MATHEMATICS

Class 9TH (KPK)

Chapter # 5 FACTORIZATION

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 1
Chapter # 5

UNIT # 5
FACTORIZATION
Ex # 5.1 Ex # 5.1
Factorization Type 3: 𝒂 ± 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐
𝟐

Writing an algebraic expression as the product of Example 3:

two or more algebraic expressions is called 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟏𝟔 = (𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥)(4) + (4)2
factorization of the algebraic expression. 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16 = (𝑥 + 4)2 = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 4)
Example
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐 = 5𝑥(1 + 2𝑥) 𝟐𝟓𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝒚 + 𝟗 = (5𝑦)2 − 2(5𝑦)(3) + (3)2
Here 5𝑥 and 1 + 2𝑥 are called factors of 25𝑦 2 − 30𝑦 + 9 = (5𝑦 − 3)2 = (5𝑦 − 3)(5𝑦 − 3)
5𝑥 + 10𝑥 2.
Type 1: 𝒌𝒂 + 𝒌𝒃 + 𝒌𝒄 Type 4: 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
Common Techniques Example 4:
‫ ںیل‬common ‫ آاجںیئ وت اس وک‬minus ‫ارگ یسک وسال ےس ےلہپ‬ (i) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔 = (𝑥)2 − (4)2 = (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4)
(ii) 𝟗𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝟓 = (3𝑎)2 − (5)2 = (3𝑎 + 5)(3𝑎 − 5)
‫ دبتلی‬sign ‫ ےک‬terms ‫ ےنیلےسامتم‬common ‫وک‬minus ‫ےگ۔‬
(iii) 𝟔𝒙𝟒 − 𝟔𝒚𝟒 = 6(𝑥 4 − 𝑦 4 )
‫وہاجںیئےگ۔‬
𝟑 3
−𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 − 𝟕𝒛 = −(2𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 7𝑧) 6𝑥 4 − 6𝑦 4 = 6[(𝑥 2 )2 − (𝑦 2 )2 ]
‫ ک‬constants ‫ ےک‬terms ‫ارگامتم‬
‫ ںیمآےتوہوتاس‬table ‫اییہ‬ 6𝑥 4 − 6𝑦 4 = 6(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )
6𝑥 4 − 6𝑦 4 = 6(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)
‫ ںیلےگ۔‬common ‫ںیمیھب‬
𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟒𝒚 + 𝟔𝟒 = 4(𝑥 3 − 6𝑦 + 16) Type 5: 𝒂𝟐 ± 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐
Example 5:
‫ وہوت ب‬variable ‫ایےسیج‬
power ‫سےسمک‬ ‫ ںیم ک‬terms ‫ارگامتم‬
Factorize 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟒𝒂𝒃 + 𝟒𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐
‫ ںیلےگ۔‬common ‫ وک‬variable ‫واےل‬ Solution:
𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 = 𝑥(4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3𝑦)
𝟑 𝟐 𝑎2 + 4𝑎𝑏 + 4𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2
Example: = (𝑎)2 + 2(𝑎)(2𝑏) + (2𝑏)2 − 𝑐 2
−𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝟒𝒙 = −4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 16) = (𝑎 + 2𝑏)2 − (𝑐)2
Example 1: = (𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 + 2𝑏 − 𝑐)
(i) 𝟏𝟓 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 = 5(1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
(ii) 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟑 𝒚 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦(3𝑦 − 5𝑥) Example 6:
Factorize 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 + 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟏
Type 2: 𝒂𝒄 + 𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅. Solution:
Example 2: 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 + 2𝑏 − 1
Factorize 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒂𝒃 − 𝟑𝒂 + 𝟑𝒃 = 𝑎2 − (𝑏 2 − 2𝑏 + 1)
Solution: = 𝑎2 − {(𝑏)2 − 2(𝑏)(1) + (1)2 }
𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 3𝑎 + 3𝑏 Making two pairs/groups = 𝑎2 − (𝑏 − 1)2
Taking common from each group = {𝑎 + (𝑏 − 1)}{𝑎 − (𝑏 − 1)}
= 𝑎(𝑎 − 𝑏) − 3(𝑎 − 𝑏) (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 1)(𝑎 − 𝑏 + 1)
= (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 − 3) As (𝑎 − 𝑏) is a common
 2
Chapter # 5
Exercise# 5.1

Q1 𝟗𝒔𝟐 𝒕 + 𝟏𝟓𝒔𝟐 𝒕𝟑 − 𝟑𝒔𝟐 𝒕𝟐 Q6 𝟒(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎(𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒛 + 𝟐𝟓𝒛𝟐

