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Qdoc - Tips Chemistry Unit 1 Edexcel Notes As Level

1. Magnesium has a higher melting point than sodium due to magnesium ions being smaller and having a larger charge, contributing more electrons to the sea of electrons and resulting in stronger attraction between ions and delocalised electrons. 2. Ionisation energy increases across a period because the number of protons and nuclear charge increases while the outer electrons remain in the same shell, experiencing less shielding and greater attraction to the nucleus. 3. Enthalpy change of formation is the energy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions, while enthalpy change of reaction is the energy change when reactants react as stated in a balanced equation.

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151 views1 page

Qdoc - Tips Chemistry Unit 1 Edexcel Notes As Level

1. Magnesium has a higher melting point than sodium due to magnesium ions being smaller and having a larger charge, contributing more electrons to the sea of electrons and resulting in stronger attraction between ions and delocalised electrons. 2. Ionisation energy increases across a period because the number of protons and nuclear charge increases while the outer electrons remain in the same shell, experiencing less shielding and greater attraction to the nucleus. 3. Enthalpy change of formation is the energy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions, while enthalpy change of reaction is the energy change when reactants react as stated in a balanced equation.

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MODEL ANWERS

MODEL ANSWERS
Reactions of Alkenes
Why Magnesium has higher melting point than sodium
1. Mg2+ has a smaller ion (Magnesium ions are smaller than sodium ions) - Bromine; add 2 Br groups
2. Mg2+ has a larger charge than sodium ions - Bromine water; add Br and OH
3. Contributes more electrons to sea of electrons - Hydrogen halide; add H and X (halide ion)
4. Stronger attraction between positive ions and delocalised electrons
- Potassium Manganate; add two OH groups
5. More energy/heat required to overcome bonds
Why ionisation energy increases across a period
1. More protons; a greater nuclear charge
2. The outer electrons stay in the same shell; same shielding
3. Overall greater force of attraction between nucleus and outer electrons
Enthalpy change of formation
1. Energy change when 1 mol of a compound is formed from its elements
2. Under standard conditions of 298K and 1atm
Enthalpy change of reaction
1. Enthalpy change when the number of moles of reactants reacts as stated in the
balanced equation
First Ionisation Energy definition
1. The energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous
atoms; to form 1 mole of gaseous ions
2. Give equation (X —> X+ and e-)
Bond Enthalpy definition
1. The average amount of energy needed to break one mole of covalent bonds in
the gaseous state
Stereoisomerism
1. Occurs in alkenes due to the restricted rotation about the C=C bond
2. Alkanes can freely rotate about their bond; they are simple single bonds
3. E.g. hex-2-ene has isomers because it has different groups attached to the C=C
carbons; unlike hex-1-ene which has 3 groups of hydrogen, so it cannot exist as
isomers
Hazard
1. Potassium Hydroxide solution is corrosive and can damage skin or eyes
2. Hydrogen is flammable/explosive
MAKING SALTS
1. Filter (to remove any impurities)
2. Boil/heat to reduce the volume of water
3. Cool and allow crystals to form
4. Filter again
5. Wash with a small volume of water and dry with filter paper
Theoretical Lattice vs normal
1. The theoretical lattice will be less exothermic
2. Due to the degree of covalent character; as a result of polarization of the bond
3. There is deviation from the ionic model (100% ionic bonding)
Which element has highest ionisation energy (justify)
1. Helium; the electron removed would be close to the nucleus which has a large
nuclear charge
2. It does not experience any/little shielding
Why the second ionisation energy is higher
1. Electron being removed from positive ion; electron removed is closer to the
nucleus
2. The proton:electron ratio is greater in the 1+ ion; remaining electrons more
tightly held
3. Greater attraction between nucleus and outer electrons
4. Less repulsion in the new ion
Why cracking is important
1. Produces shorter chain alkanes (e.g. diesel); lighter fractions are more useful
and are more in demand
2. It produces short chain alkenes which can be used to make plastics/polymers
Why reformed cyclic hydrocarbons are advantageous
1. They promote efficient combustion and burn more easily
Why ionisation energy increases
1. nuclear charge increases
2. same number of shells/outer electrons in same shells
3. overall greater force of attraction between positive nuclei and outer electrons
4. distance from nucleus is less

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