ACCIDENT DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
By

Mohammed Amair (18H11A0506)

Mohammed Moizuddin Noman. (18H11A0520)
Syed Sulaman Hussaini. (18H11A0540)

Under the guidance of

Mr. Syed Mazharuddin
B.Tech, M.Tech (Ph.D.)

Associate Professor & Head of Department

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
(A NAAC Accredited Institution)
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUH) (Recognized under section
2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
An ISO:9001-2015 Certified Institution
CHILKUR (V), MOINABAD (M), R.R. DIST. T.S
2018-2022
 (Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to JNTUH)
(Recognized under section 2(f) of UGC Act 1956)
An ISO:9001-2015 Certified Institution
Survey No. 179, Chilkur (V), Moinabad (M), Ranga Reddy Dist. T.S
Phone: 9985096961, 8790101015
E-Mail:[email protected]/[email protected]
JNTUH Code (U6) ECE – EEE –CSM – CSE - CIVIL – ME – MBA - M.Tech EAMCET Code -
(GLOB)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “ACCIDENT DETECTION USING
MACHINE LEARNING”, is a Bonafide work of Mohammed Amair (18H11A0506),
Mohammed Moizuddin Noman (18H11A0520), Syed Sulaman Hussaini(18H11A0540)
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology in
Computer Science and Engineering during the Academic year 2021-22. This is further
certified that the work was done under my guidance, and the results of this work have not
been submitted elsewhere for the award of any other degree or diploma.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr. Syed Mazharuddin Mr. Syed Mazharuddin

Associate Professor Associate Professor

External Examiner
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project work entitled ACCIDENT DETECTION USING
MACHINE LEARNING, submitted to Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering & Technology, Moinabad, affiliated
to JNTU, Hyderabad in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Computer Science and
Engineering is the work done by us and has not been submitted elsewhere for the
award of any degree or diploma.

Mohammed Amair 18H11A0506

Mohammed Moizuddin Noman 18H11A0520
Syed Sulaman Hussaini 18H11A0540

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are thankful to our guide Mr. Syed Mazharuddin , Associate Professor of CSE Department for
his valuable guidance for the successful completion of this project.

We express our sincere thanks to Mr. Syed Mazharuddin Project Coordinator for giving us an
opportunity to undertake the project “ACCIDENT DETECTION USING MACHINE
LEARNING” and for enlightening us on various aspects of our project work and assistance in the
evaluation of material and facts. She not only encouraged us to take up this topic but also gave her
valuable guidance in assessing facts and arriving at conclusions.

We are also most obliged and grateful to Mr. Syed Mazharuddin, Associate Professor and Head,
Department of CSE for giving us guidance in completing this project successfully.

We express our heart-felt gratitude to our Vice-Principal Mr. G Ahmed Zeeshan, Co-Ordinator
Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) for his constant guidance, cooperation, motivation and
support which have always kept us going ahead. We owe a lot of gratitude to him for always being
there for us.

We are also most obliged and grateful to our Principal Prof. Dr. K. Sivalingam for giving us guidance
in completing this project successfully.

We also thank our parents for their constant encouragement and support without which the project
would have not come to an end.

Last but not the least, we would also like to thank all our classmates who have extended their
cooperation during our project work.

Mohammed Amair 18H11A0506

Mohammed Moizuddin Noman 18H11A0520
Syed Sulaman Hussaini 18H11A0540
 VISION

The vision of the department is to produce professional computer science engineers who can
meet the expectations of the globe and contribute to the advancement of engineering and
technology which involves creativity and innovations by providing an excellent learning
environment with the best quality facilities.

MISSION

1. To provide the students with a practical and qualitative education in a modern

technical environment that will help to improve their abilities and skills in solving
programming problems effectively with different ideas and knowledge.
2. To infuse the scientific temper in the students towards the research and development
in Computer Science and Engineering trends.
3. To mold the graduates to assume leadership roles by possessing good communication
skills, an appreciation for their social and ethical responsibility in a global setting, and the
ability to work effectively as team members.

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

PEO1: To provide graduates with a good foundation in mathematics, sciences and

engineering fundamentals required to solve engineering problems that will facilitate them to
find employment in MNC’s and / or to pursue post graduate studies with an appreciation for
lifelong learning.
PEO2: To provide graduates with analytical and problem-solving skills to design algorithms,
other hardware / software systems, and inculcate professional ethics, inter- personal skills to
work in a multicultural team.
PEO3: To facilitate graduates to get familiarized with the art software / hardware tools,
imbibing creativity and innovation that would enable them to develop cutting edge
technologies of multi-disciplinary nature for societal development
 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

PO 1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO 2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural science and engineering sciences
PO 3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal and
environmental considerations.
PO 4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO 5: Modern tool usage: Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO 6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO 7: Environment sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in the societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
PO 8: Ethics: apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
PO 9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO 10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instruction
PO 11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO 12: Lifelong learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and lifelong learning in the broader context of technological change.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PSO1: An Ability to Apply the fundamentals of mathematics, Computer Science and

Engineering Knowledge to analyze and develop computer programs in the areas related to
Algorithms, System Software, Web Designing, Networking and Data mining for efficient
Design of computer-based systems to deal with Real time Problems.
PSO2: Ability to implement the Professional Engineering solutions for the betterment of
Society, and able to communicate with professional Ethics effectively
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGE NO’S

List of Figures 2

Abstract 3

1.INTRODUCTION 4

LITERATURE SURVEY 5
6
CAR ACCIDENT DETECTION USING SMARTPHONE
7
SMART CAR: AN IOT BASED ACCIDENT DETECTION SYSTEM
7
VEHICLE TO VEHICLE COMMUNICATION
8
RETHINKING THE INCEPTION ARCHITECTURE FOR COMPUTER VISION

2.SYSTEM ANALYSIS 9

EXISTING SYSTEM 10
PROPOSED SYSTEM 10
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 11
SYSTEM STUDY 11

3.SYSTEM DESIGN 13

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 14
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM 14
UML DIAGRAMS 15
IMPLEMENTATION 23

4.SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT 24

What is Python? 25
Advantages of Python 25
Advantages of Python Over Other Languages 27
Disadvantages of Python 28
History of Python 29
What is Machine Learning 30
Need for Machine Learning 31
Applications of Machines Learning 32
How to Install Python on Windows and Mac 42

5.SYSTEM TEST 49

TYPES OF TESTS 50
Test strategy and approach 52
USER REQUIREMENTS 53
CODE 53

6.SCREENSHOTS 60

7.8CONCLUSION 66

8.REFERENCE 68
 ACCIDENT DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING

List of Figures

FIGURE NUMBER FIGURE NAME PAGE NUMBER

FIG 3.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD) 14

FIG 3.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD) 15

FIG 3.3 USE CASE DIAGRAM 16

FIG 3.4 CLASS DIAGRAM 18

FIG 3.5 OBJECT DIAGRAM 19

FIG 3.6 STATE DIAGRAM 20

FIG 3.7 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM 21

FIG 3.8 SEQUENCE DIAGRAM 22

FIG 3.9 COLLABORATION DIAGRAM 23

FIG 4.1 HOW TO DOWNLOAD PYTHON 43

FIG 4.2 HOW TO DOWNLOAD PYTHON 44

FIG 4.3 HOW TO INSTALL PYTHON 45

FIG 4.4 HOW TO INSTALL PYTHON 46

FIG 4.5 HOW TO LAUNCH CMD 47

FIG 4.6 HOW TO LAUNCH IDLE PYTHON 48

FIG 6 SCREENSHOTS 61-65

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Abstract:

Accidents have been a major cause of deaths in India. More than 80% of
accident-related deaths occur not due to the accident itself but the lack of timely
help reaching the accident victims. In highways where the traffic is really light
and fast-paced an accident victim could be left unattended for a long time. The
intent is to create a system which would detect an accident based on the live
feed of video from a CCTV camera installed on a highway. The idea is to take
each frame of a video and run it through a deep learning convolution neural
network model which has been trained to classify frames of a video into
accident or non-accident. Convolutional Neural Networks have proven to be a
fast and accurate approach to classify images. CNN based image classifiers
have given accuracy of more than 95% for comparatively smaller datasets and
require less preprocessing as compared to other image classifying algorithms.

