Hyperloop

(Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for MBA)

Submitted By- Rajan Kumar Under the guidance of- Prof Rajeev Saxena
Name of Student- Rajan Kumar Name of the Faculty- Prof Rajeev Saxena

Father's Name – Ashok Prasad

Batch of 2020-22

LLOYD INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

PLOT NO 11, KNOWLEDGE PARK-2, GREATER NOIDA-201306 (UP)

● Introduction (1-2)

● Scope of Innovation (2-4)

● Feasibility (5-9)

1. Financial Feasibility

2. Operating/Production Feasibility

● Description (10-14)

● USP (15-17)

● Any Other Information about the product (18-22)

● References (23)
Introduction - Hyperloop is an

ultra-high-speed ground

transportation system for

passenger and cargo proposed as a

concept by Elon Musk, CEO of

Tesla and SpaceX, in a white

paper back in 2013. It consists of

partially evacuated tubes and

passenger or cargo pods moving at

very high speeds. According to its

principal protagonist, Elon Musk, Hyperloop aims to be a new mode of transport – a fifth mode

after planes, trains, cars and boats – that should be safer, faster, lower cost, more convenient,

immune to weather, sustainably self-powering, resistant to earthquakes, and not disruptive to

those along the route (Musk 2013). It is seen as an alternative state-wide mass transit system to

flying or driving at distances < 1500 km, while the planned high-speed train is considered both

slower, more expensive to operate (if unsubsidized) and less safe by two orders of magnitude

than flying (Musk 2013).

The Hyperloop concept, promoted in 2013 and the following design competition in 2016, as well

as the student team pod competitions on a 1.6 km long, 1.83 m diameter partial-vacuum purpose-

built steel test tube track at SpaceX in Hawthorne, California in 2017 and 2018

(Wikipedia 2018a), have stimulated considerable new research and development activities by

students, scientists, consultants, and start-ups around the world. For example, in July 2018 and
2019, students at the Technical University Munich demonstrated that a maximum speed of 467 

km/h is feasible in a partial vacuum tube with their wheel motor driven pod (240 kW, 70 kg) on

the SpaceX test tube track and won the speed-competition for the fourth time (TU

Munich 2018, 2019).

The social and political impact of the further growth of air passenger transport and combustion

motor road and ship transport emissions on climate, health and fossil energy consumption

intensifies public awareness and search for alternative sustainable modes of transport. The recent

rapid increase in private capital investment, crowd-sourced and some public funding for

Hyperloop transport research, construction of test tracks and projects for the operation of

commercial lines in different countries have generated enormous expectations in the feasibility

and performance of ultra-high-speed transport in vacuum tube transport technologies.

(Wikipedia 2018b). The promoting company Swiss metro AG was liquidated in 2009 having

spent a million Swiss Francs of private capital (WordPress 2013).

In this paper, the essential elements of the Hyperloop system technology concept are analysed in

comparison with competing modes for high-speed long-distance passenger transport. The

technical and economic feasibility of principal Hyperloop system elements and their

characteristics is examined to identify the main barriers for further project development and

realisation and needs for further research.

populous country in the world. This South-Asian country houses almost 1.3 billion people. India

is currently one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Looking at various initiatives

being taken by the Government of India to develop the lifestyle of the citizens of the country,

Hyperloop could definitely be a worthy leap to be taken in the Transportation sector in the

nation. India has various modes of transportation already existing and being extensively used in

all parts of the nation. This country has the 3rd largest railway network and the most heavily

used one in the world. In spite of this, there is a lot of scope for a new mode of transport to be

introduced, keeping in mind the population and time being spent on travel by each individual.

Most importantly, there has been quite some time now since there has been some huge

breakthrough in the Indian Transportation System.

Currently, the fastest train which runs in India is at around 100mph (160 km\h). This clearly

explains how much time the Hyperloop would be saving for the people of this country. Several

Hyperloop companies have already been in talks with the Indian Government and some routes

have been proposed too for immediate implementation of this in India. This would be discussed

in detail later in this article. Optimum use of Hyperloop would mean that a capsule would come

to a station in every 7 minutes. Each capsule has a capacity of 3,400 people. Imagine how many

people a day can be transported every time.

