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Department of Education
Schools Division Office - Quezon City
Novaliches High School

MATHEMATICS 9

Name of
Student:
_______________________________________ Date Received: __________
Date
Section: _______________________________________
Accomplished:
__________
Name of
Teacher:
_______________________________________ Score: __________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Week 1 Lesson 1: THE SIX TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

Background Information for Learners

In this module, the learner would be able to investigate, analyze, and solve problems involving The Six
Trigonometric Ratios through appropriate and accurate representation.

LEARNING COMPETENCY: LC Code: M9GE-IVa-1

Objectives:

1. Define the six trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent, secant, cosecant and cotangent
2. Illustrate the six trigonometric ratios
3. Participate actively during the discussion

The word trigonometry comes from the ancient Greek word trigon, meaning triangle, and metron,
meaning measure and the study of trigonometry involves triangle measurement.

Right Triangle Trigonometry is often used to find the length of one side or the measure of an acute
angle of a right triangle.

The sides of a triangle can also be named according to their relationship with a given angle. Recall that
the hypotenuse is always the side opposite the right angle (side c in the figure below). Hence, it is the longest
side of the right triangle. The sides adjacent to the right angle are called the legs (sides a and b). Side a is the
side adjacent to ∠B and opposite to ∠A. Side b is the side adjacent to ∠A and opposite to ∠B.

Consider △ABC In relation to ∠A, the side a is an opposite side, while the side
b is an adjacent side.
In relation to ∠B, the side b is an opposite side, while the side
a is an adjacent side.
Take note that in Right Triangle Trigonometry, these
relationships do not apply to ∠C, the right angle.

Trigonometric ratio is a ratio of the lengths of the sides of a right triangle. The three basic trigonometric
ratios are sine, cosine, and tangent. Consider again ∠A of △ABC above.

Trigonometric Ratio Abbreviation Ratio of Lengths

leg opposite ¿ ∠ A ¿
hypotenuse
Sine of A Sin A
a
=
c
Cosine of A Cos A leg adjacent ¿∠ A ¿
hypotenuse
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b
=
c
leg opposite ¿ ∠ A ¿ ∠ A¿
eg adjacent ¿
Tangent of A Tan A
b
=
a

The same is true with ∠B

Trigonometric Ratio Abbreviation Ratio of Lengths
leg opposite ¿ ∠ B ¿
hypotenuse
Sine of B Sin B b
=
c
leg adjacent ¿∠ B ¿
hypotenuse
Cosine of B Cos B a
=
c
leg opposite ¿ ∠ B ¿ ∠B ¿
eg adjacent ¿
Tangent of B Tan B a
=
b
SOH-CAH-TOA

opposite
SOH is sine, opposite, hypotenuse. That is sin θ =
hypotenuse

adjacent
CAH is cosine, adjacent, hypotenuse. That is cos θ =
hypotenuse

opposite
TOA is tangent, opposite, adjacent. That is tan θ =
adjacent
There are 3 other trigonometric ratios called the reciprocal trigonometric ratios, which are defined
as follows:

If ∠A is an acute angle of right triangle ABC, then:

Trigonometric Ratio Abbreviation Reciprocal Relationship Ratio of Lengths

hypotenuse
∠ A¿ =
1 leg opposite ¿
Cosecant of A Csc A
sin A c
a
hypotenuse
∠A¿ =
1 legadjacent ¿
Secant of A Sec A
cos A c
b
leg adjacent ¿∠ A ¿ ∠
1 leg opposite ¿
Cotangent of A Cot A
tan A b
=
a
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Illustrative Examples:
1. Find the six trigonometric ratios for each acute angle in the given right triangle, where c=5 and b=3.
Solution: First find the missing side by Pythagorean Theorem. B
32+(BC)2=52
9+(BC)2=25 5
(BC)2=25-9
(BC) = 16
2

BC = 4 A C
3
The six trigonometric ratios for ∠A:

opposite 4 hypotenuse 5
Sin A= = csc A= =
hypotenuse 5 opposite 4

adjacent 3 hypotenuse 5
Cos A= = sec A= =
hypotenuse 5 adjacent 3

opposite 4 adjacent 3
Tan A= = cot A= =
adjacent 3 opposite 4
The six trigonometric ratios for ∠B:

opposite 3 hypotenuse 5
Sin B= = csc B= =
hypotenuse 5 opposite 3

adjacent 4 hypotenuse 5
Cos B= = sec B= =
hypotenuse 5 adjacent 4

opposite 3 adjacent 4
Tan B= = cot B= =
adjacent 4 opposite 3

5
2. Given θ, an angle in a right triangle and sin θ= , find the remaining trigonometric ratios of θ.
13
opposite 5
Solution: If sin θ = = , then the positions of θ and the given lengths are shown in the
hypotenuse 13
figure. Solving for the third side:
a2+b2=c2 θ
a2+52=132 13
a2+25=169
a2=169-25
a2=144
a=12
5
Thus, the 5 remaining trigonometric ratios are :
12 5 13 13 12
Cos θ= tan θ= csc θ= sec θ= cot θ=
13 12 5 12 5
Calculators in degree mode or trigonometric tables can also be used to find trigonometric ratios.

