Decision Making and Looping

REPETITION IN PROGRAMS
• In most software, the statements in the program
may need to repeat for many times.
– e.g., calculate the value of n!.
– If n = 10000, it’s not elegant to write the code
as 1*2*3*…*10000.
• Loop is a control structure that repeats a group
of statements in a program.
– Loop body stands for the repeated
statements.
• There are three C loop control statements:
– for, while and do-while.
 THE FOR STATEMENT IN C
• The syntax of for statement in C:
for (initialization ; test condition ;
increment/decrement)
{
body of the loop
}
• The initialization set the initial value of the loop
control variable.
• The test condition test the value of the loop control
variable.
• The increment/decrement update the loop control
variable.
EXAMPLE FOR “FOR” LOOP
• Consider the following segment of
program:
Initialization Test Update of
Of loop control Of loop control
condition
variable variable

for(x=1; x<=5 ; x++)

{
printf(“%d\n”,x);
}
TRACING OF LOOP
Iteration number value of x –value
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
1.PROGRAM TO PRINT N NATURAL
NUMBERS
1.PROGRAM TO PRINT N NATURAL
NUMBERS
main()
{
int i, N;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter the value of N \n”);
scanf(“%d”,&N);
for ( i=0 ; i<=N ; i++)
printf(“%d\n”,i);
getch();
}
2.WRITE A C –PROGRAM TO FIND SUM
OF N NATURAL NUMBERS
//c-program to find sum of N natural numbers

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int N,i,sum=0;
clrscr();
printf("enter the range ( 1 to N)\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",i);
sum=sum+i;
}
printf("\n sum of 1 to %d natural numbers is=%d",N,sum);
getch();
}
3.TO PRINT SUM OF EVEN NUMBERS
AND ODD NUMBERS FROM 1 TO N.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int N, i, esum=0,osum=0;
clrscr();
printf(“ Enter range (1 to N)\n");
scanf(“ %d", &N);
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
if(i%2==0)
esum=esum+i;
else
osum=osum+i;
}
printf("\nsum of even numbers form 1 to
%d=%d\n",N,esum);
printf("\nsum of odd numbers form 1 to
%d=%d\n",N,osum);
getch();
}
4.WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO GENERATE
AND PRINT ARMSTRONG NUMBERS
BETWEEN 100 TO 999
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
int N,d1,d2,d3,sum;
clrscr();
for(N=100;N<=999;N++)
{
d1=N/100;
d2=(N/10)%10;
d3=N%10;
sum=pow(d1,3)+pow(d2,3)+pow(d3,3);
if(sum==N)
printf("%d\n",N);
}
getch();
}
5.WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO FIND
FACTORIAL OF A GIVEN NUMBER N.
//c-program to find sum of N natural numbers

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int N,I,fact=1;
clrscr();
printf("enter a number\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
fact= fact * i;
}
printf("\n Factorial of given number %d=%d,N,fact);
getch();
}
WRITE A C-PROGRAMS TO EVALUATE
FOLLOWING SERIES
6. X=12 + 22 + 32 +--------+N2
7. y=22 + 42 + 62 +--------+N2
8. z=12 + 32 + 52 +--------+N2
9. P= 1+X+ X2 + X3 +------+ XN
WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO EVALUATE
FOLLOWING SERIES
X=12 + 22 + 32 +--------+N2
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int x=0,N,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of N\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
x=x+(i*i);
}
printf("sum=%d",x);
getch();
}
WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO
EVALUATE FOLLOWING SERIES

Y=22 + 42 + 62 +--------+N2
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int y=0,N,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of N\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
if(i%2==0)
y=y+(i*i);
}
printf("sum of sqaures of even numbers=%d",y);
getch();
}
WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO
EVALUATE FOLLOWING SERIES

Z=12 + 32 + 52 +--------+N2
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{int z=0,N,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of N\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
if(i%2!=0)
z=z+(i*i);
}
printf("sum of sqaures odd numbers=%d",z);
getch();
}
WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO EVALUATE
FOLLOWING SERIES
P= 1+X+ X2 + X3 +------+ XN
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
int p=1,N,i,x;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of X\n");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("Enter the value of N\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
p=p+pow(x,i);
}
printf("sum of sqaures odd numbers=%d",p);
getch();
}
10. Write a c-program to generate and
print first – N Fibonacci series
WHO WAS FIBONACCI?