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION:
The main objective is to incorporate a system which is able to detect an accident form video
footage provided to it using a camera. The system is designed as a tool to help out accident
victims in need by timely detecting an accident and henceforth informing the authorities of the
same. The focus is to detect an accident within seconds of it happening using advanced Deep
Learning Algorithms which use Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN’s or ConvNet) to
analyze frames taken from the video generated by the camera. We have focused on setting up
this system on highways where the traffic is less dense and timely help reaching the accident
victims is rare. On highways we can set up CCTV cameras placed at a distance of about 500
meters which act as a medium for surveillance, on this camera we can set up the proposed
system which takes the footage from the CCTV cameras and runs it on the proposed accident
detection model in order to detect accidents.

LITERATURE SURVEY

● An enhanced accident detection and victim status indicating system:

Prototype

Authors: Prabakar, S., et al.

Abstract: In the speedy moving world, nobody is ready to look at what's happening around
them. Even when there occurs an accident nobody cares about it. This is an intention to
implement an innovative solution for this problem by developing an Enhanced Accident
detection System for Indicating Victim Status from the accident zone. This system has been

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developed and implemented using the biomedical smart sensors and microcontroller based
mobile technology integrated with the evolving LabVIEW platform. The system will
automatically identify the accident, then immediately transmit the location of the accident and
the status of the physiological parameters of the victims to the emergency care center phone
number through Short Message Service (SMS). The victim's physiological parameters such as
body temperature, Heartbeat, Coma stage recovery status have been transmitted in the SMS. So
the proposed system is to reduce the human death ratio by accidents. When the accident occurs
and realizes that there is no severe collision, then the person involved in the accident has to
press the switch provision which has been made to indicate that the accident is diminutive and
no communication will be established i.e. no further alarming SMS has been transmitted.

● Car Accident Detection and Notification System Using Smartphone

Authors: Hamid M. Ali,Zainab S. Alwan

Abstract: - Every day around the world, a large percentage of people die from traffic
accident injuries. An effective approach for reducing traffic fatalities is: first building automatic
traffic accident detection system, second, reducing the time between when an accident occurs
and when first emergency responders are dispatched to the scene of the accident. Recent
approaches are using built-in vehicle automatic accident detection and notification system.
While these approaches work fine, they are expensive, maintenance complex task, and are not
available in all cars. On the other hand, the ability to detect traffic accidents using smartphones
has only recently become possible because of the advances in the processing power and sensors
deployed on smartphones. Most of the smartphone based accident detection systems rely on the
high speed of the vehicle (extracted from the smartphone GPS receiver) and the G-Force value
(extracted from smartphone accelerometer sensor) to detect an accident. As many references
assure that 90% of road-traffic accidents occur at low speed of the vehicle. Hence, in addition to
the high speed accident detection, this paper concentrated on low speed car accident detection.
The main obstacle that encounters the low speed accident is how to differentiate whether the
user is inside the vehicle or outside the vehicle, walking or slowly running. The effect of this
obstacle is minimized, in this work, by a proposed mechanism that distinguishes between the
speed variation of low speed vehicle and walking or slowly running person. The proposed

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system consists of two phases; the detection phase which is used to detect car accident in low
and high speeds. The notification phase, and immediately after an accident is indicated, is used
to send detailed information such as images, video, accident location, etc. to the emergency
responder for fast recovery. The system was practically tested in real simulated environment and
achieved quite very good performance results.

● Smart Car: An IoT Based Accident Detection System

Authors: Arif Shaik,Natalie Bowen,Jennifer Bole,Gary Kunzi

Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) offers limitless possibilities
to both the public and private sectors. Automobile manufacturers are interested in IoT
applications to increase the safety of their vehicles, to meet customers' demands and ultimately
to offer cutting-edge products which maximize profit. The healthcare industry is concerned with
how the IoT can improve the speed and accuracy of communication. This paper describes the
feasibility of equipping a vehicle with technology that can detect an accident and immediately
alert emergency personnel. When there is a car accident someone has to actively seek help such
as calling 911 for emergency services. There is no automatic notification to the police,
ambulance, friends, or family. The Internet of Things (IoT) can be used to produce an automatic
notification and response to the scene. A signal from an accelerometer and a GPS sensor are
automatically sent to the cloud and from there, an alert message will be received by whoever is
subscribed to that car. The signal will indicate the severity of the accident and the GPS location.
The ambulance will use the GPS coordinates to get to the scene quickly.

● Vehicle to Vehicle communication

Authors: Shagufta Ali

Abstract: Vehicle to Vehicle communicationA robust wireless network of connected vehicles
is needed to enable future telematics and infotainment applications in the vehicular domain. We
need to focus on terms reliable and continuous system performances as vehicle to vehicle (V2V)
faces a highly dynamic time-varying channel conditions and varying vehicle network topology.

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This paper mainly focuses on Wireless communication technologies used in v2v communication
.Keeping in mind the terms reliability, scalability, latency and throughput of the system, the
technologies we have focused on are Cellular vehicle to everything communication (C-V2X),
4rth Generation Long term evaluation (4G-LTE) and Dedicated short range communication
(DSRC). Also we have discussed the technical challenges v2v is facing. Further, we propose
three methods related to high speed vehicles mobility and complex channel environment along
with vehicle network topological variations Loss differentiation Rate Adaption (LORA) is a
scheme proposed to approximate the average packet loss rate (PLR) for every sender and select
a data rate based on PLR. Exponential Effective SNR Mapping (EESM) and Mutual
Information Effective SNR Mapping (MIESM) are two Adaptive modulation and coding
mechanisms used for data rate selection according to current channel conditions. In order to
adjusts and modify the data rate between vehicles according to the number of connectable
vehicles nearby, a physical topology-triggered adaptive transmission scheme is proposed.
Reliability and more continuous data transmission for V2V communications can be ensured by
these methods and it can be proved by Extensive evaluation results. As a result, the effective
improvement in performance on network throughput can be observed.
● Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision.
AUTHORS:
ABSTRACT: Convolutional networks are at the core of most state of-the-art computer vision
solutions for a wide variety of tasks. Since 2014 very deep convolutional networks started to
become mainstream, yielding substantial gains in various benchmarks. Although increased
model size and computational cost tend to translate to immediate quality gains for most tasks
(as long as enough labeled data is provided for training), computational efficiency and low
parameter count are still enabling factors for various use cases such as mobile vision and
big-data scenarios. Here we are exploring ways to scale up networks in ways that aim at
utilizing the added computation as efficiently as possible by suitably factorized convolutions
and aggressive regularization. We benchmark our methods on the ILSVRC 2012 classification
challenge validation set demonstrate substantial gains over the state of the art: 21:2% top-1 and
5:6% top-5 error for single frame evaluation using a network with a computational cost of 5
billion multiply-adds per inference and with using less than 25 million parameters. With an
ensemble of 4 models and multi-crop evaluation, we report 3:5% top-5 error and 17:3% top-1
error on the validation set and 3:6% top-5 error on the official test set.

