Module 1

1. What is noise and list out various noise sources?

2. With a neat diagram explain the basic communication system.
3. In a cascade connection of two Two-Port devices the noise figure of first and second
stages are 5dB and 15dB respectively. The available power gain of first and second
stages are 12dB and 20dB respectively. Find the overall noise figure in dB.
4. Derive the Noise Figure for cascade stages.
5. What is thermal noise? Derive the expression for the thermal noise voltage across a
resistor.
6. Discuss about Effective noise temperature and Noise figure
7. A receiver consists of an amplifier which has a noise temperature of 100 K and a gain of
30 dB. The output of the amplifier is connected to a mixer which has a noise figure of
15dB. Calculate the noise temperature of the mixer and the overall noise temperature of
the receiver referred to the input.
8. Two resistors of values 10kΩ and 20kΩ in an amplifier are kept at 50oC. The bandwidth
of the amplifier is 1 MHz. Find the equivalent thermal noise voltages generated by these
resistors when they are connected (a) in series and (b) in parallel.
9. A 12 GHz receiver consists of first stage with gain G1 =30 dB and noise temperature T1
=20 K, a second stage with gain G2 = 10 dB and noise temperature T2 = 360K and third
stage with gain G3 = 15 dB and noise temperature T3 = 1000 K. Calculate the effective
noise temperature and noise factor of the system. Take the reference temperature as 290
K
10. A three-stage amplifier has the following power gains and noise figure for each stage. Calculate
the power gain, noise figure and noise temperature for the cascaded amplifier, assuming matched
condition.

11. Compare signal bandwidth and channel bandwidth.

12. Write short note on the following:
i. Short noise ii) Burst noise
13. An amplifier operating over the frequency range from 18 to 20 MHz has a 10 KΩ input
resistor. What is the rms noise voltage at the input to this amplifier if ambient
temperature is 270 C.

Module 2
1. Define AM. Draw a neat AM waveform its frequency spectrum for sinusoidal AM.
Also derive the expression for AM.
2. Derive the expression for power, voltage and current in AM.
The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8Amp when only the carrier is sent, but it
increases to 8.93 Amp when the carrier is modulated by a single sine wave. Find the
percentage modulation.