• The "greatest European mathematician of the middle ages", his full name
was Leonardo of Pisa, or Leonardo Pisano in Italian since he was born in
Pisa,Italy
FIBONACCI'S MATHEMATICAL
CONTRIBUTIONS
• Introducing the Decimal Number
system into Europe
• Arithmetic with Roman Numerals
• Invented formulae Pi using the
Fibonacci numbers
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i,N,fib1=0,fib2=1,fib3;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the value of N\n\t");
scanf("%d", &N);
if( N<2)
Printf(“Fibonacci series does not exist \n”);
else
{
printf(“%d \n %d \n”, fib1, fib2);
for(i=3;i<=N;i++)
{
fib3=fib2+fib1;
printf("%d\n",fib3);
fib1=fib2;
fib2=fib3;
}}
getch();
}
Enter the value of N:5

i fib1 fib2 fib3

1 0 0 0

2 0 1 1

3 0 1 1

4 1 1 2

5 1 2 3

finally fib3 gives first-N Fibonacci series

11. Write to check whether the given
number is prime or not
• What is a Prime Number?

A positive integer >1

A number that has exactly two divisors, 1 and

itself

A number that cannot be factored

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int c,N,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter value of N\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
c=0;
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
if(N%i==0)
c++;
}
if(c==2)
printf("%d is a prime number",N);
else
printf("%d is not a prime number",N);
getch();
}
APPLICATIONS OF PRIME NUMBERS

• In information and network security

( encryption and decryption)
• Generation of mobile numbers
• ATM pin codes
• ATM card numbers
• Digital signature
WHILE LOOPING STATEMENT

• Basic form
while ( test condition)
{
body of the loop
}
Statement-x;
EXAMPLE FOR WHILE LOOP
i=0; Output:
0
while (i<=5) 1
2
{ 3
4
printf (“ %d\n,i); 5

i++;
}
printf(“End of while loop”);
WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO CHECK
WHETHER THE GIVEN NUMBER IS
PALINDROME OR NOT (4 DIGIT
NUMBER)
BACKGROUND: PALINDROME
NUMBER
• A palindrome number or numeral
palindrome is a 'symmetrical' number like
161, that remains the same when its digits
are reversed
• More examples:-
121,141,242,343-----etc
/* c-program to check whether the given
number is palindrome or not */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int N,rev=0,temp,digit;
clrscr();
printf("enter an integer\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
temp=N;
while(N>0)
{
digit= N%10;
rev= rev*10+digit;
N= N/10;
}
printf("given number is=%d\n",temp);
printf("its revers is=%d\n",rev);
if(temp==rev)
printf("Therefore number is a palindrome\n");
else
printf("Therefore number is not a palindrome\n");
getch();
}
WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO FIND
GCD AND LCM OF TWO
INTEGERS USING EUCLID’S
ALGORITHM. OUTPUT THE
RESULTS ALONG WITH GIVEN
INTEGERS.
EUCLID’S ALGORITHM
1. Take two integers m & n
2. store p=m and q=n
3. Find remainder m%n
4. Assign m=n
5. Assign n=m%n
6. Repeat step 3 to 5 upto n value becomes zero
7. m value will be the gcd
8. lcm= ( p*q) / gcd
 m n rem= m%n

2 3 2%3=2
3 2 3%2=1
2 1 2%1

1 0
When n=0, gcd=m=1;
Lcm= ( 2*3)/gcd=6
/* c-program to find gcd and lcm of two interger
numbers */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int m,n,gcd,lcm,rem,p,q;
clrscr();
printf("enter the number m and n\n");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
p=m;q=n;
while(n!=0)
{
rem=m%n;
m=n;
n=rem;
}
gcd=m;
printf("\ngcd of %d and %d is=%d\n",p,q,gcd);
lcm=(p*q)/gcd;
printf("\nlcm of %d and %d is=%d",p,q,lcm);
getch();
}
THE DO-WHILE STATEMENT

• Syntax:- do- while loop

do
{
body of the loop
}
while( test-condition);
statement-x;
EXAMPLE
• A simple example of a do-while loop
i=0;
Output:
do Enter a number 1
Enter a number 2
{ Enter a number 3
printf(“ Enter a number \n”); Enter a number 0

scanf(“%d”,&n); 4
i++;
}
while(n>0);
printf(“\n%d”,i);
TYPES OF
LOOPS
• Pre-test & post-test loops
• Event controlled and counter controlled
loops
 Pretest and Post-test Loops
We need to test for the end of a loop, but where
should we check it—before or after each
iteration? We can have either a pre- or a post-test
terminating condition.

In a pretest loop , the condition is checked at

the beginning of each iteration.

