International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438

A Case Study of Watershed Development in

Sangola-Maharashtra
Sharada S. Tanavade1, P. A. Hangargekar2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Fabtech College of Engineering &Research, Sangola- Maharashtra , India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Tuljabhavani College of Engineering, Tuljapur-Maharashtra, India

Abstract: Sangola is a small city in Solapur district of state of Maharashtra. It is facing acute water scarcity problem due to
insufficient rainfall every year. Watershed development techniques like rain water harvesting, checkdam, vanarai bandhara, farm pond
etc. are suggested to make the city self sufficient in case of water demand.

1. Introduction  Rainwater harvesting structure, scarce rainfall and less

awareness has caused the drought conditions at the
Watershed development means the process of creating and project place - Sangola.
implementing plans, programs and projects to sustain and
enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal 3. Objectives
and human communities within a watershed boundary.
Watershed development is not so much about managing  To analyze sources of water resources available, in
natural resources, but about managing human activity as it Sangola.
affects these resources. The drainage area of the river  To analyze the socio-economic condition of people, in
provides the natural boundary for managing and mitigating Sangola.
human and environmental interactions. Because human  To compute the water demand and analyze the supply.
activity includes actions by governments, municipalities,  Results & interpretation.
industries, and landowners, watershed management must be  Guideline for watershed development
a co-operative effort. Effective watershed development can
prevent community water shortages, poor water quality,
flooding and erosion. The expense of undertaking watershed
4. Methodology
management is far less than the cost of future remediation.
The proposed work is planned in following phases.
For development of agriculture and drinking water resources
the basic elements required are land and water. Because of Phase I- Literature survey.
tremendous rise in population, urbanization, industrialization In this phase, literature survey of watershed development
and agriculture area, resulting in steep incline water demand techniques will be carried out by internet browsing &
line, Indian agriculture sector is lot more dependent upon the referring journals like ASCE, NICMAR journal of
monsoon. But from last 3-4 years, due to inadequate rainfall, construction and management, Journal of civil engineering
people are looking towards the underground water as and construction review, Common guidelines for watershed
alternative sources without regarding to its recharge development given by Government of Maharashtra etc.
resulting in deepening of ground water table 100-200m
below the ground surface. Phase II – General survey.
 Water resources and requirement.
Rainfall is the important element of Indian economy.  Socio- economic survey.
Although the monsoons affect most part of India, the  To know the population, number and types of animal.
amount of rainfall varies from heavy to scanty on different
parts. There is great regional and temporal variation in the Phase-III -Watershed development measures:
distribution of rainfall. Over 80% of the annual rainfall is  Calculation for design and approximate cost required for
received in the four rainy months - June to September. The watershed development measures.
average annual rainfall is about 125 cm, but it has great
spatial variations. 5. Watershed Area Details

2. Problem Identification Location

Sangola is a town with a municipal council in solapur
 Average annual rainfall of Sangola is very less i.e. 460 district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is situated near
mm the borders of Satara, Sangli District and Solapur District It
 The rainfall fluctuation is very high i.e. .in the year 2003 is located at the intersection of state highway SH-161, SG-3,
rainfall is 377 mm and in the year 2009, it is 683 mm. and SH-71. It lies between North latitude 17°26‟16” and
 Silting of existing water resources like Lake, Wells. East longitude 75° 11‟38”. The characterized by average
rainfall ranging is 460mm.

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Paper ID: SUB155106 113
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Table 2: Existing structures of soil and water conservation
in watershed
Type of structure for water & soil conservation Present situation
Rain water harvesting to Dug wells Nil
Roof top rainwater harvesting Nil
Plantation of trees & grass Insufficient
Gully plugs Insufficient
Farm pond Nil
Bench terracing Insufficient
Contour bunds Insufficient
Contour trenches Nil
Check dams Insufficient
Vanrai bandhara Nil

These are also very important structures in utilizing

rainwater for recharging groundwater. They are also useful
for soil conservation. Rainfall in watershed is not sufficient
but runoff goes waste due to insufficient no. of rainwater
harvesting structures. The watershed area is flat area.