Solution Solution
9𝑠 2 𝑡 + 15𝑠 2 𝑡 3 − 3𝑠 2 𝑡 2 4(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 − 20(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑧 + 25𝑧 2
Take common 3𝑠 2 𝑡 = [2(𝑥 + 𝑦)]2 − 2[2(𝑥 + 𝑦)](5𝑧) + (5𝑧)2
= 3𝑠 2 𝑡(3 + 5𝑡 2 − 𝑡) As we know that 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2
= [2(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 5𝑧]2
Q2 𝟏𝟎𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟒 − 𝟏𝟓𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝟑𝟎𝒂𝟒 𝒃𝟑 𝒄𝟐
Solution Q7 𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟒
−
𝒚𝟒 𝒙𝟒
10𝑎2 𝑏 3 𝑐 4 − 15𝑎3 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 + 30𝑎4 𝑏 3 𝑐 2
Solution
Take common 5𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
𝑥4 𝑦4
= 5𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 (2𝑏𝑐 2 − 3𝑎 + 6𝑎2 𝑏) −
𝑦4 𝑥4
Q3 𝒂𝒙 − 𝒂 − 𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝑥 2 )2 (𝑦 2 )2
= −
Solution (𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 )2
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎 − 𝑥 + 1 2 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
Taking common = ( 2) − ( 2)
𝑦 𝑥
= 𝑎(𝑥 − 1) − 1(𝑥 − 1)
Taking common Using Formula 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑎 − 1) 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
=( + )( − )
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
Q4 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
Solution = ( 2 + 2 ) [( ) − ( ) ]
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦
Arrange it Using Formula 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 3 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
Taking common =( + )( + )( − )
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
= 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) − 2𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
Taking common
= (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 ) Q8 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟖𝟖
Solution
Q5 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 + 𝒙𝟐
𝟏 2𝑥 2 − 288
Solution Taking common
1 = 2(𝑥 2 − 144)
4𝑥 2 + 4 + 2 = 2[(𝑥)2 − (12)2 ]
𝑥
1 1 2 Using Formula 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= (2𝑥)2 + 2(2𝑥) + ( ) = 2(𝑥 + 12)(𝑥 − 12)
𝑥 𝑥
As we know that
= 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
1 2
= (2𝑥 + )
𝑥
 3
Chapter # 5
Q9 𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒖𝒗 − 𝒗𝟐 Q3 𝑎4 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 4
Solution Solution
1 − (𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣 2 ) 𝑎4 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 4
Using Formula 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎4 + 𝑏 4 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2
= (1)2 − (𝑢 − 𝑣)2 = (𝑎2 )2 + (𝑏 2 )2 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2
Using Formula 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) Add and Subtract 2(𝑎2 )(𝑏 2 )
= [1 + (𝑢 − 𝑣)][1 − (𝑢 − 𝑣)] = (𝑎2 )2 + (𝑏2 )2 + 2(𝑎2 )(𝑏2 ) − 2(𝑎2 )(𝑏2 ) + 𝑎2 𝑏2
= (1 + 𝑢 − 𝑣)(1 − 𝑢 + 𝑣) Using Formula 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
= (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2 − 2𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 𝑏 2
Q10 𝟐𝟓𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒂𝒃𝒄 + 𝟒𝒄𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒅𝟐 = (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2 − 𝑎2 𝑏 2
Solution = (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2 − (𝑎𝑏)2
25𝑎2 𝑏 2 − 20𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 4𝑐 2 − 16𝑑2 As 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
Using Formula 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑏)
= (5𝑎𝑏)2 − 2(5𝑎𝑏)(2𝑐) + (2𝑐)2 − (4𝑑)2
= (5𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑐)2 − (4𝑑)2
Q4 𝐱𝟒 + 𝐱𝟐 + 𝟏
Using Formula 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
Solution
= (5𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 4𝑑)(5𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑐 − 4𝑑)
𝑥4 + 𝑥2 + 1
Exercise# 5.2 = 𝑥4 + 1 + 𝑥2
= (𝑥 2 )2 + (1)2 + 𝑥 2
Add and Subtract 2(𝑥 2 )(1)
Q1 𝐱 𝟒 + 𝟔𝟒 = (𝑥 2 )2 + (1)2 + 2(𝑥 2 )(1) − 2(𝑥 2 )(1) + 𝑥 2
Solution Using Formula 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
𝑥 4 + 64 = (𝑥 2 + 1)2 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2
= (𝑥 2 )2 + (8)2 = (𝑥 2 + 1)2 − 𝑥 2
Add and Subtract 2(𝑥 2 )(8) As 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= (𝑥 2 )2 + (8)2 + 2(𝑥 2 )(8) − 2(𝑥 2 )(8) = (𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥)
Using Formula 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
= (𝑥 2 + 8)2 − 16𝑥 2 Q5 𝐱𝟖 + 𝐱𝟒 + 𝟏
= (𝑥 2 + 8)2 − (4𝑥)2 Solution
𝑥8 + 𝑥4 + 1
As 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= 𝑥8 + 1 + 𝑥4
= (𝑥 2 + 8 + 4𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 8 − 4𝑥)
= (𝑥 4 )2 + (1)2 + 𝑥 4
= (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8) (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8)
Q2 𝟒𝒙𝟒 + 𝟖𝟏 Add and Subtract 2(𝑥 4 )(1)
Solution (𝑥 4 )2 + (1)2 + 2(𝑥 4 )(1) − 2(𝑥 4 )(1) + 𝑥 4
4𝑥 4 + 81 Using Formula 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
= (2𝑥 2 )2 + (9)2 (𝑥 4 + 1)2 − 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 4
Add and Subtract 2(2𝑥 2 )(9)
(𝑥 4 + 1)2 − 𝑥 4
= (2𝑥 2 )2 + (9)2 + 2(2𝑥 2 )(9) − 2(2𝑥 2 )(9)
(𝑥 4 + 1)2 − (𝑥 2 )2
Using Formula 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
As 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= (2𝑥 2 + 9)2 − 36𝑥 2
= (2𝑥 2 + 9)2 − (6𝑥)2 (𝑥 4 + 1 + 𝑥 2 )(𝑥 4 + 1 − 𝑥 2 )