Since this would reduce the travel time

between two cities drastically at a

reasonable price, this would open

opportunities for people to reside in one city

and work in another. This would ultimately help in decongestion of cities and urban areas. For
instance, the Mumbai-Pune route can now be traveled in less than 20 minutes, which is like a

dream come true for many residents around who either shift their residences or travel each day

for work.

In short, Hyperloop, the 5th mode of transport, would be the solution to bridging the gap

between the large population and the lack of existing infrastructure. It is rightly said that India

has more scope for urban transport than the UK, given the current challenges it is facing in terms

of transportation.

While the Hyperloop promises to change the rail industry, it is still a theoretical transportation

system tested at lower-speeds and has never been tested with human passengers.
Hyperloop’s success in India largely depends on the regulatory framework.

Challenges such as engineering issues, land acquisition, safety standards, and a tough customs

regime have in the past – plagued other infrastructure projects in the country.

Despite the challenges, Branson said in a statement that an Hyperloop demonstration track would

be built within two to three years of the final agreement, and the project would take a further five

to seven years to complete.

Feasibility - Projected costs are around $70 billion. The proposed Hyperloop travel time is
around 35 minutes one-way, while the high-speed rail system takes around 2.5 hours. Many

experts feel the Hyperloop concept is too dangerous and not economically feasible, and the idea

of a $20 one-way ticket will be impossible to achieve.

comparison to other cost estimating structures and formats of high-speed transportation systems

nationally and across the world. The cost structure uses the US Federal Railroad Administration

(FRA) Standard Cost Categories (SCC), which serves both as a structure and a summary for the

capital cost estimate of a Hyperloop system. This format facilitates comparison to other estimates

for high-speed transportation systems that have used the SCC format or equivalent in the past

and makes it easier to track and control changes over time as the estimate evolves. The SCC

format consists of the following 10 categories, with parentheses denoting typical Hyperloop

terminology if different:

1. Guideway, Tubes and Switches

2. Right of Way (ROW), Land & Existing Improvements

3. Stations, Stops, & Termini (“Portals and Depots”)

4. Vehicles (“Capsules” or “Pods”)

5. Support Facilities

6. Professional Services

7. Sitework & Special Conditions

8. Unallocated Contingency

9. Finance Charges (not evaluated in this study)

billion including guideway construction, capsule fabrication, and stations for a route from the

Los Angeles metropolitan area to the San Francisco Bay, or $17 million per mile.18 Subsequent

to the Alpha white paper, HT gave a presentation citing $25 -$27 million per mile for just the

technology, excluding land acquisition. For an approximate frame of reference, California HSR

faces costs of $63-$65 million per mile and in Europe the cost is $43 million per mile, although

those figures include costs of land acquisition but exclude train sets. For an almost entirely

underwater track specifically from Helsinki to Stockholm HT estimates a cost of $64 million per

mile including vehicles.19 Beyond construction costs, the full capital cost of an infrastructure

project typically includes conceptual engineering, final design, environmental planning, and land

acquisition. These professional costs are likely easier to estimate for existing technologies and

generally exclude basic research and design costs needed to bring hyperloop technology to

market. These costs are excluded from the construction estimate and are likely to be significant.
Operating/Production Feasibility - The Hyperloop Alpha proposal offers no discussion

or projection of operating & maintenance (O&M) costs apart from a single mention that its

projected ridership and fare recovery covers daily operational costs with a $20 fare. Assuming

that Hyperloop’s largest operating cost, energy, is fully covered by the self-sufficient solar panel

system, there are still daily O&M costs that must be considered. This section presents several

key O&M cost areas that would need to be added to any comprehensive analysis of high-speed

transportation options. These costs are largely labor and dependent on the size of the Hyperloop

operator’s staff, but might be estimated by looking at overhead rates for similarly sized

companies.

Daily Management, Dispatching, & System Control - While the operation of the system itself is

likely highly automated, some element of human control or supervision is needed from a central

command center to address issues as they arise. Day to day system operation at a minimum

includes dispatching, security, and maintenance. If this work does not take place at one of the

stations, the capital cost of a dispatch facility would need to be added to the cost estimate.

Management and Planning - In addition to day-to-day system operation, general management

is needed for strategic planning of the system, long term maintenance, personal management, IT

services, and business development. If this work does not take place at one of the stations, the

capital cost of a facility would need to be added to the cost estimate.

