LESSON 1: RULES OF THE GAME

In the Reading test, you will read a variety of texts and answer several different types of reading
comprehension questions The entire Reading test will last _______ minutes. There are ______ parts, and
directions are given for each part You are encouraged to answer as many questions as possible within the
time allowed You must mark your answers on the separate answer sheet Do not write your answers in your
test book.

Part 5: Incomplete Sentences

Directions: A word or phrase is missing in each of the following sentences. Four answer choices are given
below each sentence. Select the best answer to complete the sentence. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or
(D) on your answer sheet.

1. A late fee will be applied to your account _____ 4. Ms Ikeda and Mr Arroyo are the final candidates
payment is not received by March 31. under _______ for the position of director of
(A) and development.
(B) whether (A) consideration
(C) but (B) elimination
(D) if (C) recognition
(D) confirmation
2. The award is given to an individual who has
made _______ contributions to the community
through volunteer work. 5. Of the two animated films released today, ____
(A) detailed is certain to be popular with children, while the
(B) significant other will appeal more to adults.
(C) secure (A) neither
(D) updated (B) it
(C) one
3. Last year, Andrea Choi _______ the Choi (D) another
Economic Research Center at Upton University.
(A) to establish
(B) established
(C) was established
(D) establishing

As you can see, in order to answer the questions in part 5 of the Reading test, you have to know a lot about
___________________ and _________________. These topics are going to be studied in the Use of English
Section of the material.

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 Part 6: Text Completion

Directions: Read the texts that follow. A word or phrase is missing in some of the sentences. Four answer
choices are given below each of the sentences. Select the best answer to complete the text. Then mark the
letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer sheet.

To: All Employees

From: Camille Raynes
Date: December 14
Re: Performance bonus

Dear Employees,

As you know, the past year was a great success for us. To reward you for your excellent performance,
the Board of Directors has approved a bonus for all employees. This bonus will be _______ in your next
paycheck.

1. (A) involved
(B) joined
(C) composed
(D) included

_________, we are now calculating wage increases for the upcoming year. Each employee’s performance

2. (A) Instead
(B) In addition
(C) Beforehand
(D) Otherwise

will be examined carefully as we determine the appropriate increase. All full-time employees are eligible for
this increase. Your supervisor __________ you of the amount of your increase during the first week of
January.

3. (A) informed
(B) to inform
(C) will inform
(D) was informing

Thank you again for making last year such a success!

Sincerely,

Camille Raynes
Human Resources

As you can see, in order to answer the questions in part 6 of the Reading test, you have to know a lot about
grammar and vocabulary. These topics are going to be studied in the Use of English Section of the material.

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 Part 7: Reading Comprehension

Directions: In this part you will read a selection of texts, such as magazine and newspaper articles, letters,
and advertisements Each text is followed by several questions Select the best answer for each question and
mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer sheet.

1. What is the purpose of the notice?

(A) To announce a sale of artwork
(B) To advertise the opening of a hotel
(C) To offer a discount on painting lessons
(D) To publicize a photography exhibition

2. According to the notice, what can people do online?

(A) Purchase selected items
(B) Order tickets to an event
(C) Register for art classes
(D) View some pieces of art

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3. Why did Simon Jenkins write to Jeanne Sokol?
(A) To thank her for visiting a restaurant
(B) To apologize for poor service
(C) To inquire about her dining experience
(D) To invite her to an awards dinner

4. In the letter, the word “reservation” in paragraph 1, line 5, is closest in meaning to

(A) hesitation
(B) supply
(C) doubt
(D) appointment

5. What is suggested about Jeanne Sokol?

(A) She has recently traveled to Manchester
(B) She spoke to Simon Jenkins on the telephone
(C) She wrote a letter of complaint
(D) She frequently dines in London

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6. What is Simon Jenkins offering?
(A) A refund on a previous purchase
(B) A discount on a future purchase
(C) Replacement of a damaged product
(D) Special assistance in ordering a product

7. Where does Simon Jenkins most likely work?

(A) In Manchester
(B) In Brighton
(C) In Birmingham
(D) In London

As you can see, in order to answer the questions in part 7 of the Reading test, you have to improve your
reading comprehension skills. We are going to do this in this section of the material.

