Dynamic analysis 2021-2022

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General:

Earthquake in general had a long history of deadly devastations in the past. Every year all
over the world number of earthquake strikes the earth with low and high intensities.
Earthquakes are most unpredictable and devastating of all natural disasters. Earthquakes
are vibrations or oscillations of ground surface caused by temporary disturbance of the
elastic or gravitational equilibrium of the rocks at or beneath the surface of the earth. This
disturbances and movements cause elastic impulses or waves. These waves are known as
seismic waves and classified as body waves- travels within the body of earth and surface
waves- over the surface of the earth. Earthquakes can be measured in terms of energy
release i.e., measuring amplitude, frequency, and location of seismic waves and also by
evaluating intensity i.e., considering the destructive effect of shaking ground on people,
structures and natural features. Intensity is measured on modified Mercalli intensity scale.
Based on the peak ground acceleration or movement there are certain zones of the earth,
named as seismic zones. In India there are four zones, II, III, IV, V – last one being the
most devastating. The Indian subcontinent has a history of earthquakes. The reason for the
intensity and high frequency of earthquakes is the Indian plate driving into Asia at a rate of
approximately 47 mm/year.
Structural Analysis deals with analyzing the internal force in the members of the structures.
Structural design deals with sizing various members of the structures to resist the internal
force to which they are subjected in the course of their life cycle. Unless proper structural
detailing material is adopted the structural design will be no more effective. The Indian
code of practice should be thoroughly implemented for proper analysis, design and
detailing with respect to safety, economy, stability and strength. All the theoretical
knowledge on analysis and design acquired during the course are utilized with practical
application. The main objective of the project work is to acquire in depth knowledge in the
practical aspects of earthquake resistant building design.

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1.2 Objectives of the project

The specific objectives of the project work are:
-Learn the concept of lateral and vertical loading on the building.
-Learn the functions of software for analysis as well as codes for vertical and lateral
Loading.
- Identification of structural arrangement of plan.
-Modeling of the building for structural analysis.
-Detail structural analysis using structural analysis program.
-Sectional design of structural components.
-Structural detailing of members and the system.

1.3. Scope of the project

-Dynamic analysis.
-Lateral load is considered only for earthquake load and calculated by
response spectra method.
-Design and detailing of typical elements of following structural members
is performed:
1. Slab
2. Beam
3. Column
4. Shear wall
-The project does not take into account the existing soil condition of the
locality and soft soil are assumed.
-The bearing capacity of soil is assumed as 130kN/m2.
-Soil foundation is assumed to be rigid.
This paper is focused on the seismic analysis of a regular and irregular building
which of G+11. The seismic analysis is done by using Response Spectrum Analysis method
and dynamic analysis. This analysis is done in ETABS-18 software. All the loads and
conditions are taken as per IS 1893:2016. In this irregular building mostly plan irregularity
is being considered. The entire modelling, analysis and design are carried out using ETABS
software itself. The plan of the regular and irregular building is drawn in AutoCAD
software and the imported to the ETABS software.

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1.4. Limitations of the project

Due to various constrictions prevailing in the course of the project work, the study is limited
in following notable aspects:
- As the project is meant for learning every possible circumstance that may appear in the
field, so the work includes every possible architectural difficulty. However, every possible
effort is made for a real work scenario.
- Early feasibility of the project is assumed to be done.
-Building is not modified architecturally.

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CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Aranda (1984)
The comparison of ductility demands between regular & irregular structures had been
studied by Aranda by using different ground motions values recorded on the soft soil.
During the comparison between these structures, He concluded that there is higher
ductility demands for regular structures than that of irregular ones

(Md. Arman Chowdhury and Wahid Hassan, (2013)

A 20 storied residential building and has been Considered and modeled by Arman
Chowdary et.al to analyses under two methods i.e., Response Spectrum method and Time
History method. “Comparative study is done by using Dynamic Analysis of Multi-story
Irregular building”. The building plan is altering in different floors because it is an
irregular building. The maximum displacements of building in different stores in both and
Y direction for the both methods of analysis i.e., response spectrum and time history
methods have been compared.