As 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) [(𝑥 2 )2 + (1)2 + 𝑥 2 ](𝑥 4 + 1 − 𝑥 2 )

= (2𝑥 2 + 9 + 6𝑥)(2𝑥 2 + 9 − 6𝑥) [(𝑥 2 )2 + (1)2 + 2(𝑥 2 )(1) − 2(𝑥 2 )(1) + 𝑥 2 ](𝑥 4 + 1 − 𝑥 2 )
= (2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9)(2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9)
 4
Chapter # 5
Using Formula 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 1 2
= (9𝑥 2 + ) − 16
9𝑥 2
= [(𝑥 2 + 1)2 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 ](𝑥 4 + 1 − 𝑥 2 )
1 2
= [(𝑥 2 + 1)2 − 𝑥 2 ](𝑥 4 + 1 − 𝑥 2 ) = (9𝑥 2 + ) − (4)2
As 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) 9𝑥 2
As 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= [(𝑥 2 + 1 + 𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥)](𝑥 4 + 1 − 𝑥 2 )
1 1
= [(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)](𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 1) = (9𝑥 2 + 2 + 4) (9𝑥 2 + 2 − 4)
9𝑥 9𝑥

Q6 𝟏
𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟕
Q8 𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝟒𝒚𝟒
Solution
Solution
1
𝑥4 + 4 − 7 4𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 64𝑦 4
𝑥
= 4(𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 16𝑦 2 )
1 2
= (𝑥 2 )2 + ( ) −7 = 4(𝑥 4 + 16𝑦 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )
𝑥2
1 = 4[(𝑥 2 )2 + (4𝑦 2 )2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ]
Add and Subtract 2(𝑥 2 ) ( 2 ) Add and Subtract 2(𝑥 2 )(4𝑦 2 )
𝑥
1 2 1 1 = 4[(𝑥 2 )2 + (4𝑦 2 )2 + 2(𝑥 2 )(4𝑦 2 ) − 2(𝑥 2 )(4𝑦 2 ) − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ]
= (𝑥 2 )2 + () + 2(𝑥 2 ) ( 2 ) − 2(𝑥 2 ) ( 2 ) − 7
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 Using Formula 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
Using Formula 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
= 4[(𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 )2 − 8𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ]
1 2
2
= (𝑥 + 2 ) − 2 − 7 = 4[(𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 )2 − 9𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ]
𝑥
= 4[(𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 )2 − (3𝑥𝑦)2 ]
1 2
= (𝑥 2 + 2 ) − 9 As 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
𝑥
= 4(𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)
1 2
= (𝑥 + 2 ) − (3)2
2
= 4(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 )(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 )
𝑥
As 𝑎 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
2