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 LESSON 2: TEXT TYPES
In Part 7 of the Reading Test, you will encounter different types of passages. Knowing how a passage is
organized can help you find the information you need to answer questions quickly.
Read the sample passages below. Then match the sample passages to the passage types in the box.

GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE – ADVERTISEMENT – NOTICE – ARTICLE –

INTRUCTIONS – FORM – GRAPHICAL TEXT

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Let’s study each type of passage in details:

LETTERS

GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE
Letters are usually formal and are used for official communication outside
of the company.
E-MAILS
E-mail are typically nformal and are used for communications within the
company.
MEMOS
Memos are usually addressed to multiple people at the same company
ADVERTISEMENTS
Provide information about products or services
Often include information about special events, such as sales or grand openings

NOTICES
Announce special problems/warnings or information about upcoming events

Often posted in public places, such as libraries, community centers, or

bookstores
ARTICLES
Texts that appear in newspapers or magazines
May include the results of studies
Often describe news about businesses or community members
INSTRUCTIONS
Provide information about using a product or service or how to do something,
such as applying for a position
FORMS
Often include information that is completes by a customer or an evaluator
May consist of customer surveys, warranty registrations and employee
evaluations
GRAPHICAL TEXTS
May include both text and charts, tables, graphs and schedules
May give information on a variety of topics, such as sales figures and consumer
preferences
Describe when and where events will take place

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 LESSON 3: MAIN IDEA
QUESTIONS
In part 7, main idea questions ask you about the main themes of the reading passage. Main idea questions
are usually the first in a question set. Expect to see no more than one main idea question per passage. You
will encounter different subtypes of main idea questions. The chart shows different types of main idea
questions.

Check these tips to help you in main idea questions:

• Know where to look for the main idea. Depending on the passage type, you should be able to find
the information you need to answer this question type by skimming a specific part of the passage.

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 • The correct answer option is likely to contain reworded, or paraphrased, information from the
passage.

• Eliminate answer options that focus on minor details. Main idea questions are always about the
entire passage, not just one or two points. Therefore, if you see an answer option that mentions only
a minor detail, you should eliminate it.

• For main idea questions about place, pay attention to letterheads, addresses, and job titles. The
letterhead is the information about the business sending the correspondence. A letterhead typically
includes the company’s name and address. This chart includes information about letterheads,
addresses, and titles and where to find them in passages.

• For main idea questions about purpose, think about who the writer and the audience are. By
understanding who is probably writing the passage and the intended recipient, you will be able to
eliminate answer choices that are illogical. For example, if the passage is a memo written by a staff
coordinator to employees, it is unlikely that the purpose of the memo is to advertise a new product.
You should also look for key phrases that signal purpose in passages.

I’m writing to (ask / inform / inquire)…

I wanted to alert you that…
I need to (explain / clarify / describe)…
This letter serves as notice that….

Let’s try this exercise to make sure you got the main idea of the lesson:

Read part of a passage. Check ✔ one main idea and make na X next to three minor ideas.

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1. Read the sample passage. Underline one sentence that signals the author’s purpose. The answer the
question.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between Mr. Griffin and Mr. King?

a) professor-student b) employer-job candidate c) writer-employee

2. What’s the purpose of the letter?

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 a) To request a copy of the invoice
b) To correct a billing error
c) To complain about the quality of a product
d) To confirm an online order

1. What is the purpose of this article?

a) to announce the opening of a new art gallery
b) to bring public attention to Wahlers and her work
c) to advertise Wahler’s newest art exhibition
d) to encourage readers to enroll in Wahler’s art class

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2. Why did Jane Fieldstone write to Mr. Barnes?
a) to offer him a job
b) to say yes to a job offer
c) to refuse a job
d) to request a job interview

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3. What is the purpose of this notice?
a) to publicize a conference
b) to stress the importance of energy conservation
c) to summarize the outcomes of the conference
d) to protest a conference

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4. What is the purpose of this note?
a) to advertise rooms to rent
b) to introduce students to their future living situation
c) to sell beds
d) to promote living on campus

5. Why did Kent Pedersen write to Jennifer Stein?

a) to thank her for staying at his hotel
b) to inquire about her stay
c) to ask her to take a survey
d) to apologize for poor service