Himanshu Bansal (2014)

Himanshu Bansal performed an analysis by using two methods i.e. Response spectrum
analysis and Time history Analysis on building with vertical Irregularity. Here the
irregularities considered are stiffness irregularity, vertical geometry irregularity and mass
irregularity, He observed that there is a maximum story base shear force in the first story
of a building and shear force decreases in the top most story minimum all the cases.

Ravikumar C M et al., (2012)

Ravikumar C M et al., (2012) has conducted different seismic analysis approaches using
Equivalent static method, Response Spectrum Analysis & Pushover analysis. And seismic
analysis of buildings with two types of irregularities in the building models namely plan
irregularity with geometric and diaphragm discontinuity and vertical irregularity with a
setback type on sloping ground. The performances of all the models except the building
models on the sloping ground lies in between the safety of life. It suggested that such

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buildings resting on sloping ground are more vulnerable to earthquake than the other
types of the models.

Rahul Ghosh & Debbarma

Rahul Ghosh & Debbarma., (2017) has conducted different seismic analysis approaches
using Equivalent static force method, response spectrum method and time history method.
The responses have been noted for open ground storeyed setback building and has
suggested to relieve soft storey effect by using three techniques. The techniques used are
infill wall, reinforced concrete-filled steel tube column (RCFSTC) and shear wall.

Kolasani Rajasekhar & Maganti Janardhana, (2019)

Kolasani Rajasekhar & Maganti Janardhana, (2019) has studied the behavior of an RC
framed building resting on plain ground and resting on the sloping ground including the
effect of infill wall stiffness and compared the dynamic response of buildings resting on
sloping ground as well as plain ground.

G Ajay & A.Gouthami, (2019)

G Ajay & A.Gouthami, (2019)has conducted the seismic performance of reinforced
concrete regular and vertical irregular frame with and without a shear wall on sloping and
surface ground with the help of Response spectrum analysis and Time history analysis.
They also compared the results obtained by both the approaches to determine the reaction
of regular and vertical irregular frame configurations.

Apurva Arjun Gaikwad & Atul B. Pujari., (2019)

Apurva Arjun Gaikwad & Atul B. Pujari., (2019) has carried out Response Spectrum
analysis and Time History analysis on Low, Medium, and high rise building on the
different types of sloping ground as well as plain ground. And they compared the results
in terms of dynamic response in different sloping conditions

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Das et al., (2020)

Das et al., (2020) has evaluated the seismic behaviors of various type of irregular
structure which is having irregularity in plan and vertical irregularity. A large number of
failures have occurred due to the presence of asymmetry and irregularity in structures due
to the effect of past earthquakes. This study provides a critical review on the seismic
behavior of structures with asymmetry and irregularity conditions of a building.

Anirudh Raajan et al., (2021)

Anirudh Raajan et al., (2021) has studied the effect of irregularity of mass at every storey
for 3 different zones (zone III, zone IV, zone V) and studied the Storey Drift and Storey
displacement in different seismic zones at different storey of the building.

Anjeet Singh Chauhan & Rajiv Banerjee., (2021)

Anjeet Singh Chauhan & Rajiv Banerjee., (2021) has studied the structure irregularities
which are considered as one of the main fundamentals of the failure of the structure. The
structures are having different irregularities such as vertical, mass, stiffness, diaphragm,
strength, torsional irregularity, etc.

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CHAPTER-3
MODELING
3.1 Modelling of the building
The modelling of a G+11 regular and irregular building is being done using the ETABS
software. The geometrical properties of the Regular and irregular building being analyzed.
The structural material under consideration is to be isotropic and homogenous. The joint
between the irregular building elements is considered by using a diaphragm as constraints.
The Response Spectrum Analysis has been carried out for fixed base.