Map No.1: Location of Sangola in Solapur district of Basic Details of Sangola

Maharashtra
Details Quantity
Rainfall Geographical area 68.42sq.km
Population 35000
Rainfall in the country is typically monsoonal in nature. In Average rainfall 460mm
Sangola city it varies from 160mm to700mm with average Irrigation facility Bore-well & wells, lake
yearly rainfall 460mm.
In order to understand the present position of Sangola in
Rainfall data is very important data in planning the regard to various human social and Infrastructural aspects, a
watershed development for study area. It is a meteorological baseline survey based on questionnaire is carried out. This
parameter to decide a quantitative approach for arriving at exercise was done with the objective of collecting
water availability in a watershed. Climate is a determining information on developments/ changes that have taken place
factor for the management of all aspects of watershed. in Sangola over a period of more than last fifty years and
Amount of rainfall, duration have a profound influence on covered aspects like population growth, improvement in
watershed as to runoff, infiltration, land management etc. means of communication major occupation of people,
Rainfall data for 10 years is collected from meteorological sources of drinking water, sources of water for irrigation
department. Topmost layer of the land is covered with black purpose, type of farming, crops grown in different seasons
cotton soil in flat areas. Soft murum exists in steep-slop etc.
areas. Depth of soil cover ranges from 0 to 3m. Below this
soil amygdaloidal basalt, vesicular basalt & fractured basalt The exercise helped to understand the main features such as
is available. housing, agriculture pattern, various types of source of
income available, display of information on other items like
Availability of Source Water animal & human status, land holding pattern, economic
status and many other items of interest about which
The sources for water are Pandharpur lift irrigation scheme, information is required for the purpose of planning.
dug wells and bore wells.
6. Problems of Water Scarcity
Existing ground water structures
The water shortage in Sangola has led to various socio-
Table 1: Present status of ground water structures in economic problems related to their daily lives. In this
watershed (Tentative Data) section an attempt is made to recognize and understand these
Particulars Ponds Wells Bore issues, in the form of an alternative technology for
wells
development. What are the consequences of water scarcity?
No. of structures 20 90 800
Which groups suffer more from this problem? How are the
Use limit Public Private Private
Use for drinking purpose Yes Yes Yes
social, economic, health related problems likely to be
Use for irrigation purpose 50% Yes Yes resolved with the check dam project? Interviews and
Availability of water for drinking purpose Till Till Till focused group discussions helped us to understand the
(approximately) Jan- Nov- Nov- following issues with reference to water scarcity in Sangola.
Feb Dec Dec 1) The lack of water availability in the region post –
Availability of water for irrigation Till Till Jan Till monsoon, has resulted in the shortage of drinking water
purpose (approximately) Dec Feb in Sangola.

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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
2) The lack of clean drinking water also resulted in the a) Top dimensions of pond = 15m x 15m
spread of various waterborne diseases among the people b) Bottom dimensions of pond = 9m x 9m
like jaundice, dehydration etc. c) Depth of pond = 3m
3) The lack of water availability has also resulted in low d) Side slope to excavation = 1:1
agriculture production due to non availability of water
for irrigation purposes. 2) Side earthen bund details
4) Water scarcity in Sangola has also resulted in the lack of a) Top width = 0.9m
fodder production and even the common pasture land in b) Height = 1.0m
the nearby areas of Sangola dried up in the summer c) Side slope = 2:1
season due to low water level. This has severely affected
the livestock in Sangola. Check dams
5) Water scarcity over a long period has led to an increase
in migration of people to the urban areas. The people Design details.
generally migrate to other areas in the summer season for a) Available land slope = 0-15(%)
working cutting of sugar cane etc. b) Horizontal interval (Spacing between two bunds) =
6) Due to shortage of drinking water in summer season, depends on site conditions
supply of water through tankers becomes essential. c) Dimensions of the Check dams
7) Demand for water is also increasing day by day for
various purposes. a) Top Width = 1.0 m
b) Base width = 2.0m
To solve the entire problem or to reduce intensity of c) Height =3.0m above ground
problem water availability as well as water management is d) Depth of foundation = 1.0m
very important. To overcome these problem watershed e) Length of check dam = depends on site conditions
management techniques such as roof top rainwater f) Freeboard = 0.50m
harvesting, check dam, vanrai bandhara and farm pond are
essential. These techniques improve water availability also
increase the ground water table. Following techniques are
suggested for Watershed development in Sangola:

Roof top rainwater harvesting

Vanrai bandhara

Figure 1: Elevation and cross section of check dam

Inglis formula for calculating yield

Based on studies carried out for catchments in Western Ghat
and plains of Maharashtra, C.C. Inglis gave the following
relation:

For Non Ghat (Hilly) area with Rainfall P less than 200cm.
Yield = [P (P-17.78)] /254 Where „P‟ is precipitation
expressed in cm.