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CHAPTER 2
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

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SYSTEM ANALYSIS:
● EXISTING SYSTEM:
We have tried to compare our work with other accident detection techniques. Most of the
studies in this field revolve around the enhancement of tangible infrastructure rather than on
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) which include traffic congestion detection, accident
detection, detecting the occurrence of an event etc. Even the few existing studies in the domain
lack implementation details and are terrain specific i.e. there are constraints both in the
geographical as well as demographic aspects

DISADVANTAGES OF EXISTING SYSTEM:

❖ More than 80% of accident-related deaths occur not due to the accident itself but the
lack of timely help reaching the accident victims

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

❖ We proposed accident detection using CNN Algorithm. The intent is to create a system
which would detect an accident based on the live feed of video from a CCTV camera installed
on a highway. The idea is to take each frame of a video and run it through a deep learning
convolution neural network model which has been trained to classify frames of a video into
accident or non-accident. Convolutional Neural Networks have proven to be a fast and accurate
approach to classify images. CNN based image classifiers have given accuracy of more than
95% for comparatively smaller datasets and require less preprocessing as compared to other
image classifying algorithms.
ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM:
1.Initially, the model had difficulties in predicting the right class since the only difference
between cars and broken cars were dents, broken headlights etc.
2.Thus, random noise was being accounted for during the prediction since not all the accident
images were of high clarity.

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● SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.

• Hard Disk : 40 GB.
• Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb.
• Monitor : 15 VGA Colour.
• Mouse : Logitech.
• Ram : 512 Mb.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

• Operating System: Windows

• Coding Language: Python 3.7

● SYSTEM STUDY
FEASIBILITY STUDY

The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and a business proposal is put forth
with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the
feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed
system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the
major requirements for the system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

♦ ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
♦ TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

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♦ SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the
organization. The amount of funds that the company can pour into the research and
development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed
system as well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used
are freely available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements
of the system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical
resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to
high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest
requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This
includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel
threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the
users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and
to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to
make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.

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CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DESIGN

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● SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:
FIG 3.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD)

● DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:

2. The DFD is also called a bubble chart. It is a simple graphical formalism that can be
used to represent a system in terms of input data to the system, various processing carried out on
this data, and the output data is generated by this system.
3. The data flow diagram (DFD) is one of the most important modeling tools. It is used to
model the system components. These components are the system process, the data used by the
process, an external entity that interacts with the system and the information flows in the
system.
4. DFD shows how the information moves through the system and how it is modified by a
series of transformations. It is a graphical technique that depicts information flow and the
transformations that are applied as data moves from input to output.
5. DFD is also known as bubble chart. A DFD may be used to represent a system at any
level of abstraction. DFD may be partitioned into levels that represent increasing information
flow and functional detail.

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FIG 3.2 DATA FLOW

DIAGRAM (DFD)

Yes NO

● UML DIAGRAMS

UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-purpose modeling
language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is managed, and was
created by, the Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of object oriented
computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of two major components: a

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Meta-model and a notation. In the future, some form of method or process may also be added
to; or associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying, Visualization,
Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system, as well as for business modeling
and other non-software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven successful in
the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software and the software
development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the design of
software projects.

● GOALS:
The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:
1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that they can
develop and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations, frameworks, patterns
and components.
7. Integrate best practices.

● Use case diagram:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of behavioral diagram
defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a graphical overview
of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their goals (represented as use
cases), and any dependencies between those use cases. The main purpose of a use case diagram
is to show what system functions are performed for which actor. Roles of the actors in the
system can be depicted.

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FIG 3.3 USE CASE DIAGRAM

Class diagram:

The class diagram is used to refine the use case diagram and define a detailed design of the
system. The class diagram classifies the actors defined in the use case diagram into a set of
interrelated classes. The relationship or association between the classes can be either an "is-a"
or "has-a" relationship. Each class in the class diagram may be capable of providing certain
functionalities. These functionalities provided by the class are termed "methods" of the class.
Apart from this, each class may have certain "attributes" that uniquely identify the class.

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FIG 3.4 CLASS DIAGRAM

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Object diagram:

The object diagram is a special kind of class diagram. An object is an instance of a class. This
essentially means that an object represents the state of a class at a given point of time while the
system is running. The object diagram captures the state of different classes in the system and
their relationships or associations at a given point of time.

FIG 3.5 OBJECT DIAGRAM

State diagram:

A state diagram, as the name suggests, represents the different states that objects in the system
undergo during their life cycle. Objects in the system change states in response to events. In
addition to this, a state diagram also captures the transition of the object's state from an initial
state to a final state in response to events affecting the system.

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FIG 3.6 STATE DIAGRAM

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Activity diagram:

The process flows in the system are captured in the activity diagram. Similar to a state diagram,
an activity diagram also consists of activities, actions, transitions, initial and final states, and
guard conditions.

FIG 3.7

Sequence diagram:

A sequence diagram represents the interaction between different objects in the system. The
important aspect of a sequence diagram is that it is time-ordered. This means that the exact
sequence of the interactions between the objects is represented step by step. Different objects in
the sequence diagram interact with each other by passing "messages".

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FIG 3.8

Collaboration diagram:

A collaboration diagram groups together the interactions between different objects. The
interactions are listed as numbered interactions that help to trace the sequence of the
interactions. The collaboration diagram helps to identify all the possible interactions that each
object has with other objects.

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FIG 3.9

● IMPLEMENTATION:
MODULES:
❖ Upload Dataset
❖ Load Dataset
❖ Preprocess dataset
❖ Model Generation
❖ Train CNN data to System
❖ Vehicle Start
❖ Detect the Object & Presons

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CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE
ENVIRONMENT

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● SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT

What is Python :-

Below are some facts about Python.

Python is currently the most widely used multi-purpose, high-level programming language.

Python allows programming in Object-Oriented and Procedural paradigms. Python programs

generally are smaller than other programming languages like Java.
Programmers have to type relatively less and indentation requirement of the language, makes
them readable all the time.
Python language is being used by almost all tech-giant companies like – Google, Amazon,
Facebook, Instagram, Dropbox, Uber… etc.
The biggest strength of Python is huge collection of standard library which can be used for the
following –
● Machine Learning
● GUI Applications (like Kivy, Tkinter, PyQt etc. )
● Web frameworks like Django (used by YouTube, Instagram, Dropbox)
● Image processing (like Opencv, Pillow)
● Web scraping (like Scrapy, BeautifulSoup, Selenium)
● Test frameworks
● Multimedia

Advantages of Python :-

Let’s see how Python dominates over other languages.

