CHAPTER 8 SOLUTIONS

4/24/10
8-1)
Load: I avg  0, I rms  10 A.
Switches: I avg  5 A., I rms  I m D  10 0.5  7.07 A.
Source : I avg  I rms  10 A.

8-2)
Vdc  1  e T /2  L 0.1 1 V 96
I max   ;     0.02s.; T  ; dc   19.2 A.
R  1  eT /2  R 5 60 R 5
 0.341 
I max  19.2    3.94 A.
 1.66) 
V
b) From Eq. 8  1: io (t )  dc  Ae t /
R
V
io (0)  0  A   dc
R
io (t )  dc 1  e t / 
V
R
i (T / 2)  19.2 1  e 1/2.4   6.54 A.
 c) PSpice results are consistent with parts (a) and (b). The current waveform reaches
steady state after approximately 100 ms, corresponding to 5 time constants.
8.0A
(8.3333m,6.5486)

(158.333m,3.9485)
4.0A

0A

-4.0A
0s 40ms 80ms 120ms 160ms 200ms
I(L)
Time  

8-3)

Vdc 150 L 40 mH T 1 / 60
a)   7.5 A.;     2 ms;   4.167
R 20 R 20  2 4 ms
Using Eq (8  8),

 1  e 4.167 
I max  7.5  4.167 
 7.271 A.
1 e 
 
I min   I max  7.271 A.

Using Eq. (8-5),

7.5  14.8e  t /.002 for 0  t  8.33 ms


io  
7.5  14.8e  (t 1/120)/.002 for 8.33 ms  t  16.7 ms
 
 
 
 
 
 b)
 
 

 
 
c) I peak  7.271 A.

d ) Vmax  Vdc  150 V .

8-4)
6.25  12.5e t /.00125 for 0  t  8.33 ms

a) io  
6.25  12.5e  (t 1/120)/.00125 for 8.33 ms  t  16.7 ms

b) Using the first half-period,

1/120

  6.25  12.5e 
1  t /.00125
2
I rms  dt  5.45 A.
120 0

R   5.25  20  594 W .
2 2
c) P  I rms

P 594
Is    4.75 A.
Vdc 125
8-5)
a) Z1  29.3 ; V1  I1Z1  331 V .

Vdc  260 V .

4Vdc Vn In
b) Vn  ; In  ; I n , rms 
n Zn 2
n Vn Zn In,rms
1 331 29.3 8.0
3 110 77 1.02
5 66 127 0.37

THDI  13.6 %

 
8-6)
 V1
a ) Vdc   69.6 V .
4
b) THDI  18.5%

 
8-7)
Using a restricted time interval of 33.33 ms to 50 ms to analyze steady-state current, the peak
value is 8.26 A and the rms value is 4.77 A. The THD from the output file is 32%.
20A

Peak
10A (35.134m,8.2603) rms
(50.000m,4.7738)

i(t)
0A

-10A
30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms
I(R) RMS(I(R))
Time  
 voltage (100 V)
10

current

S1, S2 D3, D4
0
D1, D2

S3, S4

-10

30ms 35ms 40ms 45ms 50ms

I(R) V(A)/10 0
Time  

8-8) a )   55.6

b ) THDI  29%

8-9)
a ) V1  255 V , Z1  16.6 

15.3
I1  15.3 A., I1, rms   10.9 A.
2
b) At 30 Hz ,
Z1  12.0 , V1  184 V .

  43.7
8-10)

α = 30°

Using the FFT function in Probe shows that voltages at frequencies at multiples of n = 3 are
absent.

b) α = 15°

Using the FFT function in Probe shows that voltages at frequencies at multiples of n = 5 are
absent.
8-11)   12.86

Using the FFT function in Probe, the n = 7 harmonic is absent.

8-12)
Letting T = 360 seconds and taking advantage of half-wave symmetry,
2  
54 114 150


 Vm2 dt   Vm2 dt  V
2
Vrms  m dt 
360  30 66 126



1
Vrms  Vm  54  30   114  66   150  126    0.730Vm
180 

8-13)
The VPWL_FILE source is convenient for this simulation. A period of 360 seconds is used,
making each second equal to one degree. A transient simulation with a run time of 360 second
and a maximum step size of 1m gives good results. The FFT of the Probe output confirms that the
3rd and 5th harmonics and their multiples are eliminated.

