Senior High School

NOT

Practical Research 2
Quarter 1 - Module 3
Conceptual Framework and
Review of Related Literature

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

What This Module is About
The main emphasis of this module is to illustrate and explain the
conceptual framework, discuss the definition of terms used, formulating the
research hypothesis, and review the related literature. These topics are
essential in initiating a research study. Thus, needed competencies should
be acquired.
Furthermore, in this module, you will learn how to differentiate the
conceptual and theoretical framework, how to define terms operationally,
how to write hypotheses base on your problem, and determine the methods
in selecting appropriate related literature for your study.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

Lesson 1 – Research Framework

Lesson 2 – Definition of Terms
Lesson 3 – Formulation of Hypothesis
Lesson 4 – Presenting the Review of Related Literature

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. illustratesand explains the research framework(CS_RS12-If-j-6);
2. defines terms used in the study (CS_RS12-If-j-7);
3. list research hypothesis (if appropriate)(CS_RS12-If-j-8) and
4. presents a written review of related literature and conceptual
framework(CS_RS12-If-j-9).

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 Lesson

3 Research Hypothesis

What I Need to Know

When you are finished identifying your statement of the problem or

research questions/objectives, you may now start formulating the
hypothesis of your study. What is hypothesis?

A Hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between

two or more variables. It is a specific and testable prediction on what you
expect to happen with the variables in your study. Usually, it proposes a
possible relationship between the independent variable (what the
researcher changes) and the dependent variable (what the research
measures). It is also described as an “educated guess” of what possibly the
result would be of your research, which should be supported on existing
theories and knowledge. Furthermore, the hypothesis states a tentative
answer to your research question that can be tested by further investigation
in which you can support or refute it through scientific research methods
such as data collection and statistical analysis. It is the primary idea of any
inquiry that transforms the research questions into a prediction and
integrates components like variables, population, and the relation between
the variables. Hypothesis formulation is employed when conducting
correlational, ex-post facto, quasi experimental, and experimental studies.

As a researcher, you must determine whether your hypothesis is

accepted or not base on the findings and outcome of your research study.
Not all studies have a hypothesis while, some studies have several
hypotheses.

Types of Research Hypothesis

1. Simple Hypothesis
A simple hypothesis is a prediction of the relationship between
two variables, the independent variable and the dependent variable.It
shows a connection between one independent variable and a single
dependent variable.
Ex: The higher the poverty rate in society (one independent
variable), the higher the number would be the out of school
youth (one dependent variable).
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2. Complex hypothesis
The complex hypothesis reflects the relationship between the
independent variable and the dependent variable. It expresses a
connection between two or more independent variables and two or
more dependent variables.
Ex: Eating more vegetables and fresh fruits (independent
variables) leads to boost immune system and enhance blood
circulation and digestion (dependent variables).

3. Empirical Hypothesis
An empirical hypothesis is also called as the “working
hypothesis.” It is presumed to explain certain facts and relationships
of phenomena. It comes to life when a theory is being put to the test,
using observation and experiment. From the name itself “working,” it
would mean that it can be changed or replace anytime as soon as it is
no longer supported or accepted base on the observation and
experimentation being done. It is going through some trial and error
and perhaps changing around those independent variables.
Ex: Plants watered everyday grow faster than plants watered
once a week. (Here, trial and error are leading to a series of
findings).

4. Logical hypothesis
Logical hypothesis expresses explanation with limited evidence
that can be verified logically. It reflects a relationship of the variables
which anchored based on logical phenomena. Sometimes, a logical
hypothesis can be turned into an empirical hypothesis in which you
have to test your theories and postulates.
Ex: Tomato plants bear fruit faster in Earth than in Moon. (Until
we are can test the soil and plant growth in Moon's ground, the
evidence for this claim will be limited, and the hypothesis will
only remain logical).

5. Statistical hypothesis
A statistical hypothesis is an analysis of a portion of a
population. It can be verified statistically. The variables in a statistical
hypothesis can be transformed into quantifiable sub-variable to
assess it statistically.
Ex: If your research is about the psychosocial development of K-
3 pupils of the private and public schools in the city, you would
want to examine every single K-3 pupil in the city. It is not
practical. Therefore, you4 would conduct your research using a
statistical hypothesis or a sample of the K-3 pupil population.

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6. Null hypothesis
The null hypothesis is denoted with the symbol H o It exists
when you consider that there is no relationship between the
independent and dependent variables or that there is an insufficient
amount of information to claim a scientific hypothesis.
Ex: There is no significant change in my health, whether I
exercise every day or not.

7. Alternative hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis is denoted with the symbol (H a). It is
an alternate statement expressed to be tested in order to generate
the desired output when the empirical or working hypothesis is not
accepted. In an attempt to disprove a null hypothesis, you tend to
seek an alternative hypothesis.
Ex: My health improves during the times when I sleep 8 hours a
day than sleeping for 4 hours only.

A Hypothesis can be classified as Directional and Non-

directional Hypothesis

Directional Hypothesis
The directional hypothesis relates the relationship between the
variables and can also predict its nature. It illustrates the direct
association of the impact of the independent variable with the
dependent variable, whether it is positively or negatively affected. The
direction of the statement should be clear and justified according to
the findings of the study. Since the hypothesis is gearing to one
specific direction it is investigated through a one-tailed test.
Ex: Students who are eating nutritious food have higher grades
than students not having a proper meal. (This shows that there
is an effect between the grades and nutritious food and the
direction of effect is clear that the students got a higher grade).