1. Extensive Libraries

Python downloads with an extensive library and it contain code for various purposes like
regular expressions, documentation-generation, unit-testing, web browsers, threading,
databases, CGI, email, image manipulation, and more. So, we don’t have to write the complete
code for that manually.

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2. Extensible

As we have seen earlier, Python can be extended to other languages. You can write some of
your code in languages like C++ or C. This comes in handy, especially in projects.
3. Embeddable

Complimentary to extensibility, Python is embeddable as well. You can put your Python code in
your source code of a different language, like C++. This lets us add scripting capabilities to
our code in the other language.
4. Improved Productivity

The language’s simplicity and extensive libraries render programmers more productive than

languages like Java and C++ do. Also, the fact that you need to write less and get more things
done.
5. IOT Opportunities

Since Python forms the basis of new platforms like Raspberry Pi, it finds the future bright for
the Internet Of Things. This is a way to connect the language with the real world.

6. Simple and Easy

When working with Java, you may have to create a class to print ‘Hello World’. But in Python,
just a print statement will do. It is also quite easy to learn, understand, and code. This is why
when people pick up Python, they have a hard time adjusting to other more verbose languages
like Java.
7. Readable

Because it is not such a verbose language, reading Python is much like reading English. This is
the reason why it is so easy to learn, understand, and code. It also does not need curly braces to
define blocks, and indentation is mandatory. This further aids the readability of the code.
8. Object-Oriented

This language supports both the procedural and object-oriented programming paradigms.

While functions help us with code reusability, classes and objects let us model the real world. A
class allows the encapsulation of data and functions into one.

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9. Free and Open-Source

Like we said earlier, Python is freely available. But not only can you download Python for
free, but you can also download its source code, make changes to it, and even distribute it. It
downloads with an extensive collection of libraries to help you with your tasks.
10. Portable

When you code your project in a language like C++, you may need to make some changes to it
if you want to run it on another platform. But it isn’t the same with Python. Here, you need
to code only once, and you can run it anywhere. This is called Write Once Run Anywhere
(WORA). However, you need to be careful enough not to include any system-dependent
features.
11. Interpreted

Lastly, we will say that it is an interpreted language. Since statements are executed one by
one, debugging is easier than in compiled languages.
Any doubts till now on the advantages of Python? Mention in the comment section.

Advantages of Python Over Other Languages

1. Less Coding

Almost all of the tasks done in Python require less coding when the same task is done in other
languages. Python also has an awesome standard library support, so you don’t have to search
for any third-party libraries to get your job done. This is the reason that many people suggest
learning Python to beginners.

2. Affordable

Python is free therefore individuals, small companies or big organizations can leverage the free
available resources to build applications. Python is popular and widely used so it gives you
better community support.

The 2019 Github annual survey showed us that Python has overtaken Java in the most
popular programming language category.

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3. Python is for Everyone

Python code can run on any machine whether it is Linux, Mac or Windows. Programmers need
to learn different languages for different jobs but with Python, you can professionally build web
apps, perform data analysis and machine learning, automate things, do web scraping and also
build games and powerful visualizations. It is an all-rounder programming language.

Disadvantages of Python

So far, we’ve seen why Python is a great choice for your project. But if you choose it, you
should be aware of its consequences as well. Let’s now see the downsides of choosing Python
over another language.

1. Speed Limitations

We have seen that Python code is executed line by line. But since Python is interpreted, it often
results in slow execution. This, however, isn’t a problem unless speed is a focal point for the
project. In other words, unless high speed is a requirement, the benefits offered by Python are
enough to distract us from its speed limitations.
2. Weak in Mobile Computing and Browsers

While it serves as an excellent server-side language, Python is much rarely seen on

the client-side. Besides that, it is rarely ever used to implement smartphone-based applications.
One such application is called Carbonnelle.
The reason it is not so famous despite the existence of Brython is that it isn’t that secure.

3. Design Restrictions

As you know, Python is dynamically-typed. This means that you don’t need to declare the type
of variable while writing the code. It uses duck-typing. But wait, what’s that? Well, it just
means that if it looks like a duck, it must be a duck. While this is easy on the programmers
during coding, it can raise run-time errors.

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4. Underdeveloped Database Access Layers

Compared to more widely used technologies like JDBC (Java DataBase

Connectivity) and ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), Python’s database access layers are
a bit underdeveloped. Consequently, it is less often applied in huge enterprises.
5. Simple

No, we’re not kidding. Python’s simplicity can indeed be a problem. Take my example. I don’t
do Java, I’m more of a Python person. To me, its syntax is so simple that the verbosity of Java
code seems unnecessary.

This was all about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Python Programming Language.

History of Python : -

What do the alphabet and the programming language Python have in common? Right, both start
with ABC. If we are talking about ABC in the Python context, it's clear that the programming
language ABC is meant. ABC is a general-purpose programming language and programming
environment, which had been developed in the Netherlands, Amsterdam, at the CWI (Centrum
Wiskunde &Informatica). The greatest achievement of ABC was to influence the design of
Python.Python was conceptualized in the late 1980s. Guido van Rossum worked that time in a
project at the CWI, called Amoeba, a distributed operating system. In an interview with Bill
Venners1, Guido van Rossum said: "In the early 1980s, I worked as an implementer on a team
building a language called ABC at Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI). I don't know
how well people know ABC's influence on Python. I try to mention ABC's influence because
I'm indebted to everything I learned during that project and to the people who worked on
it."Later on in the same Interview, Guido van Rossum continued: "I remembered all my
experience and some of my frustration with ABC. I decided to try to design a simple scripting
language that possessed some of ABC's better properties, but without its problems. So I started
typing. I created a simple virtual machine, a simple parser, and a simple runtime. I made my
own version of the various ABC parts that I liked. I created a basic syntax, used indentation for
statement grouping instead of curly braces or begin-end blocks, and developed a small number
of powerful data types: a hash table (or dictionary, as we call it), a list, strings, and numbers."
What is Machine Learning : -

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Before we take a look at the details of various machine learning methods, let's start by looking
at what machine learning is, and what it isn't. Machine learning is often categorized as a
subfield of artificial intelligence, but I find that categorization can often be misleading at first
brush. The study of machine learning certainly arose from research in this context, but in the
data science application of machine learning methods, it's more helpful to think of machine
learning as a means of building models of data.

Fundamentally, machine learning involves building mathematical models to help understand

data. "Learning" enters the fray when we give these models tunable parameters that can be
adapted to observed data; in this way the program can be considered to be "learning" from the
data. Once these models have been fit to previously seen data, they can be used to predict and
understand aspects of newly observed data. I'll leave to the reader the more philosophical
digression regarding the extent to which this type of mathematical, model-based "learning" is
similar to the "learning" exhibited by the human brain.Understanding the problem setting in
machine learning is essential to using these tools effectively, and so we will start with some
broad categorizations of the types of approaches we'll discuss here.

Categories Of Machine Leaning :-

At the most fundamental level, machine learning can be categorized into two main types:
supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised learning involves somehow modeling the relationship between measured features of

data and some label associated with the data; once this model is determined, it can be used to
apply labels to new, unknown data. This is further subdivided into classification tasks
and regression tasks: in classification, the labels are discrete categories, while in regression, the
labels are continuous quantities. We will see examples of both types of supervised learning in
the following section.