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6. What does this advertisement offer?
a) a free trip with the purchase of an Emit Express Card
b) $99 worth of credit on a Emit Express Card
c) Two tickets for $99 each
d) One ticket for $99 along with another ticket at full price

7. What is the purpose of this letter?

a) to report an insurance payout
b) to acquire travel insurance
c) to make an insurance claim
d) to respond to a question

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8. Why was this e-mail sent?
a) to offer a service
b) to answer an enquiry
c) to recommend accommodation
d) to acknowledge a booking

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 LESSON 4: DETAIL QUESTIONS
Detail questions ask about specific information from the passage. They are the most common type of
question in Part 7 and are used for all of the passages types. You may encounter between one and three
detail questions per passage. There are two different subtypes of detail questions. This chart has more
information on the subtypes.

Check these tips to help you in detail questions:

• Read the questions first, paying special attention to key words. By reading the questions first, you
will know what information you need in order to choose the answer. Then you can scan the passage
and quickly find the key words.

• For negative fact questions, watch out for lists. The answer choices for negative fact questions are
often based on lists, and the fact or detail is NOT mentioned in the list in the correct answer.

• Train your eyes to see negative words like NOT and NO. Whenever you see one of these words, slow
down and read carefully. Watch for other negative words, such as NEVER, NONE or NOTHING and
negative prefixes like UN-.

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 1. In each list, check the items that are mentioned in the passage

2. Max was not instructed to buy which of the following items?

a) printer ink
b) envelopes
c) printer paper
d) pens

3. What does Max not need to do?

a) provide the receipt

b) get a special deal
c) get a reimbursement
d) leave the receipt and a purchase form on the desk

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4. Why is the company unable to return application materials to job applicants?

a) The materials become property of the company once submitted.

b) The company receives too many materials to return them all.
c) The materials are sent to different departments within the company.
d) The company needs the materials to make hiring decisions.

5. Which of the following is not true about Mr. Jackson?

a) He will personally contact Mr. Henley with a job offer.

b) He works in the Human Resources Department.
c) He regularly receives applications for employment.
d) He is unable to answer questions about an application status.

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Try these detail questions about some of the same texts we studied for main idea questions now.

1. What is something that Wahlers would not paint?

a) a fields of sunflowers
b) a busy street in Manchester
c) a bowl of fruit
d) a self-portrait

2. What triggered Wahler’s appreciation for flowers?

a) Her first true love always gave her flowers.
b) There are a lot of them in her native country.
c) Paintings of flowers are the biggest money earners.
d) It is a subject she studied in art school.

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3. How did Jane learn she got the job?
a) Mr. Barns told her at the end of the interview.
b) Mr. Barnes sent her an email.
c) Mr. Barnes called her.
d) She received a letter in the mail.

4. What does Jane tells Mr. Barnes?

a) She will only take the job if her salary is raised to $30,000.
b) She wants to meet with him to discuss her health and life insurance.
c) She is nervous to join such a successful company.
d) She is grateful for and happy to have this opportunity.

5. What does Jane request of Mr. Barnes?

a) that he tells her what he needs from her.
b) that she doesn’t start until July 1.
c) that he gives her more information.
d) that he forwards her important company emails.

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6. Who is organizing the conference?
a) small businesses
b) the Washington State Convention and Trade Center
c) the city of Seattle
d) the U.S. Department of Energy and its Prime Contractors

7. What should attendees mention when calling to get a hotel room?

a) They are with the Small Business Conference
b) They need more information about the lodging
c) They need directions to the Convention and Trade Center
d) Their level of interest in the seminar

8. What are plenary sessions?

a) the main seminars on the topic
b) a particularly interesting aspect
c) ways businesses can access procurements
d) types of government

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9. Why would you write an email to Sheryl Backstrom?
a) to complain about your bed size
b) to get a meal contract
c) to ask for a different bed
d) to retrieve your standard bed

10. What are optional?

a) Venetian blinds
b) Answering machines
c) Windows
d) Voicemail systems

11. Why should students wait to buy curtains?

a) They don’t know what size to purchase.
b) They already have Venetian blinds.
c) Not all rooms have windows.
d) They may not be allowed.