In a post-test loop, the condition is checked at

the end of each iteration.
 TYPES OF LOOPS

Pretest Loop
In each iteration, the control expression is tested
first. If it is true, the loop continues; otherwise,
the loop is terminated.
Post-test Loop
In each iteration, the loop actions are executed.
Then the control expression is tested. If it is true,
a new iteration is started; otherwise, the loop
terminates
PRE AND POST TEST LOOPS
 EVENT AND COUNTER-CONTROLLED
LOOPS

 Event Controlled Loops: Event or action is

changes the expression from true to false.
LOGIC FLOW OF EVENT CONTROLLED
LOOPS
 COUNTER CONTROLLED LOOPS
Counter Controlled Loops are used when we
know the number of times the loop is executed.
Number of times loop is executed is kept track by
the variable count.
If the loop is incremented then count will count
upwards.
If the loop is decremented the count will count
downwards.
COUNTER CONTROLLED LOOPS LOGIC
FLOW
 LOOPS IN C

C has three loop statements:-While, for

and do-while.
While and do-while are used in event
Controlled Loops.
Counter controlled Loops use the for
statement.
C LOOP CONSTRUCTS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FOR ,
WHILE AND DO-WHILE
for while do-while
Pre-test loop, Pre-test Post-test loop,
Counter controlled loop, event Event controlled
loop controlled loop loop
Syntax:- Syntax:- Syntax:-
When the condition When the condition When the condition
becomes false for very becomes false for becomes false for
first time , body of the very first time , very first time
loop will not be body of the loop ,Body of the loop
executed. will not be will be executed at
executed. least for one time,

Example:- Example:- Example:-

NESTED LOOPS
• Nested loops consist of an outer loop with one or
more inner loops.
• e.g.,
for (i=1;i<=100;i++)
Outer loop
{
for(j=1;j<=50;j++)
{ Inner loop
…
}
}
• The above loop will run for 100*50 iterations.
5-63
THE FOLLOWING WHILE LOOP
PRINTS, FOR AN INITIAL VALUE OF
C=2
do
{ Output:
printf(“%d”,c); 2211

printf(“%d”,c--);
} while( c);
A) 2 1 B) 2 1 0 C) 2210 D) 2211

From June /July 2009 question paper

A DO WHILE LOOP IS USEFUL WHEN WE
WANT TO EXECUTE THE STATEMENTS
WITHIN THE LOOP TO BE EXECUTED
Output:
A) Only once At least once

B) At least once
C) Atmost once
D) None of these

From dec-jan 09 paper

WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO ADD THE
DIGITS OF ANY GIVEN NUMBER.

EX:-FOR N= 12345,
SUM= 1+2+3+4+5=15
FROM DEC-JAN 2009
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i,N,sum=0,temp,digit;
clrscr();
printf("enter an integer\n");
scanf("%d",&N);
temp=N;
while(N>0)
{
digit=N%10;
sum=sum+digit;
N=N/10;
}
printf("Sum of digits of %d=%d",temp,sum);
getch();
}
HOW MANY TIMES THE STATEMENTS
IN THE LOOP WILL BE EXECUTED?

for ( i=0; i>1;i++) C) Zero times

{
statements;
}
A) 1 time B) 2 times C) Zero times D) Many times

From dec-jan 09
ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF FOR LOOP

1. One or more variable can be initialized at

a time in the for statement
j=1;
for ( i=1; i<=100 ;i++)
Can be rewritten as
for ( i=1, j=1; i<=100; i++)
* The multiple arguments in the for
statement are separated by commas
2. Like the initialization section, the increment section
may also have more than one part.
ex:-
for ( i=1, j=1; i<=100 ; i++, j++)

3. The test condition may have compound relation and

the testing need not be limited to the loop control
variable.
ex:-
sum=0;
for (i=1; i<20 && sum<=100; i++)
{
sum = sum + i;
printf (“%d %d \n”,i,sum);
}
4. It is also permissible to use expression in the
assignment statements of initialization and
increment section .
ex:-
for ( i= ( m + n)/2 ; i>0 ; i = i/2 )
5. Another unique aspect of for loop is that one
o more section can be omitted , if necessary ,
consider the following statements
i=5;
for( ; i!=100 ; )
{
printf (“ %d \n”,m);
i++;
}
6. We can setup time delay loops using
the null statement as follows
for( i=10 ; i>0 ; i- - )
;

* this loop is executed 1000

times without producing any output,
it simply causes time delay.
UNCONDITIONAL BRANCHING STATEMNTS

• break
• continue
• goto
JUMPS IN LOOP
• Jumping out of a loop
*Using break statement , example for
unconditional branching statement
* General form of break is
break;
* When the break statement is encountered
inside a loop , the loop is immediately
terminated and program continues with the
statement immediately following the loop
EXAMPLE FOR BREAK STATEMENT
• while ( test-condition)
{
s1;
s2;
if ( condition)
break;
exit s3;
From
loop s4;
}
s5;
JUMPING FROM INNER LOOP
• for (- - - - - - - ) outer loop
{
s1;
for ( - - - - - - - - ) Inner loop
{
s2;
if ( condition )
break;
Exit }
From s3;
Inner s4;
loop }
SKIPPING A PART OF A LOOP
• Using continue statement
• General from
continue;
• The continue statement tells the complier , “
SKIP THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS
AND CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT
ITERATION “
CONTINUE IN WHILE STATEMENT
• while ( test condition )
{
s1;
s2;
if( condition)
continue;
s3;
s4;
}
CONTINUE IN DO- WHILE STATEMENT
• do
{
s1;
s2;
if( condition)
continue;
s3;
s4;
}
while ( test condition);
WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO EVALUATE
FOLLOWING SERIES