Unsupervised learning involves modeling the features of a dataset without reference to any

label, and is often described as "letting the dataset speak for itself." These models include tasks
such as clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering algorithms identify distinct groups

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of data, while dimensionality reduction algorithms search for more succinct representations of
the data. We will see examples of both types of unsupervised learning in the following section.

Need for Machine Learning

Human beings, at this moment, are the most intelligent and advanced species on earth because
they can think, evaluate and solve complex problems. On the other hand, AI is still in its initial
stage and hasn't surpassed human intelligence in many aspects. Then the question is what is the
need to make machine learning? The most suitable reason for doing this is, “to make decisions,
based on data, with efficiency and scale”.

Lately, organizations are investing heavily in newer technologies like Artificial Intelligence,
Machine Learning and Deep Learning to get the key information from data to perform several
real-world tasks and solve problems. We can call it data-driven decisions taken by machines,
particularly to automate the process. These data-driven decisions can be used, instead of using
programing logic, in problems that cannot be programmed inherently. The fact is that we can’t
do without human intelligence, but another aspect is that we all need to solve real-world
problems with efficiency at a huge scale. That is why the need for machine learning arises.

Challenges in Machines Learning :-

While Machine Learning is rapidly evolving, making significant strides with cybersecurity and
autonomous cars, this segment of AI as a whole still has a long way to go. The reason behind
this is that ML has not been able to overcome a number of challenges. The challenges that ML
is facing currently are −

Quality of data − Having good-quality data for ML algorithms is one of the biggest challenges.
Use of low-quality data leads to the problems related to data preprocessing and feature
extraction.

Time-Consuming task − Another challenge faced by ML models is the consumption of time

especially for data acquisition, feature extraction and retrieval.

Lack of specialist persons − As ML technology is still in its infancy stage, availability of

expert resources is a tough job.

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No clear objective for formulating business problems − Having no clear objective and
well-defined goal for business problems is another key challenge for ML because this
technology is not that mature yet.

Issue of overfitting & underfitting − If the model is overfitting or underfitting, it cannot be

represented well for the problem.

Curse of dimensionality − Another challenge ML model faces is too many features of data
points. This can be a real hindrance.

Difficulty in deployment − Complexity of the ML model makes it quite difficult to be

deployed in real life.

Applications of Machines Learning :-

Machine Learning is the most rapidly growing technology and according to researchers we are
in the golden year of AI and ML. It is used to solve many real-world complex problems which
cannot be solved with traditional approach. Following are some real-world applications of ML
−

● Emotion analysis

● Sentiment analysis

● Error detection and prevention

● Weather forecasting and prediction

● Stock market analysis and forecasting

● Speech synthesis

● Speech recognition

● Customer segmentation

● Object recognition

● Fraud detection

● Fraud prevention

● Recommendation of products to customer in online shopping

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How to Start Learning Machine Learning?

Arthur Samuel coined the term “Machine Learning” in 1959 and defined it as a “Field of
study that gives computers the capability to learn without being explicitly programmed”.
And that was the beginning of Machine Learning! In modern times, Machine Learning is one of
the most popular (if not the most!) career choices. According to Indeed, Machine Learning
Engineer Is The Best Job of 2019 with a 344% growth and an average base salary
of $146,085 per year.
But there is still a lot of doubt about what exactly is Machine Learning and how to start learning
it? So this article deals with the Basics of Machine Learning and also the path you can follow to
eventually become a full-fledged Machine Learning Engineer. Now let’s get started!!!

How to start learning ML?

This is a rough roadmap you can follow on your way to becoming an insanely talented Machine
Learning Engineer. Of course, you can always modify the steps according to your needs to
reach your desired end-goal!

Step 1 – Understand the Prerequisites

In case you are a genius, you could start ML directly but normally, there are some prerequisites
that you need to know which include Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus, Statistics, and
Python. And if you don’t know these, never fear! You don’t need a Ph.D. degree in these topics
to get started but you do need a basic understanding.

(a) Learn Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus

Both Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus are important in Machine Learning. However,
the extent to which you need them depends on your role as a data scientist. If you are more
focused on application heavy machine learning, then you will not be that heavily focused on
maths as there are many common libraries available. But if you want to focus on R&D in

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Machine Learning, then mastery of Linear Algebra and Multivariate Calculus is very important
as you will have to implement many ML algorithms from scratch.

(b) Learn Statistics

Data plays a huge role in Machine Learning. In fact, around 80% of your time as an ML expert
will be spent collecting and cleaning data. And statistics is a field that handles the collection,
analysis, and presentation of data. So it is no surprise that you need to learn it!!!
Some of the key concepts in statistics that are important are Statistical Significance, Probability
Distributions, Hypothesis Testing, Regression, etc. Also, Bayesian Thinking is also a very
important part of ML which deals with various concepts like Conditional Probability, Priors,
and Posteriors, Maximum Likelihood, etc.

(c) Learn Python

Some people prefer to skip Linear Algebra, Multivariate Calculus and Statistics and learn them
as they go along with trial and error. But the one thing that you absolutely cannot skip
is Python! While there are other languages you can use for Machine Learning like R, Scala, etc.
Python is currently the most popular language for ML. In fact, there are many Python libraries
that are specifically useful for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning such
as Keras, TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, etc.
So if you want to learn ML, it’s best if you learn Python! You can do that using various online
resources and courses such as Fork Python available Free on GeeksforGeeks.

Step 2 – Learn Various ML Concepts

Now that you are done with the prerequisites, you can move on to actually learning ML (Which
is the fun part!!!) It’s best to start with the basics and then move on to the more complicated
stuff. Some of the basic concepts in ML are:

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(a) Terminologies of Machine Learning

● Model – A model is a specific representation learned from data by applying some
machine learning algorithm. A model is also called a hypothesis.
● Feature – A feature is an individual measurable property of the data. A set of numeric
features can be conveniently described by a feature vector. Feature vectors are fed as input to
the model. For example, in order to predict a fruit, there may be features like color, smell, taste,
etc.
● Target (Label) – A target variable or label is the value to be predicted by our model. For
the fruit example discussed in the feature section, the label with each set of input would be the
name of the fruit like apple, orange, banana, etc.
● Training – The idea is to give a set of inputs(features) and it’s expected outputs(labels),
so after training, we will have a model (hypothesis) that will then map new data to one of the
categories trained on.
● Prediction – Once our model is ready, it can be fed a set of inputs to which it will
provide a predicted output(label).

(b) Types of Machine Learning

● Supervised Learning – This involves learning from a training dataset with labeled data
using classification and regression models. This learning process continues until the required
level of performance is achieved.
● Unsupervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data and then finding the
underlying structure in the data in order to learn more and more about the data itself using factor
and cluster analysis models.
● Semi-supervised Learning – This involves using unlabelled data like Unsupervised
Learning with a small amount of labeled data. Using labeled data vastly increases the learning
accuracy and is also more cost-effective than Supervised Learning.
● Reinforcement Learning – This involves learning optimal actions through trial and
error. So the next action is decided by learning behaviors that are based on the current state and
that will maximize the reward in the future.