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12. What is Kent Pedersen offering?
a) a refund for her previous stay
b) another hotel recommendation
c) a free stay and meal
d) a discounted lunch

13. What time could Jennifer Stein eat her complimentary breakfast?
a) anytime she chooses
b) at the time selected by Kent Pedersen
c) at the time of her wake-up call
d) at the scheduled food delivery time

14. What is the significance of June 21, 2015?

a) It is the day for which Jennifer Stein has reserved a room.
b) It is the day the voucher becomes valid.
c) It is the day that Jennifer Stein complained about.
d) It is the last day the voucher can be used.

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 LESSON 5: INFERENCE
QUESTIONS
Inference questions ask about information that is strongly implied in the passage. The correct answers for
inference questions are not stated directly. However, the passage will provide enough information for you to
draw the correct conclusion. There are two different subtypes of inference questions. The chart gives more
information on the subtypes.

Check these tips to help you in inference questions:

• Pay attention to information about dates and locations. Inference questions often use specific
information about dates and locations in the passage. You will then have to choose an answer option
that generalizes that specific information. For example, the passage may give the exact date that an
event is taking place. The correct answer may then involve determining that something took place
before or after the date given.

• Make sure your answer choice is supported by information in the passage. Although the passage
won’t give you the answer directly, it will provide enough clues for you to be able to choose the
correct answer. If you can’t find information to support your answer, reconsider your choice.

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1. Check each correct inference and underline the information in the brochure that supports the
statement.

2. Who is the webpage meant for?

a) Web designers
b) Job hunters
c) Business executives
d) Real estate agents

3. What is probably true about people who are contacted by recruiters?

a) They posted their résumés on the website.
b) They signed up for the monthly newsletter.
c) They set their preferences on the website.
d) They live in one of the preferred cities.

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At the little town of Vevey, in Switzerland, there is a particularly comfortable hotel. There are, indeed,
many hotels, for the entertainment of tourists is the business of the place, which, as many travelers will
remember, is seated upon the edge of a remarkably blue lake—a lake that it behooves every tourist to
visit. The shore of the lake presents an unbroken array of establishments of this order, of every
category, from the "grand hotel" of the newest fashion, with a chalk-white front, a hundred balconies,
and a dozen flags flying from its roof, to the little Swiss pension of an elder day, with its name inscribed
in German-looking lettering upon a pink or yellow wall and an awkward summerhouse in the angle of
the garden. One of the hotels at Vevey, however, is famous, even classical, being distinguished from
many of its upstart neighbors by an air both of luxury and of maturity. In this region, in the month of
June, American travelers are extremely numerous; it may be said, indeed, that Vevey assumes at this
period some of the characteristics of an American watering place. There are sights and sounds which
evoke a vision, an echo, of Newport and Saratoga. There is a flitting hither and thither of "stylish" young
girls, a rustling of muslin flounces, a rattle of dance music in the morning hours, a sound of high-pitched
voices at all times. You receive an impression of these things at the excellent inn of the "Trois
Couronnes" and are transported in fancy to the Ocean House or to Congress Hall. But at the "Trois
Couronnes," it must be added, there are other features that are much at variance with these
suggestions: neat German waiters, who look like secretaries of legation; Russian princesses sitting in the
garden; little Polish boys walking about held by the hand, with their governors; a view of the sunny crest
of the Dent du Midi and the picturesque towers of the Castle of Chillon.
Adapted from "Daisy Miller: A Study" by Henry James, 1879.

1. What can readers infer about the tourists who come to Vevey, Switzerland?

a) They are unsophisticated

b) They are Canadian
c) They are retired
d) They are wealthy

If you wanted to build a house, of what should you build it? In a new country, people generally use
wood; but after a time wood grows expensive. Moreover, wood catches fire easily; therefore, as a
country becomes more thickly settled and people live close together in cities, stone and brick are used.
Large cities do not allow the building of wooden houses within a certain distance from the center, and
sometimes even the use of wooden shingles is forbidden. Of late years large numbers of "concrete" or
"cement" houses have been built. Our grandfathers would have opened their eyes wide at the
suggestion of a house built of sand, and would have felt anxious at every rainfall lest their homes should
suddenly melt away. Even after thousands of concrete buildings were in use, many people still feared
that they would not stand the cold winters and hot summers of the United States; but it has been
proved that concrete is a success provided it is properly made.
From Diggers in the Earth by Eva March Tappan (1919)