Regular building Irregular building

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3.2. Data collection

The data for the preliminary design is taken according to the deflection criterion
specified by the code. Generally, for beam, preliminary design can be done
according to deflection criteria. And for slab, preliminary design is done
according to minimum section criteria (min. section should not be less than
100mm) and slab thickness should be equal to (effective length/32) for tor steel,
whichever is maximum. Preliminary design of column is done considering an
interior column. The rectangular section is generally preferred in the building
structure. The bearing capacity of the soil assumed.
The following data are used for this project work:
Concrete grade: M25
Steel grade: fe500(main reinforcement bar )
Fe 415 (tor steel)
Live loads: as per code (IS 875: 1987 part -2)
Dead loads: as per code (IS 875:1987 part -1)
Bearing capacity of soil: 130kN/m2

3.3. Estimation of Loads

According to IS 456:2000, the total loads that acts on the support beams for two-way slabs
may be assumed as the load within the respective area of the slab bounded by the
intersection of 45º line from the corners with the median line of the panel parallel to the
long side. Thus, obtained trapezoidal as well as triangular loading is converted into
equivalent UDL as described in respective section. The loading from cantilever slab part is
converted to UDL acting in beam by dividing total load by length of the beam. The reaction
of secondary beam is not considered for preliminary design.

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3.4. Preliminary design

Preliminary design of the beam and slab is done by considering depth of beam as per the
control of vertical deflection criteria as stated by IS 456-2000. The preliminary design of
column is done by considering the factored axial load on the column as stated in IS
456:2000 Clause 39.3.

3.5. Loading pattern

The loading is applied to the slab which then is transferred from slab to beam, obtained by
drawing 450 offset lines from each corner. The total load (Dead load and live load) on
staircase is distributed on the beam considering the staircase as slab and the load is
converted to UDL. The load thus obtained is extended throughout the length. The load on
slab is taken as per the requirement stated in IS875:1987(Part 1 and 2).

3.4 Load Calculation

3.4.1 Dead load
The dead load of each member has been separately calculated as per IS 875 (part 1): 1987
for obtaining seismic weight and compute design base shear and compare it with the actual
base shear obtained from SAP2000. The dead load of slab has been calculated and
distributed in beam according to yield line theory. The calculation has been shown in the
tables attached. Floor finish has been applied as 1 KN/m2 for all floors.

3.4.2 Live load

The live load has been calculated as IS 875(part 2): 1987. This live load acting on slab has
been distributed in respective beams as per yield line theory.
They have been taken as,
- 2 kN/m2 for all room, kitchen, bathroom and toilet
- 3 kN/m2 for staircase, passage and corridor
- 1.5 kN/m2 for terrace (accessible)
- 0.75 kN/m2 for terrace (non-accessible)

3.4.3 Seismic load

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Seismic weight is the total dead load plus appropriate amount of specified amount of
imposed load. The weight of columns and walls in any story shall be equally distributed to
the floors above and below the story. The seismic weight of the building is the sum of the
seismic weight of each floor. It has been calculated according to IS 1893 (Part I ):2002,
which states that for the calculation of the design seismic forces of the structure the imposed
load on roof need not to be consider.

3.4.4 Lateral Load Calculation

Lateral loads or horizontal forces applied on the respective floors of the building have been
computed using "Response Spectrum Analysis". The horizontal forces due to earthquake
shock are determined and the next step is to find the design forces in the members due to
these lateral forces. The exact analysis of such forces requires very lengthy computation.
"Portal frame method" is used for preliminary analysis of lateral load.

