D, E and F (if
any).

(i) y  f ' x, [2]

(ii) y  f  x , [2]
1
(iii) y  . [3]
f ( x)

(iv) Deduce the number of distinct positive solutions for the equation of f  x  
1
.
f ( x)
[1]

5 (i) Using the method of differences, show that

n
1 1 B C D 
 (r  1)(r  2)  3  A  n  n  1  n  2 
r 2

where A, B, C and D are constants to be determined. [4]


1
(ii) Using the result in part (i), deduce the exact value of  r (r  3) .
r 2

1 1 1 13
Hence show that    ...  . [4]
4 9 16 36

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 87

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
6 Do not use a calculator in answering this question.

x 1 2  2x (1  x)( x 2  2 x  7)
Show that 2   . [1]
x  2 x  3 2 x  x 2  1 ( x 2  2 x  3)( x 2  2 x  1)
x 1 2  2x
Solve the inequality  . [3]
x  2x  3 2 x  x2  1
2

Hence solve the following exactly.

2x  1 2  4x
(i)  . [1]
4x  4x  3 4x  4x2  1
2

tan x 2 tan x  
(ii)  for   x  . [3]
tan x  2 2  tan x
2 2
2 2

1
7 The diagram shows the graph of y  f ( x) . It has asymptotes x  and y  2 x  1 and
2
it passes through the points (0, a) , (b, 0) and (c, 0) , where a, b and c are positive
constants.
y

Function g is defined by
g( x)  f ( x), x  k,
where k is a constant.

(i) State the minimum value of k for the function g 1 to exist. [1]

In the rest of the question, let k be the value stated in (i).

(ii) On the same diagram, sketch the graphs of g and g 1 , stating, in terms of a, b
and/or c, the coordinates of the points of intersection with the axes, and the
equations of the asymptotes. [3]
(iii) By considering the respective ranges, show that it is not possible for the range of
gg 1 and the range of g 1g to be the same. [2]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 88

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
Given that f is defined by
4x2  4x  a 1
f :x , x , x  .
2x 1 2
(iv) Find, in terms of a, the value(s) of x when g( x)  g 1 ( x) . [3]
(v) It is given that h  x   g  x  . For a  0 , state a possible domain of h such that the
range of hh 1 is the same as the range of h 1h . [1]

8 (a) Find  sin px sin qx dx, where p and q are real constants. [2]
0  e2 x 
(b) Find the exact value of  ln 2  e2 x  1  dx, giving your answer as a single logarithm.
[2]
x
(c) Find  8  2 x  x2
dx . [3]

(d) Find
d
dx
 tan3 x  . [1]

Hence find  sec4 x dx . [2]

9 The function f is defined by

f :x x2  4x  ex , x  a
where a is a positive integer.

(i) State the least value of a for the inverse function of f to exist. Hence find the value
of f 1 (1). You may leave your answer correct to 3 decimal places. [3]

Use the least value of a found in part (i) for the remaining parts of the question.

(ii) Sketch, on the same diagram, the graphs of y  f( x) and y  f 1 ( x) , showing the
graphical relationship between the two graphs. [3]

(iii) Explain why the solution(s) to the equation f  x   f 1  x  can be obtained by

solving the equation x 2  5 x  e x  0. [1]

(iv) It is given that the gradient of the tangent to the curve with equation y  f 1 ( x) is
1 at the point with x  m . Find the value of m, giving your answer correct to 3
3
decimal places. [3]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 89

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
10 A curve C has parametric equations

x  sin 2t , y  cos 2 t  1, 0  t  π2 .

(i) Sketch C, showing clearly the axial-intercepts and the vertex. [3]

dy
(ii) Express in the form a tan bt , where a and b are constants to be determined. [2]
dx

(iii) The tangents to the points P and Q on C are such that these two tangents meet at the
 
point 2, 32 . Find the coordinates of P and Q, giving your answers correct to
3 decimal places. [4]

(iv) Find the Cartesian equation of C. [3]

11 (a) Given that U n is a linear polynomial in terms of n, explain why U n  is an

arithmetic sequence. [2]

(b) Edward plans to take up a study loan of $30000 with a local bank. For this type of
loan, the bank will only start to compound the interest the year after Edward’s
graduation. The bank compounds interest on 1 Jan, at a rate of 5% per annum on
the outstanding amount on 31 Dec of the preceding year.

Edward is going to graduate in 2024. He plans to make a repayment of $200 at the

end of every month, starting from Jan 2025.

(i) Show that the outstanding loan amount is $28155 on 31 Dec 2026. [1]

(ii) Taking 2025 as the first year, show that the outstanding loan amount at the
end of the nth year is 6000 8  3(1.05)  .
n
[3]

(iii) Find the year and the month in which Edward will finish servicing his loan.
Hence determine the total interest he paid, giving your answer to the nearest
cent. [4]

(iv) Edward intends to finish servicing the loan in at most 60 monthly

repayments. Find the minimum monthly repayment needed, correct to the
nearest dollar. [2]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 90

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
12 [It is given that the volume of a circular cone with base radius r and vertical height h is
1 πr 2 h. ]
3

h
hopper
r

h
2
Fig.1

A hopper consists of an open cylinder of height h m joined to an open cone of radius r m

and height h m (see Fig.1). The slant edge of the cone has a fixed length of 2 m.

(i) As r and h vary, use differentiation to find the exact maximum volume of the
hopper. [6]

A coffee manufacturer uses such a hopper that has a cone of radius 1.2 m. For each batch,
the coffee drink is initially filled to the brim of the hopper and mixed thoroughly before
it is transferred to the packing chamber at a constant rate of 0.2 m3/s.

coffee drink

hopper 1.2

2.4

to packing chamber Fig.2

(ii) At a particular point in time, the height of the coffee drink in the cylindrical section
is
2.4 m from the bottom of the cone (see Fig.2 shaded region). Find the rate at which
the height of the coffee drink is changing at this instant. [2]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 91

Hwa Chong Institution (College)
coffee drink

hopper 1.2

p
2
q

to packing chamber Fig.3

(iii) After some time has passed in the transfer process, there remains some coffee drink
in the conical section with radius p m and height q m (see Fig.3 shaded region).
Find p in terms of q and hence calculate the rate of decrease of q when q  0.5. [4]

Hwa Chong Institution Page | 92