Stations - The operating cost of stations was not mentioned in the proposal. While the Hyperloop

Alpha proposal describes an electronic-only ticketing system that would eliminate ticket sales

agents, station operations likely require other staffing. Examples of station labor costs likely to

be Hyperloop stations are station safety and security personnel, customer service, pod
maintenance or cleaning, and customer baggage assistance. Additional, station costs will include

utilities and water for restrooms, connections to other ground transportation, and other customer

amenities (coffee, Wi-Fi, or bookstore). These station operation costs need to be added to the

ongoing cost of operations.

Infrastructure Inspection - Given the speeds involved and the narrow tolerances permitted, any

Hyperloop technology must have a rigorous inspection regime to maintain safe operations.

Amtrak inspects its high-speed tracks visually twice a week and using an automated track

geometry inspection vehicle roughly every 30 days. Amtrak’s track geometry car inspects the

rails as part of normal service as the car is coupled to a train ensuring revenue operations

generally aren’t affected. Presumably an inspection pod will be created to inspect the interior of

the tube at normal operating speed, but capital costs for an inspection pod need to be added to the

cost estimate if it is not already integrated into each passenger pod. Federal regulators will likely

require an exterior inspection of the tubes & pylons be conducted at a much lower speed for

periodic intervals on par with Amtrak’s bi-weekly requirement. The cost for this inspection labor

as well as any vehicles or equipment needed to inspect the tube (trucks, cherry picker lifts, and

electronic equipment for solar testing) need to be added to any cost estimate.

Infrastructure Maintenance - No mention of maintenance costs was mentioned in the

Hyperloop Alpha proposal, but components will inevitably fail and need repair. These costs will

need to be added to any cost estimate but are not estimated here repairs within a tube will

necessarily halt operations in that tube and depending on system redundancy may impact other

tubes. Another large cost for any inspection and maintenance activity is the foregone revenue

from any downtime if operations have to be halted. The redundancy of the system may impact its

ability to continue revenue operations during a maintenance period.

was invented to describe the modern open-source project. Hyperloop is described as a sealed

tube or system of tubes with low air pressure through which a pod may travel substantially free

of air resistance or friction. The Hyperloop could potentially convey people or objects at airline

or hypersonic speeds while being energy efficient compared with existing high-speed rail

systems. This, if implemented, may reduce travel times compared to train and airplane

travel[1] over distances of under approximately 1,500 kilometres (930 miles).

The Hyperloop concept has its roots in the 1800s, under the name Pneumatic Railway,

Atmospheric Railway or vactrain, with the concept invented by George Midhurst in 1799. Elon

Musk mentioned the Hyperloop in 2012, bringing it back to public attention. His initial concept

incorporated reduced-pressure tubes in which pressurized capsules ride on air bearings driven

by linear induction motors and axial compressors. The Hyperloop Alpha concept was first

published in August 2013, proposing and examining a route running from the Los

Angeles region to the San Francisco Bay Area, roughly following the Interstate 5 corridor. The

Hyperloop Genesis paper conceived of a hyperloop system that would propel passengers along

the 350-mile (560 km) route at a speed of 760 mph (1,200 km/h), allowing for a travel time of 35

minutes, which is considerably faster than current rail or air travel times. Preliminary cost

estimates for this LA–SF suggested route were included in the white paper—US$6 billion for a

passenger-only version, and US$7.5 billion for a somewhat larger-diameter version transporting

passengers and vehicles. However, transportation analysts expressed doubts that the system

could be constructed on that budget, including some predictions that the Hyperloop would be

several billion dollars overbudget once construction, development, and operation costs are taken

into consideration.
The Hyperloop concept has been explicitly "open-sourced" by Musk and SpaceX, and others

have been encouraged to take the ideas and further develop them. To that end, a few companies

have been formed, and several interdisciplinary student-led teams are working to advance the

technology. SpaceX built an approximately 1-kilometre-long (0.62 mi) subscale track for its pod

design competition at its headquarters in Hawthorne, California. TUM Hyperloop set the world

record of 463 km/h (288 mph) in July 2019 during the Hyperloop pod competition at SpaceX.

Virgin Hyperloop conducted the first human trial in November 2020 at its test site in Las Vegas.