1 1 Q9 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝟒 + 𝟒𝒎𝟐 𝒏𝟐 + 𝒏𝟒
= (𝑥 2 + 2 + 3) (𝑥 2 + 2 − 3)
𝑥 𝑥 Solution
16𝑚4 + 4𝑚2 𝑛2 + 𝑛4
Q7 𝟒 𝟏
𝟖𝟏𝒙 + − 𝟏𝟒 = 16𝑚4 + 𝑛4 + 4𝑚2 𝑛2
𝟖𝟏𝒙𝟒
Solution = (4𝑚2 )2 + (𝑛2 )2 + 4𝑚2 𝑛2
1 Add and Subtract 2(4𝑚2 )(𝑛2 )
81𝑥 4 + − 14
81𝑥 4 = (4𝑚2 )2 + (𝑛2 )2 + 2(4𝑚2 )(𝑛2 ) − 2(4𝑚2 )(𝑛2 ) + 4𝑚2 𝑛2
2 2
1 2
= (9𝑥 ) + ( 2 ) − 14 Using Formula 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
9𝑥
1 = (4𝑚2 + 𝑛2 )2 − 8𝑚2 𝑛2 + 4𝑚2 𝑛2
Add and Subtract 2(9𝑥 2 ) (9𝑥 2 )
= (4𝑚2 + 𝑛2 )2 − 4𝑚2 𝑛2
1 2 1 1
= (9𝑥 2 )2 + ( 2 ) + 2(9𝑥 2 ) ( 2 ) − 2(9𝑥 2 ) ( 2 ) − 14 = (4𝑚2 + 𝑛2 )2 − (2𝑚𝑛)2
9𝑥 9𝑥 9𝑥
As 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
Using Formula 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
= (4𝑚2 + 𝑛2 + 2𝑚𝑛)(4𝑚2 + 𝑛2 − 2𝑚𝑛)
1 2
2
= (9𝑥 + 2 ) − 2 − 14 = (4𝑚2 + 2𝑚𝑛 + 𝑛2 )(4𝑚2 − 2𝑚𝑛 + 𝑛2 )
9𝑥
 5
Chapter # 5
Q10 𝟒𝒙𝟓 𝒚 + 𝟏𝟏𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟗𝒙𝒚𝟓 Q5 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟑 (4𝑥 2 )(3) = 12𝑥 2
Solution Solution Add Multiply
4𝑥 5 𝑦 + 11𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 9𝑥𝑦 5 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 3 +2𝑥 +2𝑥
= 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 3 +6𝑥 +6𝑥
= 𝑥𝑦(4𝑥 4 + 11𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 9𝑦 4 ) = 2𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) + 3(2𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑥𝑦(4𝑥 4 + 9𝑦 4 + 11𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) 8𝑥 12𝑥 2
= 𝑥𝑦[(2𝑥 2 )2 + (3𝑦 2 )2 + 11𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ] = (2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 3)
Add and Subtract 2(2𝑥 2 )(3𝑦 2 ) Q6 𝟏𝟎𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏 (10𝑦 2 )(−1) = −10𝑦 2
Solution Add Multiply
= 𝑥𝑦[(2𝑥 2 )2 + (3𝑦2 )2 + 2(2𝑥 2 )(3𝑦2 ) − 2(2𝑥 2)(3𝑦2 ) + 11𝑥 2𝑦2 ] 10𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 − 1 +2𝑦 +2𝑦
Using Formula 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 10𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 5𝑦 − 1 −5𝑦 −5𝑦
= 2𝑦(5𝑦 + 1) − 1(5𝑦 + 1)
= 𝑥𝑦[(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 )2 − 12𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 11𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ] −3𝑦 −10𝑦 2
= 𝑥𝑦[(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 )2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ] = (5𝑦 + 1)(2𝑦 − 1)
= 𝑥𝑦[(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 )2 − (𝑥𝑦)2 ] Q7 6𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 (2𝑥 2 )(−3) = −6𝑥 2
Solution Add Multiply
As 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= 3𝑥(2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3) +1𝑥 +1𝑥
= 𝑥𝑦(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦)(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦)
= 3𝑥(2𝑥 2 + 1𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 3) −6𝑥 −6𝑥
= 𝑥𝑦(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 )(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 )
= 3𝑥[𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) − 3(2𝑥 + 1)]
= 3𝑥(2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 3) −5𝑥 −6𝑥 2
Exercise# 5.3
Q8 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 − 24𝑥 (𝑦 2 )(−12) = −12𝑦 2
Q1 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 (𝑥 2 )(12) = 12𝑥 2 Solution Add Multiply
Solution Add Multiply = 2𝑥(𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 12) −2𝑦 −2𝑦
𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 12 −3𝑥 −3𝑥 = 2𝑥(𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 6𝑦 − 12) +6𝑦 +6𝑦
2
= 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 12 −4𝑥 −4𝑥 = 2𝑥[𝑦(𝑦 − 2) + 6(𝑦 − 2)] +4𝑦 −12𝑦 2
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 4(𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑥(𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 6)
−7𝑥 12𝑥 2
= (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4) (8𝑥 2 )(3𝑦 2 ) = 24𝑥 2 𝑦 2
Q2 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐 (𝑥 2 )(−12) = −12𝑥 2 Q10 −16𝑥 3 𝑦 − 20𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 3Add Multiply
Solution Add Multiply Solution +4𝑥𝑦 +4𝑥𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 −3𝑥 −3𝑥 −16𝑥 3 𝑦 − 20𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 3 +6𝑥𝑦 +6𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 12 +4𝑥 +4𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦(8𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 ) +10𝑥𝑦 24𝑥 2 𝑦 2
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 4(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥 −12𝑥 2 2
−2𝑥𝑦(8𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2)

= (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 4) −2𝑥𝑦[4𝑥(2𝑥 + 𝑦) + 3𝑦(2𝑥 + 𝑦)]