2. What can we infer about concrete, based on this passage?

a) Concrete is weaker than wood

b) Concrete can last longer than wood
c) Sand is one of the ingredients of concrete
d) Concrete is more expensive than wood

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 The history of Greece goes back to the time when people did not know how to write, and kept no
record of what was happening around them. For a long while the stories told by parents to their children
were the only information which could be had about the country and its former inhabitants; and these
stories, slightly changed by every new teller, grew more and more extraordinary as time passed. At last
they were so changed that no one could tell where the truth ended and fancy began.
The beginning of Greek history is therefore like a fairy tale; and while much of it cannot, of course,
be true, it is the only information we have about the early Greeks.
Adapted from The Story of the Greeks by H.A. Guerber (1896)

3. Based on this passage, what can readers infer about fairy tales?

a) They are commonly told at bedtime

b) They contain unbelievable events
c) They are realistic
d) They are only written in Greek

Pauline looked through the picket fence and scowled.

"Oh, those poor little rabbits!" she whispered to herself. "I don't believe that boy has fed them this
morning. And now he's gone off to play ball. It is a shame!" She glanced under the grape arbor, where
some chickweed was growing luxuriantly, and for a minute she hesitated. The next, she was down
among the chickweed, pulling it up by the handful.
She approached the fence again, looked cautiously around, to make sure nobody was in sight, and
then thrust the green stuff between the pickets.
That first time of Pauline's feeding the rabbits was followed by a second and a third, and finally it
came to be a common thing for her to peer through the fence to see if they were supplied with food,
and if not to carry them a good meal.
Adapted from Dew Drops by Emma C. Dowd (1914)

4. Based on the passage, what inference can be made about Pauline?

a) She is smart
b) She is caring
c) She is unhelpful
d) She is greedy

John Scott and Philip Lannes walked together down a great boulevard of Paris. The young American's
heart was filled with grief and anger. The Frenchman felt the same grief, but mingled with it was a
fierce, burning passion, so deep and bitter that it took a much stronger word than anger to describe it.
Both had heard that morning the mutter of cannon on the horizon, and they knew the German
conquerors were advancing. They were always advancing. Nothing had stopped them. The metal and
masonry of the defenses at Liège had crumbled before their huge guns like china breaking under stone.
The giant shells had scooped out the forts at Maubeuge, Maubeuge the untakable, as if they had been
mere eggshells, and the mighty Teutonic host came on, almost without a check.
The Forest of the Swords: A Story of Paris and the Marne, by Joseph A. Altshelter (1915)

5. What can we infer about the setting of the story?

a) The story takes place during in the future

b) The story takes place during a war
c) The story takes place after the war is over
d) The story takes place during peacetime

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 LESSON 6: VOCABULARY
QUESTIONS
Vocabulary questions ask you to choose the answer option that has the same meaning as a word or phrase
from the passage. The question will provide the word in quotation marks and will give you the line where
that word can be found in the passage. In text with more than one paragraph, you may be given both the
paragraph and line number.

Check these tips to help you in vocabulary questions:

• Find the word in the passage. The question will tell you the line or the paragraph and line where
the word can be found. Once you have located the word, read the sentence that it appears in as
well as the surrounding sentences, paying special attention to any context clues that will help you
understand the definition of the word. The chart has some helpful tips for using context clues.

• If you aren’t sure about the correct answer for a vocabulary question, try each answer option in
place of the given vocabulary word. Yu should eliminate any answer options that do not support
the main ideas of the passage or are illogical when placed in the passage.

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1. In the first review, the word “sanitize” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
a) fill
b) stain
c) replace
d) clean

2. In the first review, the word “shortcoming” in line 8 is closest in meaning to

a) limitation
b) danger
c) advantage
d) excess

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Artificial intelligence has gotten smart at certain tasks. AI has defeated world champions in chess, Go,
and now poker. But does artificial intelligence actually think?
The answer is complicated, largely because intelligence is complicated. One can be book-smart, street-
smart, emotionally gifted, wise, rational, or experienced; it’s rare and difficult to be intelligent in all of
these ways. Intelligence has many sources and our brains don’t respond to them all the same way. Thus,
the quest to develop artificial intelligence begets numerous challenges, not the least of which is what
we don’t understand about human intelligence.