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Advantages of Machine learning :-

1. Easily identifies trends and patterns -

Machine Learning can review large volumes of data and discover specific trends and patterns
that would not be apparent to humans. For instance, for an e-commerce website like Amazon, it
serves to understand the browsing behaviors and purchase histories of its users to help cater to
the right products, deals, and reminders relevant to them. It uses the results to reveal relevant
advertisements to them.
2. No human intervention needed (automation)

With ML, you don’t need to babysit your project every step of the way. Since it means giving
machines the ability to learn, it lets them make predictions and also improve the algorithms on
their own. A common example of this is anti-virus softwares; they learn to filter new threats as
they are recognized. ML is also good at recognizing spam.
3. Continuous Improvement

As ML algorithms gain experience, they keep improving in accuracy and efficiency. This lets
them make better decisions. Say you need to make a weather forecast model. As the amount of
data you have keeps growing, your algorithms learn to make more accurate predictions faster.
4. Handling multi-dimensional and multi-variety data

Machine Learning algorithms are good at handling data that are multi-dimensional and
multi-variety, and they can do this in dynamic or uncertain environments.
5. Wide Applications

You could be an e-tailer or a healthcare provider and make ML work for you. Where it does
apply, it holds the capability to help deliver a much more personal experience to customers
while also targeting the right customers.
Disadvantages of Machine Learning :-

1. Data Acquisition

Machine Learning requires massive data sets to train on, and these should be
inclusive/unbiased, and of good quality. There can also be times where they must wait for new
data to be generated.

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2. Time and Resources

ML needs enough time to let the algorithms learn and develop enough to fulfill their purpose
with a considerable amount of accuracy and relevancy. It also needs massive resources to
function. This can mean additional requirements of computer power for you.

3. Interpretation of Results

Another major challenge is the ability to accurately interpret results generated by the
algorithms. You must also carefully choose the algorithms for your purpose.
4. High error-susceptibility

Machine Learning is autonomous but highly susceptible to errors. Suppose you train an
algorithm with data sets small enough to not be inclusive. You end up with biased predictions
coming from a biased training set. This leads to irrelevant advertisements being displayed to
customers. In the case of ML, such blunders can set off a chain of errors that can go undetected
for long periods of time. And when they do get noticed, it takes quite some time to recognize
the source of the issue, and even longer to correct it.

Python Development Steps : -

Guido Van Rossum published the first version of Python code (version 0.9.0) at alt.sources in
February 1991. This release included already exception handling, functions, and the core data
types of list, dict, str and others. It was also object oriented and had a module system.
Python version 1.0 was released in January 1994. The major new features included in this
release were the functional programming tools lambda, map, filter and reduce, which Guido Van
Rossum never liked.Six and a half years later in October 2000, Python 2.0 was introduced. This
release included list comprehensions, a full garbage collector and it was supporting
unicode.Python flourished for another 8 years in the versions 2.x before the next major release
as Python 3.0 (also known as "Python 3000" and "Py3K") was released. Python 3 is not
backwards compatible with Python 2.x. The emphasis in Python 3 had been on the removal of
duplicate programming constructs and modules, thus fulfilling or coming close to fulfilling the
13th law of the Zen of Python: "There should be one -- and preferably only one -- obvious way
to do it."Some changes in Python 7.3:

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● Print is now a function

● Views and iterators instead of lists

● The rules for ordering comparisons have been simplified. E.g. a heterogeneous list
cannot be sorted, because all the elements of a list must be comparable to each other.

● There is only one integer type left, i.e. int. long is int as well.

● The division of two integers returns a float instead of an integer. "//" can be used to have
the "old" behaviour.

● Text Vs. Data Instead Of Unicode Vs. 8-bit

Purpose :-
We demonstrated that our approach enables successful segmentation of intra-retinal
layers—even with low-quality images containing speckle noise, low contrast, and different
intensity ranges throughout—with the assistance of the ANIS feature.
Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that
emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

● Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not

need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
● Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.
Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is
part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or
tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another area

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where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and
several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background -
without breaking.

Modules Used in Project :-

Tensorflow

TensorFlow is a free and open-source software library for dataflow and differentiable

programming across a range of tasks. It is a symbolic math library, and is also used for machine
learning applications such as neural networks. It is used for both research and production
at Google.‍

TensorFlow was developed by the Google Brain team for internal Google use. It was released
under the Apache 2.0 open-source license on November 9, 2015.

Numpy

Numpy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-performance

multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these arrays.

It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It contains various features
including these important ones:

▪ A powerful N-dimensional array object

▪ Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
▪ Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
▪ Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, Numpy can also be used as an efficient multi-dimensional
container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be defined using Numpy which allows
Numpy to seamlessly and speedily integrate with a wide variety of databases.

Pandas

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and

analysis tool using its powerful data structures. Python was majorly used for data munging and
preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem.
Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis of data,
regardless of the origin of data load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze. Python with

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Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains including
finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces publication quality figures in a

variety of hardcopy formats and interactive environments across platforms. Matplotlib can be
used in Python scripts, the Python and IPython shells, the Jupyter Notebook, web application
servers, and four graphical user interface toolkits. Matplotlib tries to make easy things easy and
hard things possible. You can generate plots, histograms, power spectra, bar charts, error charts,
scatter plots, etc., with just a few lines of code. For examples, see the sample
plots and thumbnail gallery.

For simple plotting the pyplot module provides a MATLAB-like interface, particularly when

combined with IPython. For the power user, you have full control of line styles, font properties,
axes properties, etc, via an object oriented interface or via a set of functions familiar to
MATLAB users.

Scikit – learn

Scikit-learn provides a range of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms via a

consistent interface in Python. It is licensed under a permissive simplified BSD license and is
distributed under many Linux distributions, encouraging academic and commercial use. Python

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

Created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python has a design philosophy that
emphasizes code readability, notably using significant whitespace.

Python features a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. It supports
multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional and
procedural, and has a large and comprehensive standard library.

● Python is Interpreted − Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not

need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
● Python is Interactive − you can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the
interpreter directly to write your programs.

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Python also acknowledges that speed of development is important. Readable and terse code is
part of this, and so is access to powerful constructs that avoid tedious repetition of code.
Maintainability also ties into this may be an all but useless metric, but it does say something
about how much code you have to scan, read and/or understand to troubleshoot problems or
tweak behaviors. This speed of development, the ease with which a programmer of other
languages can pick up basic Python skills and the huge standard library is key to another area
where Python excels. All its tools have been quick to implement, saved a lot of time, and
several of them have later been patched and updated by people with no Python background -
without breaking.

Install Python Step-by-Step in Windows and Mac :

Python a versatile programming language doesn’t come pre-installed on your computer devices.
Python was first released in the year 1991 and until today it is a very popular high-level
programming language. Its style philosophy emphasizes code readability with its notable use of
great whitespace.
The object-oriented approach and language construct provided by Python enables programmers
to write both clear and logical code for projects. This software does not come pre-packaged with
Windows.

How to Install Python on Windows and Mac :

There have been several updates in the Python version over the years. The question is how to
install Python? It might be confusing for the beginner who is willing to start learning Python but
this tutorial will solve your query. The latest or the newest version of Python is version 3.7.4 or
in other words, it is Python 3.
Note: The python version 3.7.4 cannot be used on Windows XP or earlier devices.

Before you start with the installation process of Python. First, you need to know about
your System Requirements. Based on your system type i.e. operating system and based
processor, you must download the python version. My system type is a Windows 64-bit
operating system. So the steps below are to install python version 3.7.4 on Windows 7 device

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or to install Python 3. Download the Python Cheatsheet here.The steps on how to install Python
on Windows 10, 8 and 7 are divided into 4 parts to help understand better.