3. Draw the block diagram of an AM transmitter. Explain the working of each block.
Write at least four reasons for which modulation is needed in an analog
communication system.
4. With the help of circuit diagram explain the operation of square law modulator for AM.
5. Explain the working of envelope detector with a neat circuit diagram.
6. Describe the single tone modulation of SSB. Assume both modulating and carrier signals are
sinusoids.
7. Calculate the percentage power saving when the carrier and one of the sidebands are
suppressed in an AM wave modulated to a depth of 100% and 50%.
8. What is vestigial side band? Explain the process of generation and detection of VSB
modulated wave using a carrier Ac cos(wct) .
9. Define analog Modulation and also, list different types of analog modulations. Also define
Modulating Signal, Carrier and Modulated Signals.
10. What is Guard band?
11. Compare SSB and VSB
12. With the help of waveforms and spectrum, describe the concept of Amplitude modulation
both in time domain and frequency domain.
13. Describe the coherent detection of DSB-SB modulated waves.
14. With necessary circuit diagram and waveforms, explain how DSB-SC wave is generated.
using: i) Balance Modulators and ii) Ring Modulator
When a broadcast AM transmitter is 50 percent modulated, its antenna current is 12 A. What
will be current when the modulation depth is increased to 0.9?
15. Describe the SSB in frequency domain and then explain how to generate SSB modulated
wave using frequency discrimination method. Also, list the advantages of SSB.
16. Describe the VSB in time domain and then explain any one method of generating VSB
modulated wave. b) Give the applications of AM-FC and VSB modulation schemes.
17. How AM is generated using square law modulator? Derive relevant expressions.
18. Explain the generation of double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation.
Write the necessary equations.
19. Explain the Frequency discrimination method for generating SSB signal.
20. Draw the circuit of PPM demodulator and explain the operation.
21. A modulating signal of 2 cos5000t is amplitude modulated over a carrier signal of
5cos20000t. Find the modulation index, LSB and USB frequencies, bandwidth and
the ratio of Side Band Power to the Total Power of AM wave.
22. Explain Armstrong method of generation of FM signal.
23. Distinguish between FM and PM by giving its mathematical analysis.
24. A transmitter radiates 15 kW without modulation and 20.125 kW after modulation.
Determine depth of modulation.
25. What are the disadvantages of DSB-FC.
26. An audio frequency signal 10 sin 2π500t is used to amplitude modulate a carrier
 of 50 sin 5π10t. Calculate
i. Modulation index
ii. Side band frequencies
iii. BW required
27. A modulating signal of 2 cos5000t is amplitude modulated over a carrier signal of
5cos20000t. Derive expressions for the modulation index, LSB and USB
frequencies, Bandwidth and the ratio of Side Band Power in the Total Power of
AM wave.
28. Explain the process of demodulating an AM wave using diode detector
29. Discuss the generation of SSB signal using phase discrimination method.
30. Explain the applications of different AM Systems
31. Derive the equation for AM wave. Plot the frequency spectrum of AM if the carrier is
of maximum amplitude 5V,100 KHz is simultaneously modulated by
 three modulating signals of amplitude 2V,5 KHz, 1.5V, 2KHz and 1 V,1 KHz
respectively Obtain AM modulated equation .Calculate bandwidth and effective
modulation index. Also draw line spectrum/frequency spectrum of the modulated
waveform
32. What is ISB. Comapre ISB and SSB.
33. If the signal v(t)=20 sin (2π*106t + 10 sin 2π*103t ) represents an FM signal.
Deteremine (i) The carrier frequency and modulating frequency
(ii) Modulation index
(iii) bandwidth required
(iv) Average power if the load resistance is 50 ohms.
Also write the expression for FM signal if modulating frequency is doubled.
34. prove that balanced modulator suppresses the carrier.
35. The antenna current of an AM transmitter, 30% modulated by a sine wave is 10 A. It
increases to 10.75 A while modulated by another sine wave simultaneously. What is the
modulation index due to the second wave?
36. The tuned circuit of the oscillator in an AM transmitter employs a 50μH coil and a
10nF capacitor. The output of the oscillator is modulated by speech signal frequencies up
to 4 kHz, what is the frequency range occupied by the sidebands
37. With the help of a block diagram, explain the phase shift method of SSB generation.
Derive the expression for the output voltage.
38. A transmitter with a 10KW carrier transmits 11.2 KW when modulated with a single
sine wave: - i) Calculate the modulation index. ii) If the carrier is also simultaneously
modulated with another sine wave at 50% modulation, calculate the total transmitted
power
39. List out the advantages and disadvantages of SSB.
40. Explain how to generate a VSB signal.
41. With help of the block diagram explain SSB reception using phasing method and
derive the expression for its final output.
42. With the help of a block diagram, explain the working of pilot carrier SSBtransmitter
and receiver.
43. .Draw the block diagram of SSB reception using third method (Weaver’s method).
Derive the expression of its output and explain the working principle.
44. Calculate the percentage power saving when the carrier and one of the sidebands are
suppressed in an AM wave with modulation index equal to (a) 1 and (b) 0.25.
45. With a block diagram explain ISB transmitter.State the advantages of SSB & ISB systems
46. Starting from the representation of sinusoidally modulated AM wave: - i) Find the
frequency spectrum for sinusoidal AM ii) Derive the equation for total transmitted power
 Module 3
47. Compare AM and FM with any 4 main points.
48. Define FM. Draw a neat FM waveform and derive the expression for FM
49. Explain about narrow band FM. How to generate NBFM. Draw its phasor diagram.
50. What are the different methods of producing FM wave?
51. Explain about pre-emphasis and de-emphasis.
52. Explain the indirect method of generation of FM wave and any one method of
demodulating an FM wave.
53. List the disadvantages of FM over AM.
54. In an FM system, if mf is doubled by halving the modulating frequency, what will be the
effect on the maximum deviation?
55. Discuss the generation of FM wave using direct method.
56. Draw the Phasor representation of FM noise.
57. Define Carrier swing and Frequency deviation.
58. Draw the block diagram of phase shift discriminator used in the detection of FM wave and
explain the functionality of each block.
59. Describe the operation of variable reactance type FM modulator
60. For an FM modulator with a modulating signal m(t)= Vm sin(300×103 t), the carrier Signal
Vc(t)=8 sin(6.5×106 t) and the modulator index = 2.
a) Derive the expression for sinusoidal PM and show the
equivalence between FMand PM.
61. (a) With neat circuit diagram explain the working of a Foster-Seeley discriminator.
Also draw the discriminator response (V/f).
(b) Describe the working of a varacter diode modulator in FM.
62. Distinguish between Narrow band FM over Wide band FM
63. A carrier of frequency 100 MHz is frequency modulated by a signal x(t)=20sin
(200x103t ). What is the bandwidth of the FM signal if the frequency sensitivity
of the modulator is 25 kHz per volt?
64.