Hyperloop is a new form of ground transport currently in development by a number of

companies, It could see passengers travelling at over 700 miles an hour in floating pod which

races along inside giant low-pressure tubes, either above or below ground.
Delft Hyperloop is a team of students from the Delft University of Technology in the

Netherlands, that competes in SpaceX’s Hyperloop Pod Competition. This competition is held

annually at SpaceX’s headquarters in Los Angeles where over 1000 student teams apply to

compete, about 30 are qualified to go to SpaceX and only 3 teams are finally picked out after a

series of tests to actually run in the 1.2km tube which is laid out just outside of the rocket facility

of SpaceX. The main criteria for the competition is speed, where the fastest Pod wins, however

criteria’s for the competition of 2016 were the best overall won. Delft Hyperloop I came in 1st

place in 2016 and Delft Hyperloop II -an almost entirely new team of students - came in 2nd

place this year. However, our team does not only go for the win, we also work out our vision on

what the Hyperloop will fundamentally be like and how the main concept will work. Just before

this event in July, we revealed our vision of the full Hyperloop system, covering fundamental

aspects from pod design and propulsion system to infrastructure and architecture.
At Delft Hyperloop we propose a network which will run from Amsterdam, through Brussels, to

Paris in just about 30 minutes. From here, an entire European network will expand, becoming the

foundation of high-speed ground transportation. In and around highly dense cities, the Hyperloop

will run mainly underground. The Pods will levitate with magnets from one station to another in

vacuum tubes at airline speeds (1000km/h) given the low air resistance within the tubes,

significantly reducing the amount of time passengers would have travel. The Hyperloop will be

powered by renewable energy where solar panels will be integrated onto the tubes and at

stations.

We believe international cooperation regarding dimensions and regulations within and around

the station would be fundamental for the system to operate as swiftly as possible from one city to

the next. We also believe, the station would not have to massively invade urban spaces, due to its

underground infrastructure. Having in mind that high density cities are one of the main targets to

host the Hyperloop, it is necessary to take the magnitude of the infrastructure in these contexts

into account. This team therefore promotes the idea of using a standardization of modular layouts

for all stations, adapting them into the different contexts through independent designs.

As the Pods arrive at a lower level (-2), passengers will de-board and be directed to the main area

(cafe, stores, etc), meanwhile the Pods are taken to the departure level above (-1) by a lift -much

like those used at modern-day underground parking lots- and then transferred (through

automation) to a pre-designated platform. Each platform will have its own check-in and security

system, allowing Pods to reach a 1-minute departure/arrival frequency. These dynamic passenger
flows and pod flows are essential for the Hyperloop to be as effective as possible. Once the

passenger is fastened to the seats, the pod moves to the airlock chambers where the surrounding

air is depressurized (near vacuum) and the interior air is pressurized for a safe and comfortable

environment during the journey. Multiple vacuum chambers would be available in order to grant

flexibility at high peak hours of the users. With this system, passengers would have no need to

wait in line for hours like at airports. The station would feel a bit more like a metro station than

anything else.

The station, designed by Francisco Muñoz-Correa, was intended to show a nearby future and

how the Hyperloop will look like with all of its technologies. The wood shares an appreciation

for sustainable design and plays a key role for the future in the eyes of our architect. Since the

station will be mainly underground - as so would the airlocks and tubes at this point - there is a

need for natural lighting and the light created in the station suggests a double function as it also

becomes part of the landscape at ground level. At ground level, the station invites users to

interact with the landscape designed to be harmoniously connected with public transportation

such as trams and buses.

Different sized Pods would be available to the users depending on demand and function, varying
from 6 to 50 people per pod and granting possibility for cargo transport. Our team designed and

built a half-scaled Pod of the

smallest Pod size that would be

able to function in such

conditions of high frequency

passenger flows.

USP - Back in 2013, Elon

Musk unveiled his concept of a

modern transportation system, which if implemented, could truly revolutionize the future of

human transportation. The concept, known as the Hyperloop remained a concept till the

innovator decided to make this idea open source, after which, a whole plethora of developers

have stepped forward with their own versions of the Hyperloop, in a bid to impress not only Elon

Musk, but the rest of the world as well. In this article, I will tell you everything I know about the

Hyperloop concept, in as easy a language as possible.

So, let’s begin –

1. It’s all about the SPEED. The USP of the Hyperloop, as outlined by Musk as well as

the interested parties is the speed. The Hyperloop, once ready, will be able to travel

at speeds faster than the speed of sound!