Non-directional Hypothesis
A non-directional hypothesis is used when there is no principle
involved. It is a premise that a relationship exists between two
variables. However, the direction of the effect is not specifically
determined. It is a statement that reflects the association of the
independent variable to the dependent variable without predicting the
exact nature of the direction of the relationship.This relationship is not
specified as negative or positive. The hypothesis, in this case, is
investigated through a two-tailed test.
Ex: There is a significant difference in the average grades
between those students that have proper nutritious meal and
those that do not have proper meals. (This depicts that there is
an effect between the average grades and nutritious food, but it
does not reflect the direction of the effect whether it is positively
or negatively affected).
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Guidelines in Formulating Hypothesis

These guidelines must be observed in formulating your

hypothesis.

1. Before writing your specific hypothesis, spend more time researching

about the topic you are interested in. Focus on information and
previous studies related to your topic.

2. Your independent variable and dependent variable must be included

in your hypothesis.

3. The relationship of your variables must be reflected in your

hypothesis. Will your independent variable affects your dependent
variable?

4. Your hypothesis should be simple and specific as possible. If your

hypothesis is vague and complicated, it would be difficult to find the
answer to your question.

5. Your hypothesis should be concise and comprises clear and simple

language. Make it short and simple for it to be easily understood and
avoid any misconceptions or misunderstandings.

6. Your hypothesis should be testable without violating ethical

standards. It means that it could be investigated and measured
through a scientific methods such as statistical analysis and data
interpretation.

7. Your hypothesis must be falsifiable. It means that your hypothesis

can be proven wrong through experiments or empirical data. There
are no absolute answers to research questions, but there is a
possibility of validating the hypotheses to be true beyond a
reasonable doubt.

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 What’s New

Activity 1: Own Words

Direction: In your own words, briefly define the following terms according
to how you understood the lesson. Write your answers to the space provided.

1. Alternative hypothesis

2. Complex hypothesis

3. Concise.

4. Directional hypothesis.

5. Empirical hypothesis.

6. Falsifiable.

7. Hypothesis.

8. Non-directional hypothesis.

9. Null hypothesis.

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10. Testable.

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 What Is It

Example 1

Determine the following hypotheses, whether it is a good or bad hypothesis

base on what you have learned. Put a check (√) mark on the right column to
indicate your answer.Briefly support your answer with an explanation or remark.
Hypotheses Good Bad Reason/Remark
1. If the amount of water √ This hypothesis is not clear and
given to my plants will specific. It does not answer a
be altered, then they specific question or give a possible
may grow at different explanation of a potential
rates. phenomenon.
2. When there is less √ This hypothesis is good because it
oxygen in water, the is testable, simple, written as a
mortality rate of the statement, and establishes the
fish is increased. participants (fish), variables
(oxygen in water, and mortality
rate), and predicts effect (as
oxygen levels decrease, the
mortality rate is
increased).
3. Pest infected plants √ This hypothesis gives a clear
that are exposed to indication of what is to be tested
insecticidal soap will (the ability of the insecticidal soap
have fewer pest after to minimize pest infestation), it
a week than pest includes the independent variable
infected plants that (insecticidal soap) and the
are not treated. dependent variable (number pest),
and predicts the effect (exposure to
insecticidal soap
reduces the number of pests).
4. In detecting enemy √ This hypothesis is not clear in its
aircraft, a sound statement. There is no point of
warning signal is comparison with the sound
more effective to a warning signal.
fighter pilot.
5. Studying of students √ This hypothesis is clear, concise,
is more efficient and complete. It can also be tested
under bright lights and can be falsifiable.
than studying under
dim lights.

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 What’s More

Activity 1: Type Identity

Given the following hypotheses, identify the type and direction which applies
to each.Write your answer in the right column.

Hypotheses Answer
1. The higher the unemployment rate, the higher
will be the poverty and crime rate.
2. Increase the intake of food with high
carbohydrate content daily leads to obesity.
3. There is a significant change in my sleeping
pattern when I drink milk before sleeping or
do not.
4. Planets revolve around the sun at diverse
speeds.
5. There is no relationship between the use of
social media and the attention span of
students in school.
6. Implementing a flexible working arrangement
enhance job contentment of the employees.
7. Sex education for high school students has no
effect on the rates of teen pregnancy.
8. People who value freedom and longevity are
more likely to experience happiness than
those who do not value their freedom and
longevity.
9. The number of lectures attended by the senior
high school students does not affect their
final exam scores.
10. If you sleep at least 6 hours a day, you will
get a high score on the test than if you get less
sleep.

What I Have Learned

Activity 1: With Guidance

Refer to the guidelines on how to write a hypothesis. Choose at least 3

guidelines and explain them further on why or how they are vital in formulating
hypothesis. Write your explanation20in the right column of the table.

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 Guideline Answer

What I Can Do

Task 1: Ho vs Ha

Base on your research study, refer to your research questions. Formulate

three (3) null hypotheses and three (3) alternative hypotheses. Write your
research title and research questions, followed by your hypotheses. Use the
space provided for your answer.

Research Title:

Research Questions:

Null Hypotheses (Ho) Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

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Additional Activity

Direction: After you submit your research hypotheses, once it is

corrected in accordance with the guidelines given, you may start
incorporating them into your research manuscript.
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