E= 1+ (1 / 1! ) + (1 /2!) +-------+( 1 / N!)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int N,i,j,fact;
float e=1.0,term;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of N \n");
scanf("%d",&N); // read N value
for(i=1;i<=N;i++)
{
fact=1;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
fact=fact*j;
}
term=1.0/fact;
e=e+ term;
}
printf("e=%f",e);
getch();
}
WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO EVALUATE
FOLLOWING SERIES

E= 1+ (1 / 1! ) + (1 /2!) +-------UPTO ACC= 0.0001

#include<stdio.h> for (i=1;i<=100;i++)
{ fact=1;
#include<conio.h> for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
#define acc 0.001 {
fact=fact*j;
main()
}
{ term=1.0/fact;
int i,j,fact; e=e+term;
if(term<=acc)
float e=1.0,term; break;
clrscr(); }
printf("%d\n",i);
printf(“e=%f",e);
getch();
}
WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO
GENERATE N PRIME NUMBERS
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main( )
{
int i,N,c,j;
clrscr( );
printf("enter a number");
scanf("%d",&N);
printf("\nprime numbers from 1 to %d\n",N);
for ( i=1; i<=N; i++)
{
c=0;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
if(i%j==0)
c++;
}
if(c==2)
printf("%d\n",i);
}
getch( );
}
WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO
GENERATE PRIME NUMBERS
FROM N1 TO N2
• #include<stdio.h>
• #include<conio.h>
• int main( )
• {
• int i,N1,N2,c,j;
• //clrscr( );
• printf("enter a number");
• scanf("%d%d",&N1,&N2);
• printf("\nprime numbers from N1=%d to N2=
%d\n",N1,N2);
• for ( i=N1; i<=N2; i++)
• {
• c=0;
• for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
• {
• if(i%j==0)
• c++;
• }
• if(c==2)
• printf("%d\n",i);
• }
• getch( );
• }
WRITE A C-PROGRAM THAT WILL
READ A POSITIVE INTEGER AND
DETERMINE AND PRINTS ITS
BINARY EQUIVALENT
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
long base=1,N,rem,temp,bin=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the deciaml number ");
scanf("%ld",&N);
temp=N;
while(N>0)
{
rem=N%2;
N=N/2;
bin=bin+(base*rem);
base=base*10;
}
printf("Binary equivalent of %ld is:%ld",temp,bin);
getch();
}
WRITE A C-PROGRAM TO PRINT
FOLLOWING OUTPUT

*****
****
***
**
*
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,rows,k,s;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the vale of N\n");
scanf("%d",&rows);
s=rows+1;
for (i=rows ; i>0 ;i--)
{
for (j=1;j<=i; j++)
{
printf ("*");
}
printf ("\n");
for(k=1; k<=s-i; k++)
printf (" ");
}
getch ();
}
 To print following output
• 1
• 12
• 123
• 1234
• 12345
• #include<stdio.h>
• #include<conio.h>
• int main ()
• {
• int n,i,j;
• //clrscr();
• printf("Enter value of n:");
• scanf("%d",&n);
• for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
• for(j=1;j<=i;j++){
• printf("%d",(j));
• }
• printf("\n");
• }
• getch();
• }
 To print following output
• 1
• 22
• 333
• 4444
• 55555
• #include<stdio.h>
• #include<conio.h>
• int main ()
• {
• int n,i,j;
• //clrscr();
• printf("Enter value of n:");
• scanf("%d",&n);
• for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
• for(j=1;j<=i;j++){
• printf("%d",i);
• }
• printf("\n");
• }
• getch();
• }
 Pascal Triangle
• Enter the length of pascal's triangle : 5
• 1
• 121
• 12321
• 1234321
• 123454321
• #include<stdio.h>
• int main(){
• int length,i,j,k;

• //Accepting length from user

• printf("Enter the length of pascal's triangle : ");
• scanf("%d",&length);

• //Printing the pascal's triangle

• for(i=1;i<=length;i++) {
• for(j=1;j<=length-i;j++)
•
• printf(" ");
• for(k=1;k<i;k++)
• printf("%d",k);
• for(k=i;k>=1;k--)
• printf("%d",k);
• printf("\n");
• }
• getch();
• return 0;
• }