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Chapter-4
Software application
4.1 AutoCAD
Autocade’s a computer-aided design software developed by the company Autodesk (hence
the name AutoCAD). It allows you to draw and edit digital 2D and 3D designs more quickly
and easily than you could by hand. The files can also be easily saved and stored in the
cloud, so they be accessed anywhere at anytime. Here are a few other benefits of AutoCAD:
• Easy Edits: Before the age of computers, a designer would have to manually revise
designs. You would have to create an entirely new draft or edit the draft you had,
which could become messy and difficult to interpret. With AutoCAD, you can
easily change and manipulate designs.
• Faster Production: You can create a re-useable block library to replicate design
parts. Got a window system that works well? Use it again. A manufacturing
component that you’ll need over and over? Save it to your block library to increase
efficiencies. Saved files can be used and re-used later, which makes the design
process faster than if you did it by hand.
• Better Accuracy: You can only draw something so small by hand, but AutoCAD
allows you to design down to fractions. This creates a more accurate design in all
dimensions.

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4.2What is ETABS?
ETABS stands for Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building System. It is a
sophisticated and suitable special purpose analysis & design program particularly
developed for building systems. Large and most complex building models are easily
configured with its best-integrated systems and its abilities, it guarantees:

4.2.1 GETTING STARTED WITH ETABS

In this chapter, we are starting our journey with ETABS. Upcoming details are dedicated
to make you comfortable with the software, its configuration and operations

FIG-4.2
There are five steps in ETABS workflow, as shown above. You will have an introduction
to different options of fast speed modelling by means of repeating a pattern, selecting
different types of materials used, different types of applicable loads, running computerized
analysis and checking the output to see if design is fine or need correction. Figure 4.2, given
below, shows the first screen when we open ETABS.

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Below are the important settings we need to do:

• Display units: Generally, we select Metric SI units as we select length unit as meter (m)
and force unit as kilo newton (KN)
• Steel section database: Out of different databases, we select Indian database. If you are
working in USA, then you may select American database.
• Steel design code: We select IS 800:2007 for steel design in India.
• Concrete design code: We select IS 456:2000 for concrete design in India.

ETABS is a 3D modeling software for any kind of structural analysis and design. Using
this program, you can perform both steel structure and RC Structure. Here are some
important advantages of ETABS software for 3D modelling.

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ADVANTAGES-

1. ETABS allows user for Graphic input and modification for the sake of easy and
quick model creation for any type of structure.
2. Creation of 3D model with the utilization of plan views and elevations, 3D model
of any kind of complex structure can be created easily.
3. With the help of similar storey concept creation of 3D model is very easy and
quicker. If the storeys are similar then the model generation time can be reduced
multiple time through similar storey concept.
4. Editing of model is very easy. Moving any object from one position to other,
combining two or more objects using merge command, making the similar object
using Mirror command and make copy of any object in the same level of different
story level.
5. Drawing of object with most accuracy using snap command consisting of end,
perpendicular and middle or some other options.
6. Creation of object is very quick for any type of object like beam, column, slab, wall
etc. with one click of mouse.
7. Easy navigation through multiple viewing of windows. This feature allows you to
create or edit your model very easily with real time view.
8. Create your model and editing has been easy through 3D view with different type
of zoom option as well as panning command for moving the whole model easily
without any rotation.
9. Different view option of the 3D model including plan view, any side elevation view,
and also customization view created by the modeler.
10. Graphical insertion of sectional dimension of any kind of shape and material
through section designer. Almost all types of shape of various members are
available in this program.
11. Geometry of model copying and pasting feature from and to spreadsheets
12. Exporting capability of the model geometry to .dxf files can be used in different
working aspects.

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13. Connection with EC-Praxis 3J which allows to analysis and design for the steel
structure connections.
14. Automatic consideration of self-weight of material has made it easy to consider self
weight of various members even the size is changed.
15. Automatic creation of Earthquake and Wind load saves lots of time to calculate
them manually and assign them in the 3D Model.
16. Load combination as per your defined building code is also automated; you do not
need to define them individually which save lots of time.

DISADVANTAGES-

1. While using ETABS, one cannot edit input file directly.

2. You cannot print and read input file as easily as STAADsoftware as no manual is
available in this software.
3. In large models, some loads may be missed out. In fact, they are hard to check.
4. The method of Analysis is slower and consumed more disk space sometimes.
5. Shear design results used to be in terms of ASV/SV.