Runoff calculations
Average yearly rainfall in Sangola = 46 cm.
A) Runoff by Inglis formula = [P (P-17.78)] /254 = [46 (46-
Photo No.3: construction of Vanrai bandhara 17.78)]/254 = 5.11cm

Design Details B) Total available water = Area of watershed (Sq.m) x

Rainfall
a) Available land slope = 5-10(%) =684200 x 0.46 =314732cub.m.
b) Height of vanrai bandhara = 0.8-1.2 m a) Ground water recharge = Area of watershed (Sq.m) x
c) Length of the bandhara = 6 m up to 25 m. Avg.fluctuation x Specific yield
d) Breadth of the bandhara = 2 m to 2.5 m. = 684200 x 1.5 x 0.15 = 153945Cu.m.
b) Evapotranspiration = (30%) of Precipitation = 0.3 x
Farm Pond 314732 =94419.6Cu.m.

Design Details. C) Runoff by using basic formula

1) Excavation details Runoff = Precipitation - Basin recharge

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Paper ID: SUB155106 115
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
= (314732- 153945) Cu.m. = 16078Cu.m. 1 Farm pond 4 Nos. 7344
2 Check dam 2 Nos. 13273.48 66367.4
D) Water available for artificial recharge for watershed 3 Vanrai bandhara 3 Nos. 19910.22
development 4 Rain water harvesting 700Nos. 20865
= Runoff – Evapotranspiration =160787Cu.m - Total = 61392.7
94419.6Cu.m. = 66367.4Cu.m. Hence 92.50% water will be recharged if we construct water
conservation structures.
E) If structures were constructed
a) There would have water recharge by farm pond 7. Recommendations
= [(15x15) + (9x9)]/2 x 3 = 459.00Cu.m.
Social Aspects
(Assuming it is recharged 4 times) = 4 x 459.00Cu.m. = The Awareness regarding usage of available water should be
1836.00Cu.m. developed. As per government rule maximum depth of bore
b) There would have water recharge by Vanrai bandhara, well is 200 feet. If this rule is followed then ground water
Check dams, level is maintained. For the kharif season crop is Maize,
= 66367.4 x 10% = 6636.74Cu.m. /bandhara Bajra and rabbi season crop is jawar. These crops are not
cash crops. If the cash fruits like Pomegranate, Grapes, etc.
F) Artificial recharge due to roof top rain water are cultivated, then economic condition of farmer is
harvesting increased. Select the crops/fruits which require minimum
sr. Type of No. of home Water to be stored water. If drip irrigation and mulching film are used for
no home (Cu.m.)
crops/fruits then 50% of water is saved.
1 Shed 200 3974
2 Slab 400 14904
3 flat roof soil 100 1987
In watershed area different water conservation structures are
suggested taking into consideration average annual rainfall.
Cost of each structure varies according to material used,
Total water available in one monsoon= 20865cu.m. For
construction procedure and labour charges etc. Water
Sangola
conservation capacity of each structure is different. Total
water to be recharged depends on precipitation in the
G) Total water requirement for domestic and animal
watershed area. Recharging capacity of watershed is about
a) Domestic
92.50% of water available for recharge.
Population= 35000
For drought area water requirement per capita= 70 liter
= 35000 x 70 Silt removal from lakes and wells
Due to excessive silting of lakes and wells, water storage
= 2450000 liter /day
capacity has depleted. There is 8 to 10 feet silt deposited.
Annual water requirement for domestic = 2450000 x 365
Removal of silt at proper interval is necessary to increase
= 894250000 liter
water storage capacity of lakes, wells and reservoirs. It also
=894250Cu.m
increases ground water level considerably. Solid waste and
b) Animal
silt must be cleaned and wells should be protected against
Total no of cows= 900, Total no of buffaloes= 800, Total no
such pollution so as to make use of available water.
of goat=1500,
Total no of sheep=1000
Water requirement per animal is, cows: 60 liter/day, buffalo: Rain water harvesting
Rain water harvesting can be implemented so as to conserve
65 lit/day, goats: 10 lit/day, sheep: 7 lit/day. (Veterinary
available rain water. It can be utilized as and when
doctor data)
necessary.
Total water requirement for animal= 46720000 liter/year =
46720cub.m
Total water requirement for domestic and animal= 894250 + Check dam
There are insufficient check dams across the stream, and
46720 = 940970cub m.