Download the Correct version into the system

Step 1: Go to the official site to download and install python using Google Chrome or any other
web browser. OR Click on the following link: https://www.python.org

Now, check for the latest and the correct version for your operating system.

Step 2: Click on the Download Tab.

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Step 3: You can either select the Download Python for windows 3.7.4 button in Yellow Color or
you can scroll further down and click on download with respective to their version. Here, we are
downloading the most recent python version for windows 3.7.4

Step 4: Scroll down the page until you find the Files option.

Step 5: Here you see a different version of python along with the operating system.

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• To download Windows 32-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows
x86 embeddable zip file, Windows x86 executable installer or Windows x86 web-based
installer.
•To download Windows 64-bit python, you can select any one from the three options: Windows
x86-64 embeddable zip file, Windows x86-64 executable installer or Windows x86-64
web-based installer.
Here we will install Windows x86-64 web-based installer. Here your first part regarding which
version of python is to be downloaded is completed. Now we move ahead with the second part
in installing python i.e. Installation
Note: To know the changes or updates that are made in the version you can click on the Release
Note Option.
Installation of Python
Step 1: Go to Download and Open the downloaded python version to carry out the installation
process.

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Step 2: Before you click on Install Now, Make sure to put a tick on Add Python 3.7 to PATH.

Step 3: Click on Install NOW After the installation is successful. Click on Close.

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With these above three steps on python installation, you have successfully and correctly
installed Python. Now is the time to verify the installation.
Note: The installation process might take a couple of minutes.

Verify the Python Installation

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run Command, type “cmd”.

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Step 3: Open the Command prompt option.

Step 4: Let us test whether the python is correctly installed. Type python –V and press Enter.

Step 5: You will get the answer as 3.7.4

Note: If you have any of the earlier versions of Python already installed. You must first
uninstall the earlier version and then install the new one. 

Check how the Python IDLE works

Step 1: Click on Start
Step 2: In the Windows Run command, type “python idle”.

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Step 3: Click on IDLE (Python 3.7 64-bit) and launch the program
Step 4: To go ahead with working in IDLE you must first save the file. Click on File > Click
on Save

Step 5: Name the file and save as type should be Python files. Click on SAVE. Here I have
named the files as Hey World.
Step 6: Now for e.g. enter print

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CHAPTER 5
SYSTEM TEST
&
IMPLEMENTATION

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● SYSTEM TEST
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover every
conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the functionality of
components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product. It is the process of exercising
software with the intent of ensuring that the Software system meets its requirements and user
expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner. There are various types of tests. Each
test type addresses a specific testing requirement.
● TYPES OF TESTS

Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program
logic is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision
branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual software units
of the application .It is done after the completion of an individual unit before integration. This is
a structural testing that relies on knowledge of its construction and is invasive. Unit tests
perform basic tests at component level and test a specific business process, application, and/or
system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each unique path of a business process performs
accurately to the documented specifications and contains clearly defined inputs and expected
results.
Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to
determine if they actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned
with the basic outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the
components were individually satisfactory, as shown by successfully unit testing, the
combination of components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at
exposing the problems that arise from the combination of components.
Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are
available as specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and
user manuals.
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

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Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.
Functions : identified functions must be exercised.
Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.
Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.
Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key
functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identifying
Business process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must be
considered for testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are identified and
the effective value of current tests is determined.
System Test
System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An example of
system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System testing is based on
process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links and integration points.
White Box Testing
White Box Testing is a testing in which the software tester has knowledge of the
inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least its purpose. It has a purpose.
It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box level.
Black Box Testing
Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of the inner
workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as most other kinds
of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as specification or
requirements document, such as specification or requirements document. It is a testing in which
the software under test is treated, as a black box .you cannot “see” into it. The test provides
inputs and responds to outputs without considering how the software works.
Unit Testing
Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase
of the software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be
conducted as two distinct phases.

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● Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in
detail.

Test objectives

● All field entries must work properly.

● Pages must be activated from the identified link.
● The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.

Features to be tested

● Verify that the entries are of the correct format

● No duplicate entries should be allowed
● All links should take the user to the correct page.
Integration Testing

Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more

integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by interface
defects.
The task of the integration test is to check that components or software applications, e.g.
components in a software system or – one step up – software applications at the company level
– interact without error.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.
Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant participation
by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional requirements.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects encountered.
Test Cases

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● USER REQUIREMENTS:
1. Home
Home:
Use case ID Accident Detection Using Convolutional
Neural Networks
Use case Name Home button
Description Display home page of application
Primary actor User
Precondition User must open application
Post condition Display the Home Page of an application
Frequency of Use case Many times
Alternative use case N/A
Use case Diagrams

Attachments N/A

● CODE

from tkinter import messagebox

from tkinter import *
from tkinter import simpledialog
import tkinter
from tkinter import filedialog
from tkinter.filedialog import askopenfilename
import time
import cv2
import tensorflow as tf
from collections import namedtuple
from collections import defaultdict
from io import StringIO
from PIL import Image

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import numpy as np
import winsound
import imutils

main = tkinter.Tk()
main.title("Accident Detection")
main.geometry("1300x1200")

net =
cv2.dnn.readNetFromCaffe("model/MobileNetSSD_deploy.prototxt.txt","model/Mobile
NetSSD_deploy.caffemodel")
CLASSES = ["background", "aeroplane", "bicycle", "bird", "boat",
"bottle", "bus", "car", "cat", "chair", "cow", "diningtable",
"dog", "horse", "motorbike", "person", "pottedplant", "sheep",
"sofa", "train", "tvmonitor"]
COLORS = np.random.uniform(0, 255, size=(len(CLASSES), 3))

global filename
global detectionGraph
global msg

def loadModel():
global detectionGraph
detectionGraph = tf.Graph()
with detectionGraph.as_default():
od_graphDef = tf.GraphDef()
with tf.gfile.GFile('model/frozen_inference_graph.pb', 'rb') as file:
serializedGraph = file.read()
od_graphDef.ParseFromString(serializedGraph)
tf.import_graph_def(od_graphDef, name='')

messagebox.showinfo("Training model loaded","Training model loaded")

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def beep():
frequency = 2500 # Set Frequency To 2500 Hertz
duration = 1000 # Set Duration To 1000 ms == 1 second
winsound.Beep(frequency, duration)

def uploadVideo():
global filename
filename = filedialog.askopenfilename(initialdir="videos")
pathlabel.config(text=filename)
text.delete('1.0', END)
text.insert(END,filename+" loaded\n");

def calculateCollision(boxes,classes,scores,image_np):
global msg
#cv2.putText(image_np, "NORMAL!", (230, 50), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,
1.0, (255, 255, 255), 2, cv2.LINE_AA)
for i, b in enumerate(boxes[0]):
if classes[0][i] == 3 or classes[0][i] == 6 or classes[0][i] == 8:
if scores[0][i] > 0.5:
for j, c in enumerate(boxes[0]):
if (i != j) and (classes[0][j] == 3 or classes[0][j] == 6 or classes[0][j] == 8) and
scores[0][j]> 0.5:
Rectangle = namedtuple('Rectangle', 'xmin ymin xmax ymax')
ra = Rectangle(boxes[0][i][3], boxes[0][i][2], boxes[0][i][1], boxes[0][i][3])
rb = Rectangle(boxes[0][j][3], boxes[0][j][2], boxes[0][j][1], boxes[0][j][3])
ar = rectArea(boxes[0][i][3], boxes[0][i][1],boxes[0][i][2],boxes[0][i][3])
col_threshold = 0.6*np.sqrt(ar)
area(ra, rb)
if (area(ra,rb)<col_threshold) :
print('accident')