So, if you were to, say travel from Los Angeles to San Francisco in a Hyperloop, it

would take you a mere 35 minutes. If you come to India, assuming everything gets

done in time, one would be able to travel from Delhi to Mumbai in almost an hour

and 14 minutes!!
2. Passengers will be required to travel inside giant steel tubes, using the simple

concept of magnetic pressure. According to the briefing given by Elon Musk,

magnets will be used to propel aerodynamic capsules (containing the passengers)

through giant steel tubes. All this will ignore any and all friction, by keeping the

capsule afloat on a constant, pressurized cushion of air. Simple yet super

sophisticated.

3. Elon Musk is known to be a man of action, and despite the fact that the open

sourced his Hyperloop idea, he still takes a wide interest in its development.

Recently, his aerospace firm, SpaceX hosted a competition for students, wherein 120

schools and colleges were told to come up with their own Hyperloop pod designs. If

reports are anything to go by, a test circuit in the works in Nevada, where Musk

plans to give the winning pod designs a test run!!

4. Earlier, we saw that the main talking point about the Hyperloop was its speed.

Another fact worth noting is that the Hyperloop will be completely self-

sustaining. The idea is simple – the Steel tubes will be lined with solar panels which

will store the energy that powers the air compressors that cushion the pods, as well

as other vital components. The intention is that the Hyperloop should function

normally even under cloudy conditions.

5. Human beings can withstand only about 0.2 Gs of acceleration up and down or side

to side. Now, that value will increase if the Hyperloop is cranking away at 800mph.

Thus, it is imperative that the Hyperloop run along a straight line without any turns

or sudden change in direction. To do this, a lot of tunnels will have to be

constructed, which will cost significant amount of money. Also, another factor to

Hyperloop the safest fifth mode of transport, but anyone could point out that should

there be even a slight disturbance in the path of the pod, and its Game over for

everyone on board.

All in all, the Hyperloop is a concept that will surely revolutionize the transportation industry for

the better. The concept has been put forward by a man who does not believe in the second best,

so rest assured, whatever be the issues at hand, Elon Musk will get them ironed out before we get

to the final product.

transportation which is twice that of

aircraft. It has very low power

consumption. It is low-cost transportation

system on long run. It is immune to bad

weather conditions.

Any Other Information about the

product - Hyperloop is a concept for

very high-speed, fixed-guideway, intercity surface transportation, using capsule- like vehicles

that operate in sealed partial-vacuum tubes. At this stage, the technology is unproven, but it has

elicited a great deal of interest from journalists, investors, engineering firms, and governments.

This research is being conducted to provide a high-level evaluation of hyperloop in terms of its

commercial potential, environmental impact, costs, safety issues, and regulatory and policy

issues and to identify further research topics related to the technology. This research is intended

to provide NASA decision-makers with appropriate context to make decisions on the future

direction of NASA’s involvement in Hyperloop research.

Commercial Potential-Passenger

The hyperloop technology is touted as having very fast speeds, faster than existing forms of

passenger travel, and as being able to provide that service at lower cost than high speed rail

(HSR). Hyperloop’s proposed speeds (maximum 720 – 760 mph and average of 600 mph) would

indeed be faster than air, maglev, and HSR. For a trip between San Francisco and Los Angeles of

roughly 400 miles, the resulting time savings over air or maglev would be about 45 minutes.
However, all three modes would likely have stations that terminate at the outskirts of the major

city and thus require additional time on local transit for travelers to reach their final destination.

The time savings over HSR is more substantial at 2 hours, but HSR stations are generally found

downtown which provides savings in access and egress time. It is not clear whether hyperloop’s

very high speeds would be comfortable for passengers. Because it is a fixed guideway the route

needs to be planned with exacting precision so that passengers are not subject to uncomfortable

g-forces on curves or dips. In contrast, passengers find maglev and HSR trains very comfortable

and appreciate being able to use their time productively. Proponents claim that because the

system is enclosed in a tube, it will be impervious to weather delays. However, maglev is also

resilient to weather because the train is elevated above the guideway it can operate in bad

weather. HSR, while not impervious to bad weather, is considerably more resilient than air. As

originally described, hyperloop capacity would be far lower than HSR. However, that capacity

could potentially be increased by using larger pods or by having more tubes stacked on a single

pylon structure. Hyperloop appears to be able to offer faster speeds than other modes of

passenger transport, but other modes offer advantages in other dimensions such as proximity to

downtown areas and/or passenger comfort. Much of the public is not aware of the higher speeds

offered by maglev technology, likely because it has only been deployed in one instance, in

Shanghai, China. However, that one deployment has shown that it is feasible and thus it would

be a less risky investment than the entirely unproven hyperloop technology.