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CHAPTER-5

METHODOLOGY

5.1 How to start a new Model in ETABS

Here the study is carried out for the behavior of G+10 Storied Buildings, Floor height
provided as 2.8m and also properties are defined for the building structure. The model of
buildings is created in ETABS software. The seismic zone considered is zone V and soil
type is medium. Six models of buildings are prepared. Two types geometry are adopted this
analysis regular and H shaped plan irregular building. Three different vertical irregular
building such as stepped, inverted T, U shaped are modelled in both regular and irregular
(H shape) building. The modelling of building is done for Indian Seismic Zone V, IS 1893-
2002.For given structure, loading with applied loads includes live load, earthquake load and
dead load are according to IS 875 part I, part II and IS1893-2002 respectively. Analysis is
carried out by Response Spectrum Analysis using ETABS software. The analysis is carried
out to determine maximum node displacement and base shear. After analysis, results are
obtained in the form of graphs which are in turn observed to form conclusions.

Before starting any new model in ETABS it is important to define material

type based on which the structural behavior, analysis, design and results
output depends on, the following are the systematic procedure and
methodology to define material property in ETABS 2016.

1. Open ETABS software set up the initial settings like units and code books.
2. Create the required pattern of grid (from the new model quick template) based
on the given architectural plan or import the center line plan from the AutoCAD in
DXF format.
3. Once the grids are ready now we have to define materials, separately for concrete
(M-25) and Rebar.

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For Concrete: - Define ---> Material Properties (Refer figure below)

Fig: Regular Building

Fig: Irregular building

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5.2 Planning of Beam-Column Frame

The numbers of beams and columns in the plan of building are obtained after careful
planning of spaces to meet client requirements. Beams are provided varying in span.

Columns are 32 and 44 in number in each story of irregular building and regular building.

Fig regular building

Fig irregular building

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5.3 slab section

fig regular building

5.4 load patterns

fig -regular building

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Fig: irregular building

Fig: regular building

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Importance factor
i)Important service and community buildings or structures (for example, critical
governance buildings, schools), signature buildings, monument buildings, lifeline and
emergency buildings (for example, hospital buildings, telephone exchange buildings,
television station buildings, radio station buildings, bus station buildings, metro rail
buildings and metro rail station buildings), railway stations, airports, food storage buildings
(such as warehouses), fuel station buildings, power station buildings, and fire station
buildings), and large community hall buildings (for example, cinema halls, shopping malls,
assembly halls and subway stations)-1.5

ii)Residential or commercial buildings [other 1than those listed in Sl No. (i)] with
occupancy more than 200 persons-1.2

iii)All other buildings-1.0

Seismic Zone factor Z

It is the value of peak ground acceleration considered by this standard for the design of
structures located in each seismic zone

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Seismic zones of india

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Chapter-6
Analysis of regular and irregular building
1.Dynamic Analysis
The dynamic analysis can be performed in two ways,
1.Response spectrum method.
2.Time history method.
1.Response spectrum method.
It is the representation of maximum responses of a spectrum of idealized single degree freedom
systems of different natural periods but having the same damping, under the action of the same
earthquake ground motion at their bases. The response referred to here can be maximum absolute
acceleration, maximum relative velocity, or maximum relative displacement.

Story shear in x direction in irregular building

Fig: regular building

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Story shear in x direction in regular building

Fig: regular building

Story shear in y direction in irregular building

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Story shear in y direction in regular building

2.Time history method.

It is an analysis of the dynamic response of the structure at each instant of time, when its
base is subjected to a specific ground motion time history.

Time history method shall be based on an appropriate ground motion (preferably compatible
with the design acceleration spectrum in the desired range of natural periods) and shall be
performed using accepted principles of earthquake structural dynamics.

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Time history in x direction in irregular building

Time history in x direction in regular building

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Time history in y direction in irregular building

Time history in y direction in regular building

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