Q3 𝟐𝟎 − 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 (20)(−𝑥 2 ) = −20𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑦(2𝑥 + 𝑦)(4𝑥 + 3𝑦)
Solution Add Multiply
20 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 +4𝑥 +4𝑥 Q11 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝟐
= 20 + 4𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 2
−5𝑥 −5𝑥 Solution
= 4(5 + 𝑥) − 𝑥(5 + 𝑥)
−𝑥 −20𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1)2 + 3(𝑥 + 1) + 2
= (5 + 𝑥)(4 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + (1)2 + 2(𝑥)(1) + 3𝑥 + 3 + 2
Q4 𝟐𝒚𝟐 − 𝟕𝒚 + 𝟑 (2𝑦 2 )(3) = 6𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 5 (𝑥 2 )(6) = 6𝑥 2
Solution Add Multiply 2 Add Multiply
= 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6
= 2𝑦 2 − 1𝑦 − 6𝑦 + 3 −1𝑦 −1𝑦 2
= 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 6 +2𝑥 +2𝑥
= 𝑦(2𝑦 − 1) − 3(2𝑦 − 1) −6𝑦 −6𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 3(𝑥 + 2) +3𝑥 +3𝑥
= (2𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3) −7𝑦 6𝑦 2 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) 5𝑥 6𝑥 2
 6
Chapter # 5
(𝑥 6 𝑦 6 )(21) = 21𝑥 6 𝑦 6
Q12 𝟒𝒙𝟖 𝒚𝟏𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎𝒙𝟓 𝒚𝟕 + 𝟖𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟒 Add Multiply Exercise# 5.4
Solution −3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 −3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 Q1 (𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕)(𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓) + 𝟏𝟔
4𝑥 8 𝑦10 − 40𝑥 5 𝑦 7 + 84𝑥 2 𝑦 4 −7𝑥 3 𝑦 3 −7𝑥 3 𝑦 3 Solution
= 4𝑥 2 𝑦 4 (𝑥 6 𝑦 6 − 10𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 21) −10𝑥 3 𝑦 3 21𝑥 6 𝑦 6 (4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 7)(4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 15) + 16
= 4𝑥 2 𝑦 4 (𝑥 6 𝑦 6 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 7𝑥 3 𝑦 3 + 21) Let 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 = 𝑦
= 4𝑥 2 𝑦 4 [𝑥 3 𝑦 3 (𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 3) − 7(𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 3)] = (𝑦 + 7)(𝑦 + 15) + 16
= 4𝑥 2 𝑦 4 (𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 3)(𝑥 3 𝑦 3 − 7) = 𝑦 2 + 15𝑦 + 7𝑦 + 105 + 16
= 𝑦 2 + 22𝑦 + 121
Find an expression for the perimeter of a = 𝑦 2 + 11𝑦 + 11𝑦 + 121
Q13
rectangle with area given by 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟒𝒙 − 𝟖𝟏 = 𝑦(𝑦 + 11) + 11(𝑦 + 11)
Given = (𝑦 + 11)(𝑦 + 11)
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 81 But 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥
To find = (4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 11) (4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 11)
Perimeter of rectangle = ? (𝑥 2 )(−81) = −81𝑥 2 = (4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 11)2
As 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙 × 𝑤 Add Multiply
And 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2𝑙 + 2𝑤 −3𝑥 −3𝑥 Q2 (𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟒)(𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎) − 𝟕𝟐
Now +27𝑥 +27𝑥 Solution
𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 81 24𝑥 −81𝑥 2 (9𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 4)(9𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 10) − 72
2
= 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 27𝑥 − 81 Let 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 = 𝑦
= 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + 27(𝑥 − 3) = (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 10) − 72
= (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 27) = 𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 − 4𝑦 − 40 − 72
= 𝑦 2 − 14𝑦 − 32
𝑥 + 27 = 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 − 16𝑦 − 32
𝑥−3 = 𝑦(𝑦 + 2) − 16(𝑦 + 2)
= (𝑦 + 2)(𝑦 − 16)
Now 𝑙 = (𝑥 + 27)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤 = (𝑥 − 3) But 𝑦 = 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
As So
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2𝑙 + 2𝑤 = (9𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 2)(9𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 16)
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2(𝑥 + 27) + 2(𝑥 − 3)
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2𝑥 + 54 + 2𝑥 − 6 Q3 (𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟒)(𝒙 + 𝟔)(𝒙 + 𝟖) − 𝟗
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4𝑥 + 48 Solution
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 8) − 9
Q9 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒕 − 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝟐 (12𝑡 2 )(−2) = −24𝑡 2 Rearranging accordingly 4+6=2+8
Solution Add Multiply = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 6) − 9
2 + 5𝑡 − 12𝑡 2 +3𝑡 +3𝑡 = (𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 16)(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 24) − 9
−12𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 + 2 −8𝑡 −8𝑡 = (𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 16)(𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 24) − 9
−(12𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 − 2) −5𝑡 −24𝑡 2 Let 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 = 𝑦
−(12𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 − 8𝑡 − 2) = (𝑦 + 16)(𝑦 + 24) − 9
−[3𝑡(4𝑡 + 1) − 2(4𝑡 + 1)] = 𝑦 2 + 24𝑦 + 16𝑦 + 384 − 9
−(4𝑡 + 1)(3𝑡 − 2) = 𝑦 2 + 40𝑦 + 375
= 𝑦 2 + 15𝑦 + 25𝑦 + 375
