INTRODUCTION

hypokinetic diseases

o The term "hypokinetic diseases" describes many of the diseases and conditions associated with inactivity
and poor fitness
o Can be used to describe many of the diseases and conditions associated with inactivity and poor fitness
such as those conditions outlined in Physical Activity and Health:
o include: obesity, metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis,
low back pain, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, depression

1. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Formerly referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), usually occurs before age 30 but can develop at
any age.

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetes occurs when your immune system, the body's system for fighting infection, attacks and destroys the
insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Scientists think type 1 diabetes is caused by genes and environmental
factors, such as viruses, that might trigger the disease.

Type 1 diabetes signs and symptoms can appear relatively suddenly and may include:

 Increased thirst.
 Frequent urination.
 Bed-wetting in children who previously didn't wet the bed during the night.
 Extreme hunger.
 Unintended weight loss.
 Irritability and other mood changes.
 Fatigue and weakness.
 Blurred vision.

Unfortunately, there is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes (CDC, 2011)

2. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Usually, a combination of things causes type 2 diabetes. They might include:
 Genes
 Extra weight.
 Metabolic syndrome.
 Too much glucose from your liver.
 Bad communication between cells.
 Broken beta cells
signs and symptoms may include:
♦ Increased thirst.
♦ Frequent urination.
♦ Increased hunger.
♦ Unintended weight loss.
 ♦ Fatigue.
♦ Blurred vision.
♦ Slow-healing sores.
♦ Frequent infections.
Healthy nutrition and increased physical activity can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Exercise prescription; exercise (30–120 min, 3 days/wk for 8 wk)
3 . Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. They include:
 coronary heart disease – a disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle;
 cerebrovascular disease – a disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain;
 peripheral arterial disease – a disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs;
 rheumatic heart disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by
streptococcal bacteria;
 congenital heart disease – birth defects that affect the normal development and functioning of the heart
caused by malformations of the heart structure from birth; and
 deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism – blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and
move to the heart and lungs.
The most important behavioral risk factors of heart disease and stroke are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity,
tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol.
4. Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a chronic, persistent elevation of blood pressure that is clinically defined
as a systolic pressure ≥140 mmHg or a diastolic pressure ≥90 mmHg.
Exercise Prescription for Individuals with Hypertension (ACSM, 2013)
Mode: Primarily endurance activities supplemented by resistance exercises
Intensity: Moderate-intensity endurance (40–60% VO2R)* and resistance training (60–80% 1- RM)
Duration: 30–60 min or more of continuous or accumulated aerobic physical activity per day, and a minimum of
one set (8–12 reps) of resistance training exercises for each major muscle group.
Frequency: Most, preferably all, days of the week for aerobic exercise; 2 or 3 days/wk for resistance raining.

High blood pressure has many risk factors, including:

o Age.
o Race

Family history. ...

Being overweight or obese. ...

Not being physically active. ...

Using tobacco. ...

Too much salt (sodium) in your diet. ...

Too little potassium in your diet.

5. Hypercholesterolemia
is an elevation of total cholesterol (TC) in the blood, is associated with increased risk for CVD.
Hypercholesterolemia is also referred to as hyperlipidemia, which is an increase in blood lipid levels; dyslipidemia
refers to an abnormal blood lipid profile.

Risk factors

Poor diet. Eating too much saturated fat or trans fats can result in unhealthy cholesterol levels. ...

Obesity. Having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater puts you at risk of high cholesterol.

Lack of exercise. Exercise helps boost your body's HDL , the "good," cholesterol.

Smoking. ...

Alcohol. ...

Age.

Symptoms

 chest pain.
 small bumps on the skin, typically on the hands, elbows, and knees or around the eyes.
 xanthomas, which are waxy cholesterol deposits in the skin or tendons.
 small, yellow deposits of cholesterol that build up under the eyes or around the eyelids.

The updated ACSM FITT exercise recommendations for adults with elevated BP are:

 Frequency- in most, preferably all days of the week due to the transient BP lowering effects that last for up
to 24 hours after an exercise session;
 Intensity- Moderate, any intensity of exercise has been shown to lower BP, however, when weighing the
risk-to-benefit ratio in this patient population emphasize moderate intensity;
 Time- >20 to 30 minutes per day to total >90 to >150 minutes per week of continuous or accumulated
exercise of any duration; and
 Type- Emphasize aerobic or resistance exercise alone or combined due to recent evidence showing the BP
lowering effects of exercise do not vary by exercise modality.

6. Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bones to the point where they break easily—most often, bones in the hip,
backbone (spine), and wrist. Osteoporosis is called a “silent disease” because you may not notice any changes until a
bone breaks.

Osteoporosis is more likely to occur in people who have:

 Low calcium intake.

 Eating disorders.
 Gastrointestinal surgery

some signs and symptoms, such as

 receding gums, weaker grip strength, and more brittle fingernails may be early warning signs. A loss of height, a
stooped posture, back or neck pain, and bone fractures are often the most common symptoms of later-stage
osteoporosis.

The Best Exercises For Osteoporosis

Walking.

Jogging.

Climbing stairs.

Jumping rope.

Hiking.

Dancing.

Pilates & yoga.

7. Overweight and Obesity

Is having abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.

Obesity is generally caused by eating too much and moving too little. If you consume high amounts of energy,
particularly fat and sugars, but do not burn off the energy through exercise and physical activity, much of the surplus
energy will be stored by the body as fat.

exercise prescription for the obese and overweight

Patients who are overweight or obese should be prescribed a volume of 45 to 60 mins of moderate-intensity activity
a day (corresponding to approximately 225 to 300 mins/week of moderate-intensity physical activity or lesser
amounts of vigorous physical activity)

8. Low back pain and Postural Deformity

Posture is the position from which movement begins and ends. Having proper postural alignment enables the body
to perform movements quicker with less joint and muscular strain.
Deformity is the malformation of any component or body part or joint of the body.
Lower back pain is very common. It can result from a strain (injury) to muscles or tendons in the back. Other causes
include arthritis, structural problems and disk injuries.

Low back pain caused by spinal degeneration and injury.

Muscle or ligament strain.

Bulging or ruptured disks.

Arthritis. ...

Osteoporosis

What kinds of exercise are best for chronic low back pain?
Some examples include running/jogging, biking, jump roping and walking. frequently recommend aerobic exercise
to patients with back pain because it can be done at little to no cost and regardless of skill level or physical fitness.

What kinds of exercise are best for chronic low back pain?
Some examples include running/jogging, biking, jump roping and walking. I frequently
recommend aerobic exercise to my patients with back pain because it can be done at
little to no cost and regardless of skill level or physical fitness.