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msg = 'ACCIDENT!'
beep()
return True
else:
return False

def rectArea(xmax, ymax, xmin, ymin):

x = np.abs(xmax-xmin)
y = np.abs(ymax-ymin)
return x*y

def load_image_into_numpy_array(image):
(im_width, im_height) = image.size
return np.array(image.getdata()).reshape((im_height, im_width, 3)).astype(np.uint8)

def area(a, b): # returns None if rectangles don't intersect

dx = min(a.xmax, b.xmax) - max(a.xmin, b.xmin)
dy = min(a.ymax, b.ymax) - max(a.ymin, b.ymin)
return dx*dy

def detector():
global msg
msg = ''
cap = cv2.VideoCapture(filename)
with detectionGraph.as_default():
with tf.Session(graph=detectionGraph) as sess:
while True:
ret, image_np = cap.read()
(h, w) = image_np.shape[:2]

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blob = cv2.dnn.blobFromImage(cv2.resize(image_np, (300, 300)),0.007843,

(300, 300), 127.5)
net.setInput(blob)
detections = net.forward()
for i in np.arange(0, detections.shape[2]):
confidence = detections[0, 0, i, 2]
if confidence > 0.2:
idx = int(detections[0, 0, i, 1])
box = detections[0, 0, i, 3:7] * np.array([w, h, w, h])
(startX, startY, endX, endY) = box.astype("int")
if (confidence * 100) > 50:
label = "{}: {:.2f}%".format(CLASSES[idx],confidence * 100)
cv2.rectangle(image_np, (startX, startY), (endX, endY),COLORS[idx],
2)
y = startY - 15 if startY - 15 > 15 else startY + 15
image_np_expanded = np.expand_dims(image_np, axis=0)
image_tensor = detectionGraph.get_tensor_by_name('image_tensor:0')
boxes = detectionGraph.get_tensor_by_name('detection_boxes:0')
scores = detectionGraph.get_tensor_by_name('detection_scores:0')
classes = detectionGraph.get_tensor_by_name('detection_classes:0')
num_detections = detectionGraph.get_tensor_by_name('num_detections:0')
if image_np_expanded[0] is not None:
(boxes, scores, classes, num_detections) = sess.run([boxes, scores, classes,
num_detections], feed_dict={image_tensor: image_np_expanded})
calculateCollision(boxes, classes, scores, image_np)
cv2.putText(image_np, msg, (230, 50), cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX,
1.0, (255, 0, 0), 2, cv2.LINE_AA)
cv2.imshow('Accident Detection', image_np)
if cv2.waitKey(5) & 0xFF == ord('q'):
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
break

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def exit():
main.destroy()

font = ('times', 16, 'bold')

title = Label(main, text='Accident Detection')
title.config(bg='light cyan', fg='pale violet red')
title.config(font=font)
title.config(height=3, width=120)
title.place(x=0,y=5)

font1 = ('times', 13, 'bold')

uploadButton = Button(main, text="Load & Generate CNN Model",
command=loadModel)
uploadButton.place(x=50,y=100)
uploadButton.config(font=font1)

pathlabel = Label(main)
pathlabel.config(bg='light cyan', fg='pale violet red')
pathlabel.config(font=font1)
pathlabel.place(x=460,y=100)

webcamButton = Button(main, text="Browse System Videos", command=uploadVideo)

webcamButton.place(x=50,y=150)
webcamButton.config(font=font1)

webcamButton = Button(main, text="Start Accident Detector", command=detector)

webcamButton.place(x=50,y=200)
webcamButton.config(font=font1)

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exitButton = Button(main, text="Exit", command=exit)

exitButton.place(x=330,y=250)
exitButton.config(font=font1)

font1 = ('times', 12, 'bold')

text=Text(main,height=20,width=150)
scroll=Scrollbar(text)
text.configure(yscrollcommand=scroll.set)
text.place(x=10,y=250)
text.config(font=font1)

main.config(bg='snow3')
main.mainloop()

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CHAPTER 6
SCREENSHOTS

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● SCREENSHOTS
To run project double click on run.bat file to get below screen

In above screen click on ‘Load & Generate CNN Model’ button to trained CNN with dataset
and to load CNN model using tensorflow

In above screen tensorflow model is loaded and now click on ‘Browse System Video’ button
to upload video

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In above screen selecting and uploading video and then click on ‘Open’ button to load video

In above screen video is loaded and now click on ‘Start Accident Detector’ button to play
video and detect accident

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In above screen video start playing and upon accident detection will get below screen with
beep sound

In below screen playing another video without message if normal driving appear

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In above screen upon collision then accident display message will appear with beep sound
In below screen application is trained with below images

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CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

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● CONCLUSION
Accidents are one of the most common problems that humanity faces on a daily basis, leading
to loss of both life as well as property. The proposed system provides a very viable and
effective solution to this problem. The proposed vehicle accident detection system can track
an accident at its moment of occurrence. Unlike other systems in use, which consists of
expensive sensors and unwanted hardware, the proposed system is much more cost effective
and foolproof with a much-improved accuracy rate than its counterparts mainly due to a
model-based approach. The experimentation, testing and validation has been carried out
using images and the results show that higher sensitivity and accuracy is indeed achieved
using this method, henceforth, making it a viable option for implementing this system in most
of the state and national highways of the country.

Future Enhancement:
Future Enhancement is being planned to further analyze and enhance the protocol towards a
social cause and helps create a system which guarantees that no individual is left unattended
or helpless in an unforeseen event of an accident, in turn, securing and maintaining the
quality of life to the highest standards.

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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES

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● REFERENCES
[1] "Global status report on road safety 2015", World Health Organization, 2019. [Online].
Available:http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/20 15/en/.
[Accessed: 07- Mar- 2019].
[2] Prabakar, S., et al. "An enhanced accident detection and victim status indicating system:
Prototype." India Conference (INDICON), 2012 Annual IEEE. IEEE, 2012.
[3] "Lexus Enform", Lexus, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.lexus.com/enform.
[Accessed: 07- Mar- 2019].
[4] "OnStar Safety and Security Services", Onstar.com, 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://www.onstar.com/us/en/services/safety-security/. [Accessed: 07- Mar- 2019].
[5] "SOSmart automatic car crash detection and notification app", SOSmart automatic car
crash detection app, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.sosmartapp.com. [Accessed: 07-
Mar- 2019].
[6] C. Kockan, “Communication between vehicles” PhD thesis, Istanbul Technical
University, 2008
[7] Zeng, Yuanyuan, Deshi Li, and Athanasios V. Vasilakos. "Opportunistic fleets for road
event detection in vehicular sensor networks." Wireless Networks 22.2 (2016): 503-521.
[8] Szegedy, Christian, et al. "Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision."
Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2016.
[9] Szegedy, Christian, et al. "Going deeper with convolutions." Proceedings of the IEEE
conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2015.

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