Commercial Potential-Freight

The early discussions related to hyperloop technology focused on its potential for passenger

transport, but more recent discussions of hyperloop have focused on freight. This shift in focus to

cargo is perhaps because of the (likely accurate) perception that it will be less risky to prove the
technology on cargo than on passengers. The portion of the freight market that might be

interested in the high speeds offered by hyperloop would likely be the current market for air

freight which accounts for just 2 percent of ton miles, but represents 40 percent of freight value.

However, aircraft serve this market through vast husband-spoke networks that accumulates

freight from many origins and distributes them to many destinations. It would take a massive

investment in a hyperloop network to create the same coverage and the value of incremental time

savings over air would likely be small. Because only air (expensive but fast) and ship (cheap but

slow) are available for cargo shipment across water of distance that prohibits building a bridge,

there is a compelling need for an additional mode. For cargo, the super-fast speeds are not of

themselves the compelling feature of hyperloop, rather superfast speeds enable higher throughput

for a given tube size. Recent presentations by Hyperloop Technologies (HT)1 have focused on

putting the hyperloop tubes underwater as a way to avoid land acquisition costs for right of way.

The HT presentations also mention the idea of using hyperloop to facilitate off-shore port

facilities. Many ports are capacity constrained and unloading containers from ships to a

hyperloop tube to be brought inland for sorting and distribution using equipment on offshore

platforms could provide much needed expansion for port facilities.

Environmental Impact

The various hyperloop proponents make much of the idea that hyperloop would be completely

powered by solar technology. While that is certainly not true of air travel, both maglev and HSR

are electrically powered and could be powered by solar if desired. It is not clear how much

energy would be needed to operate hyperloop but an HT presentation stated that most routes

would be two to three times more energy efficient than air travel per passenger mile. Maglev and

HSR are also two to three times more energy efficient as air, so that criteria does not seem to
favor hyperloop over existing high speed transportation options. Discussions of environmental

impact tend to focus on emissions during operations and ignore the full lifecycle emissions

during manufacture of the equipment during construction of the guideway. Those impacts would

be present for any new transportation project but at this point the information is not available to

compare across alternative transportation modes.

Travel Time

Travel time is comprised of three components: line haul time, station time, and access/egress

time. Line haul time depends on the speed of the technology and any ramp-up/ramp-down,

taxiing time including tarmac delay (for air travel), station dwell time and intermediate stops (for

rail or maglev travel). Station time refers to the time needed at the embarking/disembarking

station for things like ticketing, security screening, baggage loading, etc. In the case of very

frequent non-scheduled service such as subways, travel time includes the expected wait time

between trains usually estimated as one-half the headway between trains. Access and egress time

depend on the spatial relationship between the station and the ultimate origins and destinations of

the individual travelers. Hyperloop is estimated to have maximum operating speeds in the range

of 720-760 mph over distances of 300 - 500 miles. Those top speeds are mitigated somewhat by

the need for gradual acceleration or deceleration and at the beginning and end of the trip.

“Hyperloop Alpha” describes hyperloop capsules making the trip from the San Francisco Bay

area to the Los Angeles area in roughly 35 minutes, with no intermediate stops. This is a distance

of about 350 miles for an average speed of roughly 600 mph. However, there would be no

taxiing time as with air travel or time spent at intermediate stops as there is for rail or maglev. Of

course, line haul time is just one component of total travel time. There is also the time needed to

access and egress the station to the ultimate origin and destination. The amount of access and
egress time needed will depend on where the hyperloop terminals are located. Downtown

locations provide time savings for passengers but higher costs associated with land acquisition

along with other institutional barriers related to building in areas of high population density.

References –
● Hyperloop Alpha (pdf). SpaceX (12 August 2013). The first concept of the system

proposed by Elon Musk on August 12, 2013.

● The possible application of Hyperloop technology in the Handgun Zurbano. Materials of

the Eastern Economic Forum (WEF-2016), September 2016,

● Hyperloop One: images of the first Hyperloop full-scale test track released. Electrek.co.

March 7, 2017.

● Ashcroft F. On the verge of a possible. - McAlpine non-fiction. 2018.