they are not in condition. They require regular maintenance.
H) Relation of demand and supply:
For Sangola city water supply is from Pandharpur river Vanrai bandhara
Vanrai bandhara is low cost structure .locally available soil
scheme. Capacity of city reservoirs is not sufficient and
or sand filled with cement bag. If bandhara is constructed
water demand is increasing day by day. Hence Sangola city
with local people‟s participation then the cost of bandhara is
depends upon Pandharpur river scheme for water supply.
very less. Vanrai bandhara is constructed at 100 feet
Demand= 940970cub.m
interval.
Supply = 912500cub.m.
Extra water requirement = 940970-912500 = 28470cub.m.
Water available for artificial recharge for watershed Forestation
Planting of trees in a methodical and planned manner and
development = 66367.4Cu.m.
using them wisely, to minimize the effect of reckless
Water to be recharged in watershed
deforestation can be adopted as a tool here.
S.No Type of structure No. of Water to Total water
structures be available
recharged (Cub.m)
(Cub.m)
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
Cost of watershed techniques for proposed entire [4] V.N. Sharda „‟Integrated Watershed Management:
watershed Managing Valleys and Hills in the Himalayas‟‟
Sr.no. Type of structure No. of Cost of Total cost International Water Management Institute, South Asia
structures structure Regional Office, New Delhi/Patancheru, India, 2005
1 Farm pond 4 Nos. 53000.00 212000.00 Pp.61-81
2 Check dam 2 Nos. 107500.00 215000.00 [5] Dr.Mrs.Sushma Shekhar Kulkarni And Mrs.Vidula
3 Vanrai bandhara 3 Nos. 15420.00 46260.00 Arun Swami “Watershed Management – A Means Of
4 Rain water harvesting 700 Nos. 20550.00 14385000.00 Sustainable Development” - A Case Study International
Total cost 14858260.00 Journal Of Engineering Science And Technology Vol. 3
March 2011 Pp.2105-2112.
8. Conclusion
In Sangola the demand for water is going on increasing with
the increase in population. So efforts are made to increase
recharging of water by various water and soil conservation
structures. Rainwater is naturally and freely available source
and which is properly utilized by means of water harvesting
and recharging techniques.
1) Perennial source of water is not available. If watershed
development techniques are implemented, it will result in
increase in the living standard and economic condition of
people of Sangola city.
2) Availability of water for recharge - About 61392.7 cub
m. water of total precipitation (460mmAvg.
Precipitation) is available for artificial recharge. It is
found that 92.50% of this available water can be
recharged in watershed area.
3) For watershed development project runoff is very
important factor. It is easy to make rise in water table,
due to check to the flow of water or runoff. Runoff occur
in nallas/streams.
4) Watershed management project can effectively solve
problem of drinking water.
5) Various watershed measures like RWH, farm pond,
check dam, vanrai bandhara, should be implemented to
cope up with the drought conditions.
6) Maintenance programme for water storage structure
should be done regularly like removing silt in the lake,
wells and check dam it will result in increase water
storage capacity of above structures and increase ground
water table.
7) Watershed development project is effective for
decreasing demand of water from Pandharpur lift
irrigation scheme and Sangola city becomes self
dependent from water supply point of view.

References
[1] Mutikanga, H.E, Sharma, S.K, and Vairavamoorthy, K
(2009). “Water Loss Management in Developing
Countries: Challenges and Prospects”. Journal of
American Water Works Association, 101(12), 57-68.
[2] P.K.Joshi, V. Pangare, B. Shiferaw S.P.Wani ,J.Bouma
And C.Scott, “Watershed Develop In India : Synthesis
Of Past Experience And Need For Future Research”
Vol.59,Ind. Jn.Of Agri. Econ. Vol.59 July-Sept.2004
[3] Suhas P. Wani and Y.S. Ramakrishna „‟Sustainable
Management of Rainwater through Integrated
Watershed Approach for Improved Rural Livelihoods‟‟
International Water Management Institute, South Asia
Regional Office, New Delhi/Patancheru, India, 2005
Pp.39-6o

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