1. What word is the closest in meaning to "begets" in line 6?

a) raises
b) incites
c) follows
d) decides

Steve Jobs (1955 - 2011), a co-founder of Apple Computers, was a technological visionary. Unlike his
major competitor, Bill Gates and the team at Microsoft, Jobs did not get his start as a computer
programmer. He did have some electronics training and helped to build the first Apple computers, but
the programming expertise came from his partner, Steve Wozniak.
His real talent came in seeing the possibilities behind technology, and, in particular, how the consumer
would react to technology. For example, he was instrumental in making the first visual computer
desktop while Microsoft was still using the command prompt for computer instructions. His vision
extended to the look of Apple's products; he insisted on the rounded corners and intuitive interfaces
such as the one button mouse of Apple products.
His vision was contrary to the vision of Microsoft. While Microsoft eclipsed Apple in computer sales,
Apple soon became the world's leading technology company with the introduction of products such as
the iPod, the Apple Store to purchase media, and the hugely successful iPhone. Jobs believed that the
consumer wanted products that just worked, and products which worked seamlessly together in an
Apple environment.

2. The word "instrumental" in the sixth line is closest in meaning to:

a) musical
b) essential
c) logical
d) profitable

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The Creators of Grammar

No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing word
sequences and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we are able to communicate tiny
variations in meaning. We can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken
place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks to convey subtle differences in
meaning. Nor is this complexity inherent to the English language. All languages, even those of so-called
'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components. The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can
distinguish between 'you and I', 'several other people and I' and 'you, another person and I'. In English,
all these meanings are summed up in the one, crude pronoun 'we'. Grammar is universal and plays a
part in every language, no matter how widespread it is. So the question which has baffled many
linguists is - who created grammar?

At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. To find out how grammar is created,
someone needs to be present at the time of a language's creation, documenting its emergence. Many
historical linguists are able to trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to
answer the question of how complex languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe
how languages are started from scratch. Amazingly, however, this is possible.
Some of the most recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from a
number of different ethnicities were forced to work together under colonizer's rule. Since they had no
opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a make-shift language called
a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner. They have little in the
way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when an event happened, and
who did what to whom. Speakers need to use circumlocution in order to make their meaning
understood. Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group
of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue. Slave children did not
simply copy the strings of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new,
expressive language. Complex grammar systems which emerge from pidgins are termed creoles, and
they are invented by children.

Further evidence of this can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. Sign languages are not
simply a series of gestures; they utilise the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken
languages. Moreover, there are many different languages used worldwide. The creation of one such
language was documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, all deaf people were isolated from
each other, but in 1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf. Although children were
taught speech and lip reading in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign
system, using the gestures that they used at home. It was basically a pidgin. Each child used the signs
differently, and there was no consistent grammar. However, children who joined the school later, when
this inventive sign system was already around, developed a quite different sign language. Although it
was based on the signs of the older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and
compact, and it utilised a large range of grammatical devices to clarify meaning. What is more, all the
children used the signs in the same way. A new creole was born.

Some linguists believe that many of the world's most established languages were creoles at first. The
English past tense –ed ending may have evolved from the verb 'do'. 'It ended' may once have been 'It
end-did'. Therefore it would appear that even the most widespread languages were partly created by
children. Children appear to have innate grammatical machinery in their brains, which springs to life
when they are first trying to make sense of the world around them. Their minds can serve to create
logical, complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to copy.

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3. 'From scratch' in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to:

a) from the very beginning

b) in simple cultures
c) by copying something else
d) by using written information

4. 'Make-shift' in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to:

a) complicated and expensive

b) simple and temporary
c) extensive and diverse
d) private and personal

5. Look at the word 'consistent' in paragraph 4. This word could best be replaced by which of the
following?

a) natural
b) predictable
c) imaginable
d) uniform

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LESSON 7: PART 7 – PRACTICE I

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LESSON 8: PART 7 – PRACTICE II

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LESSON 9: PART 7 – PRACTICE III

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