Illustrative Examples: Find the value of the following:

a. Sin 50°
Solution: Press
sin 5 0
=0.766044

b. Cos 50° 30’

Solution: Press
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cos 5 0 °’’’ 3 0 °’’’

=0.636078

c. Tan 50°30’30’’
Solution: Press
tan 5 0 °’’’ 3 0 °’’’ 3 0 °’’’
=1.213456

d. Csc 60°
Solution: Press
sin 6 0 = x-1 =
=1.54700

e. Sec 60°30’
Solution: Press
cos 6 0 ° ’ ’’ 3 0 ° ’ ’’ = x-1 =
=2.030772

f. Cot 60°30’30’’
tan 6 0 ° ’ ’’ 3 0 ° ’ ’’ 3 0 ° ’ ’’ = x-1 =
= 0.565580
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TABLE OF TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

ACTIVITY 1: Given the right triangle with two known sides, find the trigonometric ratios of the following.
A 6 C
1. c = ______ sin A=_____ sin B=_____
cos A=_____ cos B=_____
8 tan A=_____ tan B=_____
c
csc A=_____ csc B=_____
sec A=_____ sec B=_____
X
cot A=_____ cot B=_____
B
2. y y = _______ sin X=_____ sin Y=_____
cos X=_____ cos Y=_____
17
tan X=_____ tan Y=_____
Z
csc X=_____ csc Y=_____
sec X=_____ sec Y=_____
8 cot X=_____ cot Y=_____
Y
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ACTIVITY 2
Find ratio of the other five trigonometric functions. (Do not use scientific calculator)
4 1
1. tan θ= 2. cot θ=
3 2
sin θ = _____ sin θ = _____
cos θ = _____ cos θ = _____
csc θ = _____ tan θ = _____
sec θ = _____ csc θ = _____
cot θ = _____ sec θ = _____

ACTIVITY 3
Use your calculator or a trigonometric table to find each ratio to the nearest thousandths.
1. tan 15° 4. tan 41°15’
2. cos 25° 5. cos 60°54’30’’
3. cos 24°30’

End of Week 1 Lesson 1

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Week 2 Lesson 1: TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SPECIAL ANGLES

Background Information for Learners

In this module, the learner would be able to investigate, analyze, and solve problems involving
trigonometric ratios of special angles through appropriate and accurate representation.

LEARNING COMPETENCY: LC Code: M9GE-IVb-c-1

Objectives:

1.Define the six trigonometric ratios

2. Find the six trigonometric ratios of special angles
3. Participate actively during the discussion

By special angles, we mean 30 degrees, 45 degrees and 60 degrees. These are the angles from the
45-45-90 degrees triangle and the 30-60-90 degrees triangle. These are the two special right triangles with the
following properties:
1. In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, the hypotenuse is twice as long as the shorter leg, and the longer leg is √ 3
A
times as long as the shorter leg.
In right △ABC, m∠A=30° and m∠B=60°, then c=2a and b=a √ 3 30°
c b

60° a
2. In a 45°-45°-90° triangle, the hypotenuse is √ 2 times as long as each leg. B C
In right △ABC, m∠A=m∠B=45°, then a=b and c=a √ 2 A
45°
b c

45°
C a B

Since the sides of any 30°-60°-90° triangle are in the ratio 1: √ 3:2 , the exact trigonometric ratios for 30° and
60° can easily be determined.
30°

2
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sin 30°=
1
sin 60°=
√3
2 2
cos 30°=
√3 cos 60°=
1
2 2
tan 30°=
√3 tan 60°= √ 3
3

Similarly, since the sides of any a 45°-45°-90° triangles are in the ratio 1:1: √ 2, the exact trigonometric
ratios for 45° are also easy to determine.

sin 45°=
√2 45°
2
cos 45°=
√2 1
2
tan 45°= 1 45°

Illustrative Examples:
Determine the exact value of θ, x and y in the given figure. Then find the six trigonometric ratios
of the given angles.
Solution: 30°
First, solve for θ,
30+90+ θ = 180 10
Θ = 180-120 x
Θ = 60°
Solving for x and y using the properties of 30°-60°-90° triangle: θ
y= ½ hypotenuse = 5 y
x= y√ 3 = 5√ 3
Or solving for x and y using the exact trigonometric ratios:
The cosine and secant ratios involve the sides labeled x and use the cosine ratio for
convenience.
x
Cos 30°=
10
√ =¿x
3 x
2 10
x = 5√ 3

The sine and cosecant ratios involve the sides labeled y and 10 so use sine ratio for
convenience.
y
Sin 30°=
10
1 y
=¿x
2 10

y=5
Then the six trigonometric ratios of 30° in the given triangle are:
5 1 10
Sin 30°= =¿x csc 30°=2 5
10 2

5 √3 √3 2
=¿x 2 √ 3
30°
Cos 30°= =¿ x sec 30°=
5√3
2 2 √3 3

5 1 √3 3 3 √3
Tan 30°= = = cot 30°= = = √3
5 √3 √3 3 √3 3
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And the six trigonometric ratios of 60° are:

10
5 √3 √3
= √
2 2 3
Sin 60°= = csc 60°=
10 2 √3 3

5 1 60°
Cos 60°= =¿x sec 60°=2 5
10 2
5 √3
=√
1 3
Tan 60°= = √3 cot 60°=
10 √3 3

ACTIVITY 1
Complete the table for the exact values of trigonometric ratios of the given special angles.
sin cos tan csc sec cot
30°
45°
60°

ACTIVITY 2
Solve for the missing acute angle or sides of the given right triangles.
1. _____________

20
x
30°
y

2. ______________
x 10

60
y

ACTIVITY 3
Find the the six trigonometric ratios of the indicated angle θ.

1. sin θ = csc θ =
cos θ = sec θ =
tan θ = cot θ =
θ

60 °
2. sin θ = csc θ =
cos θ = sec θ =
tan θ = cot θ = θ
14
End of Week 2 Lesson 1

Reference:
Workbook: Mathematics for Grade 9 (Argel and Angeles), pages 152-171
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-algebra/chapter/trigonometry-and-right-triangles/

Prepared by:

Marites U. Pagsolingan, Ed.D./ Janelynne T. Serapion, Ed.D.

Teacher III, Writers
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