0 0
30 0
30.01 1
54 1
54.01 0
66 0
66.01 1
114 1
114.01 0
126 0
126.01 1
150 1
150.01 0
210 0
210.01 -1
234 -1
234.01 0
246 0
246.01 -1
294 -1
294.01 0
306 0
306.01 -1
330 -1
330 0
360 0
8-14)
a)

4Vdc
b) Vm   cos  n1   cos  n 2   cos  n 3  
n 
Vdc  48 V ; 1  15 ;  2  25 ;  3  55
 n 1 3 5 7 9
Vn 149.5 0 -2.79 -3.04 -14.4

cos 1   cos  2   cos  3 

c) M i   0.815
3

8-15)
To eliminate the third harmonic,

cos(31 )  cos(3 2 )  cos(3 3 )  0

Select two of the angles and solve for the third.

Examples:
α1 α2 α3 Mi
15 25 55 0.815
20 30 40 0.857
10 30 50 0.831
10 30 70 0.731

8-16)
This inverter is designed to eliminate harmonics n = 5, 7, 11, and 13. The normalized coefficients
through n = 17 are

n Vn/Vdc
1 4.4593
3 -0.8137
5 0.0057 ≈ 0
7 -0.0077 ≈ 0
9 -0.3810
11 0.0043 ≈ 0
13 -0.0078 ≈ 0
15 -0.0370
17 0.1725
The coefficients are not exactly zero for those harmonics because of rounding of the angle values.
8-17)

8-18)
ma  0.8

Z n  R  jn0 L  32  jn 2 60 .024   32  jn9.05

From Table 8-3,

n Vn/Vdc Vn Zn In=Vn/Zn
1 0.8 76.8 33.3 2.30
mf 17 0.82 78.7 157 0.50
mf - 2 15 0.22 21.1 139 0.151
mf + 2 19 0.22 21.1 175 0.121
 2 2 2
 0.50   0.151   0.121 
     
 2   2   2 
THD   0.23  23%
2.30
2

8-19)
ma  0.9

From Table 8-3,

n Vn/Vdc Vn Zn In=Vn/Zn
1 0.9 225 27.5 8.18
mf 31 0.71 178 585 0.305
mf - 2 29 0.27 67 547 0.122
mf + 2 33 0.27 67 622 0.108

2 2 2
 0.305   0.122   0.108 
     
 2   2   2 
THD   0.044  4.4%
8.18
2

8-21)
Example solution:
 Let ma  0.9,

Vm 120 2
Vdc    189 V .
ma 0.9

Using Table 8-3, at n  m f , Vmf  0.71189   134 V .

for THD  8%, I mf  0.08 I1

V1 120 2 120 2
I1     13.6 A.
Z1 10  j 2 60  0.020  12.5

I mf  0.08 13.6   1.09 A.

Vmf 134
Z mf    123   m f 0 L
I mf 1.09

123 123
mf    16.4
0 L 377  0.020 

Choose odd integer 19 or greater for m f .

8-22)
Example solution:
V1  V1, rms 2  100 2  141 V .

V1 141
Let ma  0.9  Vdc    157 V .
ma 0.9

V1 V1 141
I1     4.48 A.
Z1 R  j0 L 30  j 377  0.025 

I mf
THDI   0.10  I mf  0.1 4.48   0.448 A.
I1

Vmf 0.71157 
Z mf    249   m f 0 L
I mf 0.448

249
mf   26.4
377  0.025 

Choose odd integer 29 or greater for m f .

 
8-24)
a ) I1,rms  4.31 A.

8-25)

Use Eq. (8-42) for Vn,L-N , Z n  R  jn2 fL , I n  Vn, L- N / Z n , and I n,rms  I n / 2.

For f = 25 Hz:
n VnL-N Zn In In,rms
1 255 11.1 23.0 16.3
5 50.9 25.6 2.0 1.41
7 36.4 34.5 1.06 0.75
11 23.1 52.8 0.44 0.31
13 19.6 62.0 0.32 0.22

1.412  0.752  0.312  0.22 2

THDI   0.10  10%
16.3
50.9 2  36.4 2  0.22 2  19.6 2
THDV   0.273  27.3%
255

For f = 100 Hz,

n VnL-N Zn In In,rms
1 255 21.3 11.9 8.43
5 50.9 94.8 0.54 0.38
7 36.4 132 0.27 0.19
11 23.1 208 0.12 0.08
13 19.6 245 0.08 0.06

0.382  0.192  0.082  0.062

THDI   0.0519  5.19%
8.43

The THD for current is reduced from 10% to 5.19% as f is increased from 25 Hz to 100 Hz. The
THD of the line-to-neutral voltage remains at 27.3%.

These results can also be determined from a PSpice simulation for the six-step inverter.
8-26)
V1, L  N 151
At f  30 Hz , Vdc    237 V .
0.637 0.637
276
At f  60 Hz , Vdc   433 V .
0.637