65. Describe the working of simple slope detector and balanced slope detector.
66. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the working of a JFET reactance modulator.
67. A sinusoidal modulating waveform of maximum amplitude 4 V and a frequency of 1 KHz is applied
to an FM generator, which has a frequency deviation constant of 5000 Hz/volt. Calculate the
maximum frequency deviation, modulation index, and bandwidth.
68. Prove that the average power in an FM wave is equal to its un-modulated carrier power.
69. What is the bandwidth required for an FM wave in which the modulating frequency
signal is 2 kHz and the maximum frequency deviation is 12 kHz?
70. Explain the principle of Angle Modulation. Derive and explain phase deviation,
Modulation index, frequency deviation and percent modulation
71. Write a short note on effect of noise on FM signal. Also explain noise triangle.

Module 4
72. Draw the block diagram of a super heterodyne receiver and explain the working of each
block.
73. What is a broadcast receiver? Give the classification of receiver?
74. Define Sensitivity, Selectivity, fidelity, image rejection ratio and image frequency.
75. What is the image frequency and how does it arise? Why is the image frequency so important?
If the image-frequency rejection of a receiver is insufficient, what steps could be taken to improve it?
76. Draw the block diagram of FM receiver and explain each block, briefly.
77. Explain block diagram of TRF receiver. Also discuss its limitation.
78. What is the significance of AGC circuit? Differentiate between simple, delayed and
amplify AGC and explain the function with the help of neat diagram
79. Write in detail about the limiter used in FM receiver.
80. An AM radio uses a super heterodyne receiver. The mixer translates the carrier
frequency fc to fixed IF of 455 KHz by using a local oscillator fLO .The broadcast-band
frequencies range from 555 KHz to 1605 KHz.
(a) Determine the range of frequency tuning and capacitor tuning that must be provided in
the local oscillator (i) when fLO is higher than fc (ii) when fLO is lower than fc. Based on
the results obtained explain why the usual AM radio receiver uses fLO higher than fc.
81. Give reason for the occurrence of double spotting in AM receivers.
82. Explain the factors that affect the sensitivity and selectivity of a super heterodyne receiver.

83. A radio receiver is tuned to 750 KHz and its oscillator frequency is 925KHz. Calculate
image frequency.

84. In a broadcast superheterodyne receiver having no RF amplifier, the loaded Q of the

antenna coupling circuit is 150. If the IF is 455 kHz, calculate the image frequency and its
rejection ratio at 1400 kHz.
84.Two receivers A and B are available with the bandwidths of their AF amplifiers equal to 8
kHz and 15 kHz. Which one has better fidelity