= 𝑦(𝑦 + 15) + 25(𝑦 + 15)
= (𝑦 + 15)(𝑦 + 25)
 7
Chapter # 5
But 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 Q6 𝟔𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟕𝒚𝟑
So Solution
= (𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 15)(𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 25) 64𝑥 3 − 144𝑥 2 𝑦 + 108𝑥𝑦 2 − 27𝑦 3
= (4𝑥)3 − 3(4𝑥)2 (3𝑦) + 3(4𝑥)(3𝑦)2 − (3𝑦)3
Q4 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝟏 As 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)3
Solution = (4𝑥 − 3𝑦)3
𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) + 1
Rearranging accordingly 0+3=1+2
Q7 𝒂𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝒃𝟑
= 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) + 1 − 𝟒 𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟔 𝒂𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝟕
𝟖
= (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1𝑥 + 2) + 1 Solution
= (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) + 1 𝑎3 1 2 1 𝑏3
Let 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 = 𝒚 − 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 2 −
8 4 6 27
= (𝑦)(𝑦 + 2) + 1 𝑎 3 𝑎 2 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 2 𝑏 3
= ( ) − 3( ) ( ) + 3( )( ) − ( )
= 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + 1 2 2 3 2 3 3
= (𝑦)2 + (1)2 + 2(𝑦)(1) As 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)3
= (𝑦 + 1)2 𝑎 𝑏 3
=( − )
But 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 2 3
So 𝒙𝟑 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒂 𝒂𝟑
Q9 + 𝒂 + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟑
= (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1)2 𝒂𝟑
Solution
𝑥 3 3𝑥 3𝑎 𝑎3
Q5 (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟐)(𝒙 + 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟔) − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + + + 3
𝑎3 𝑎 𝑥 𝑥
Solution 𝑥 3 𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 2 𝑎 3
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 6) − 3𝑥 2 = ( ) + 3( ) ( ) + 3( )( ) + ( )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 𝑥
Rearranging accordingly 1 × 6 = 2 × 3 As 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)3
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) − 3𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑎 3
= (𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 6) − 3𝑥 2 =( + )
𝑎 𝑥
= (𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6) − 3𝑥 2
= (𝑥 2 + 6 + 7𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 6 + 5𝑥) − 3𝑥 2
Q10 𝟐𝟕𝒂𝟑 + 𝟏𝟖𝟗𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟒𝟒𝟏𝒂𝒃𝟐 + 𝟑𝟒𝟑𝒃𝟑
Let 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔 = 𝒚
Solution
= (𝑦 + 7𝑥)(𝑦 + 5𝑥) − 3𝑥 2 27𝑎3 + 189𝑎2 𝑏 + 441𝑎𝑏 2 + 343𝑏 3
= 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥𝑦 + 7𝑥𝑦 + 35𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 = (3𝑎)3 + 3(3𝑎)2 (7𝑏) + 3(3𝑎)(7𝑏)2 + (7𝑏)3
= 𝑦 2 + 12𝑥𝑦 + 32𝑥 2 As 𝑎3 + 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)3
= 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑦 + 32𝑥 2 = (3𝑎 + 7𝑏)3
= 𝑦(𝑦 + 4𝑥) + 8𝑥(𝑦 + 4𝑥) Q11 2 1
8𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 27𝑥 3
= (𝑦 + 4𝑥)(𝑦 + 8𝑥)
But 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔 Solution
2 1
= (𝑥 2 + 6 + 4𝑥)(𝑥 2 + 6 + 8𝑥) 8𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + −
3𝑥 27𝑥 3
𝑥(𝑥 2 + 6 + 4𝑥) 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 6 + 8𝑥)
=( )( ) 1 1 2 1 3
𝑥 𝑥 = (2𝑥)3 − 3(2𝑥)2 ( ) + 3(2𝑥) ( ) − ( )
3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑥 2 6 4𝑥 𝑥 2 6 8𝑥 As 𝑎3 − 3𝑎2 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 2 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)3
= 𝑥. 𝑥 ( + + ) ( + + )
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1 3
6 6 = (2𝑥 − )
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + + 4) (𝑥 + + 8) 3𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
 8
Chapter # 5
Q6 𝟒𝒙𝟓 − 𝟐𝟓𝟔𝒙𝟐
Exercise# 5.5 Solution
4𝑥 5 − 256𝑥 2
Q1 𝒂𝟑 − 𝟐𝟕
Solution = 4𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 − 64)
𝑎3 − 27 = 4𝑥 2 [(𝑥)3 − (4)3 ]
= (𝑎)3 − (3)3 Using Formula: 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using Formula: 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) = 4𝑥 2 {(𝑥 − 4)[(𝑥)2 + (𝑥)(4) + (4)2 ]}
= (𝑎 − 3)[(𝑎)2 + (𝑎)(3) + (3)2 ] = 4𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 16)
= (𝑎 − 3)(𝑎2 + 3𝑎 + 9)
Q7 𝟏𝟖(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟑 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒(𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟑
Q2 𝒂𝟔 + 𝒃𝟔 Solution
Solution 18(𝑥 − 𝑦)3 − 144(𝑎 − 𝑏)3
𝑎6 + 𝑏 6 = 18[(𝑥 − 𝑦)3 − 8(𝑎 − 𝑏)3 ]
= (𝑎2 )3 + (𝑏 2 )3 = 18[(𝑥 − 𝑦)3 − (2(𝑎 − 𝑏))3 ]
Using Formula: 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) Using Formula: 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
𝟐
= 𝟏𝟖[(𝒙 − 𝒚) − 𝟐(𝒂 − 𝒃)] [(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟐 + (𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝟐(𝒂 − 𝒃)) + (𝟐(𝒂 − 𝒃)) ]
= (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )[(𝑎2 )2 − (𝑎2 )(𝑏 2 ) + (𝑏 2 )2 ]
= (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )(𝑎4 − 𝑎2 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 4 ) = 𝟏𝟖(𝒙 − 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟐𝒃)[(𝒙 − 𝒚)𝟐 + 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒂 − 𝒃) + 𝟒(𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐 ]

Q3 𝟐𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑 Q8 𝒙𝟗 + 𝟏
Solution Solution
24𝑥 3 + 3 𝑥9 + 1
= 3(8𝑥 3 + 1) = (𝑥 3 )3 + (1)3
= 3[(2𝑥)3 + (1)3 ] Using Formula: 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using Formula: 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) = (𝑥 3 + 1)[(𝑥 3 )2 − (𝑥 3 )(1) + (1)2 ]
= (𝑥 + 1)[(𝑥)2 − (𝑥)(1) + (1)2 ](𝑥 6 − 𝑥 3 + 1)
= 3{(2𝑥 + 1)[(2𝑥)2 − (2𝑥)(1) + (1)2 ]}
Using Formula: 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
= 3(2𝑥 + 1)(4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)
= (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 6 − 𝑥 3 + 1)

Q4 𝟏 − 𝟐𝟕𝒓𝟑
Solution Q9 𝒂𝟑 + (𝒄 + 𝒅)𝟑
1 − 27𝑟 3 Solution
= (1)3 − (3𝑟)3 𝑎3 + (𝑐 + 𝑑)3
Using Formula: 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ) Using Formula: 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
= (1 − 3𝑟)[(1)2 + (1)(3𝑟) + (3𝑟)2 ] = [𝑎 + (𝑐 + 𝑑)][(𝑎)2 − (𝑎)(𝑐 + 𝑑) + (𝑐 + 𝑑)2 ]
= (1 − 3𝑟)(1 + 3𝑟 + 9𝑟 2 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)[𝑎2 − 𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑) + (𝑐 + 𝑑)2 ]

Q5 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝟖 Q10 𝟐𝟕𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑

Solution Solution
2𝑥 3 − 128 27𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3
2(𝑥 3 − 64)
= (3𝑥)3 − (𝑦)3
2[(𝑥)3 − (4)3 ]
Using Formula: 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Using Formula: 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
= (3𝑥 − 𝑦)[(3𝑥)2 + (3𝑥)(𝑦) + (𝑦)2 ]
2{(𝑥 − 4)[(𝑥)2 + (𝑥)(4) + (4)2 ]}
= (3𝑥 − 𝑦)(9𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
2(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 16)
 9
Chapter # 5
Q2 Without performing division find the value of a,
Exercise# 5.6 when 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒂𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 is exactly
divisible by 𝒙 + 𝟏
By using remainder theorem, find the remainder Solution
Q1 Here 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑎𝑥 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2
of the following polynomials when:
(i) 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 is divided by 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝑥−𝑟 = 𝑥+1
Solution −𝑟 = 1
𝑟 = −1
Here 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 11
𝑅 = 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑃(−1) = 𝑃(0)
𝑥−𝑟 =𝑥−1
2(−1)3 − 𝑎(−1)2 − 2𝑎(−1) + 3(−1) + 2 = 0
−𝑟 = −1
2(−1) − 𝑎(1) + 2𝑎 − 3 + 2 = 0
𝑟=1
−2 − 𝑎 + 2𝑎 − 1 = 0
𝑅 = 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑃(1)
3
𝑎−2−1 = 0
= (1) + 6(1)2 + 8(1) − 11
𝑎−3 = 0
= 1 + 6 + 8 − 11
𝑎=3
= 15 − 11
=4
Q3 Without performing division find the value of b,
So Remainder = 4 when 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 − 𝟐 is exactly divisible by
𝒙−𝟏
(ii) 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟓 is divided by 𝒙 + 𝟑 Solution
Solution Here 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 2
Here 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 5 𝑥−𝑟 = 𝑥−1
𝑥−𝑟 =𝑥+3 −𝑟 = −1
−𝑟 = 3 𝑟=1
𝑟 = −3
𝑅 = 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑃(1) = 𝑃(0)
𝑅 = 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑃(−3)
(1)3 − 4(1)2 + 𝑏(1) − 2 = 0
= 2(−3)3 + 4(−3)2 + 7(−3) − 5
1 − 4(1) + 𝑏 − 2 = 0
= 2(−27) + 4(9) − 21 − 5
1−4+𝑏−2 = 0
= −54 + 36 − 26
𝑏−3−2 = 0
= −18 − 26
𝑏−5 = 0
= −44
𝑏=5
So Remainder = −44

(iii) 𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎 is divided by 𝒙 − 𝟒 Q4 Using factor theorem, factorize the following.
Solution (i) 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
Here 𝑃(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 200 Solution
𝑥−𝑟 =𝑥−4 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
−𝑟 = −4 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 1
𝑟=4 𝑆𝑜 𝑃(1) = (1)3 − 2(1)2 − 5(1) + 6
𝑅 = 𝑃(𝑟) = 𝑃(4) = 1 − 2(1) − 5 + 6
= 3(4)3 + (4) − 200 =1−2+1
=3(64) + 4 − 200 = −1 + 1
=192 − 196 =0
=−4 Since 𝑃(𝑥) = 0, So 𝑥 − 1 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥). To
So Remainder = −4 find other, divide 𝑃(𝑥) by 𝑥 − 1
 10
Chapter # 5
Hence
2
𝑥 −𝑥−6 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 4)
𝑥−1 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 + 1)[(𝑥)2 − (2)2 ]
±𝑥 3 ∓ 𝑥 2 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
−𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
∓ 𝑥2 ± 𝑥 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟔
−6𝑥 + 6 Solution
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6
∓6𝑥 ± 6
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 1
x 𝑆𝑜 𝑃(1) = (1)3 − 7(1) + 6
=1−7+6
= −6 + 6
=0
Here 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6) and 𝑅 = 0 Since 𝑃(𝑥) = 0, So 𝑥 − 1 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥). To
As 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑟)𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅 find other, divide 𝑃(𝑥) by 𝑥 − 1
Hence 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6) 𝑥−1 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 6) ±𝑥 3 ∓𝑥 2
= (𝑥 − 1)[𝑥(𝑥 + 2) − 3(𝑥 + 2)] 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) ±𝑥 2 ∓ 𝑥
−6𝑥 + 6
(ii) 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒 ∓6𝑥 ± 6
Solution x
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = −1 Here 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6) and 𝑅 = 0
𝑆𝑜 𝑃(−1) = (−1)3 + (−1)2 − 4(−1) − 4 As 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑟)𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅
= −1 + 1 + 4 − 4 Hence
=0 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6)
Since 𝑃(𝑥) = 0, So 𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥). To = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 6)
find other, divide 𝑃(𝑥) by 𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 − 1)[𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 3(𝑥 − 2)]
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)
𝑥2 − 4
𝑥+1 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4
3 (iv) 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓
±𝑥 3 ± 𝑥 2 Solution
−4𝑥 − 4 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 15
∓4𝑥 ∓ 4 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 1
X 𝑆𝑜 𝑃(1) = (1)3 − 9(1)2 + 23(1) − 15
= 1 − 9(1) + 23 − 15
=1−9+8
= −8 + 8
Here 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 4) and 𝑅 = 0 =0
As 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑟)𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅 Since 𝑃(𝑥) = 0, So 𝑥 − 1 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥). To
find other, divide 𝑃(𝑥) by 𝑥 − 1
 11
Chapter # 5
Here 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) and 𝑅 = 0
As 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑟)𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅
𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15 Hence
𝑥−1 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 15 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 18 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9)
±𝑥 3 ∓ 𝑥 2 = (𝑥 + 2)[(𝑥)2 − 2(𝑥)(3) + (3)2 ]
−8𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)2
∓8𝑥 2 ± 8𝑥
15𝑥 − 15 (vi) 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟗𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎
±15𝑥 ∓ 15 Solution
x 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 20
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = −1
Here 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15) and 𝑅 = 0 𝑆𝑜 𝑃(−1) = (−1)3 + 2(−1)2 − 19(−1) − 20
= −1 + 2(1) + 19 − 20
As 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑟)𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅
= −1 + 2 − 1
Hence
=1−1
𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 15)
=0
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 15) Since 𝑃(𝑥) = 0, So 𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥). To
= (𝑥 − 1)[𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 5(𝑥 − 3)] find other, divide 𝑃(𝑥) by 𝑥 + 1
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 5)
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 20
𝟑 𝟐
(v) 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏𝟖 𝑥+1 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 20
3

Solution ±𝑥 3 ± 𝑥 2
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 18 𝑥 2 − 19𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = −2 ±𝑥 2 ± 𝑥
𝑆𝑜 𝑃(−2) = (−2)3 − 4(−2)2 − 3(−2) + 18 −20𝑥 − 20
= −8 − 4(4) + 6 + 18 ∓20𝑥 ∓ 20
= −8 − 16 + 24 x
= −24 + 24
=0
Since 𝑃(𝑥) = 0, So 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥). To
find other, divide 𝑃(𝑥) by 𝑥 + 2
Here 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 20) and 𝑅 = 0
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 As 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑟)𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅
𝑥+2 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 18 Hence
±𝑥 3 ± 2𝑥 2 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 19𝑥 − 20 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 20)
−6𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 20)
∓6𝑥 2 ∓ 12𝑥 = (𝑥 + 1)[𝑥(𝑥 − 4) + 5(𝑥 − 4)]
9𝑥 + 18 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 5)
±9𝑥 ± 18
x
 12
Chapter # 5
(vii) 𝒙𝟑 −𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝟒 (viii) 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐
Solution Solution
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 24 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 32
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 2 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = −2
𝑆𝑜 𝑃(−2) = (2)3 − (2)2 − 14(2) + 24 𝑆𝑜 𝑃(−2) = (−2)3 − 6(−2)2 + 32
= 8 − 4 − 28 + 24 = −8 − 6(4) + 32
=4−4 = −8 − 24 + 32
=0 = −32 + 32
Since 𝑃(𝑥) = 0, So 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥). To =0
find other, divide 𝑃(𝑥) by 𝑥 − 2 Since 𝑃(𝑥) = 0, So 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥). To
find other, divide 𝑃(𝑥) by 𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12
𝑥−2 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 24
3

±𝑥 3 ∓ 2𝑥 2 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16
𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 𝑥+2 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 32
±𝑥 2 ∓ 2𝑥 ±𝑥 3 ±2𝑥 2
−12𝑥 + 24 −8𝑥 2 + 32
∓12𝑥 ± 24 ∓8𝑥 2 ∓16𝑥
x 16𝑥 + 32
±16𝑥 ± 32
x

Here 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12) and 𝑅 = 0

As 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑟)𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅 Here 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16) and 𝑅 = 0
Hence As 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑟)𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅
𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 24 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12) Hence
= (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 12) 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 32 = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16)
= (𝑥 − 2)[𝑥(𝑥 + 4) − 3(𝑥 + 4)] = (𝑥 + 2)[(𝑥)2 − 2(𝑥)(4) + (4)2 ]
= (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4)2

Example # 7, 8, 9 Page # 130, 131

Example # 12 Page + 133
Example # 17 Page # 136
Example # 22, 23, 24, 25 Page # 140, 141