IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)

Vol. 9, No. 3, September 2020, pp. 371~378

ISSN: 2252-8938, DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v9.i3.pp371-378  371

Optimal economic dispatch of power generation solution using

lightning search algorithm

Murad Yahya Nassar1, Mohd Noor Abdullah2, Asif Ahmed Rahimoon3

1,3Green and Sustainable Energy (GSEnergy) Focus Group, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Malaysia
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Economic dispatch (ED) is the power demand allocating process for the
committed units at minimum generation cost while satisfying system and
Received Feb 2, 2020 operational constraints. Increasing cost of fuel price and electricity demand
Revised Apr 18, 2020 can increase the cost of thermal power generation. Therefore, robust and
Accepted May 1, 2020 efficient optimization algorithm is required to determine the optimal solution
for ED problem in power system operation and planning. In this paper the
lightning search algorithm (LSA) is proposed to solve the ED problem.
Keywords: The system constraints such as power balance, generator limits,
system transmission losses and valve-points effects (VPE) are considered in
Economic dispatch this paper. To verify the effectiveness of LSA in terms of convergence
Power system characteristic, robustness, simulation time and solution quality, the two case
Transmission losses studies consists of 6 and 13 units have been tested. The simulation results
Valve-points loading show that the LSA can provide optimal cost than many methods reported in
literature. Therefore, it has potential to solve many optimization problems in
power dispatch and power system applications.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Mohd Noor Abdullah,
Green and Sustainable Energy (GSEnergy) Focus Group,
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
Parit Raja, 86000 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
The economic dispatch (ED) is one of the optimization problems in power system operation and
planning to allocate the shared power demand between the generating units. Thus, optimal power system
operation is important in electrical networks to ensure the system can operate at minimal cost. Therefore, the
aim of the ED is to minimize the total cost of generation and satisfy the system and operating constraints [1].
Various optimizations methods have been proposed and applied to solve ED problem over the latest
decades and can be classified into two main categories such as classical method and heuristic method [2].
The classical methods such as newton's method [3], quadratic programming technique [4], interior point [5],
lambda iteration method [6], evolutionary programming (EP) techniques [7] and dynamic programming [8]
are widely used for solving convex and smooth cost function of ED problem. However, most of these
methods have difficulty for solving nonconvex or nonsmooth problems. To solve this problem,
the non-conventional or heuristic methods are developed to solve the complicated and highly nonconvex
optimization problem. The optimization algorithms such as ant colony optimization (ACO) [9], artificial bee
colony (ABC) [10], firefly algorithm (FA) [11], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [12], teaching–learning-

Journal homepage: http://ijai.iaescore.com

372  ISSN: 2252-8938

based optimization (TLBO) [13], genetic algorithm (GA) [14] and adaptive charged system search algorithm
(ACSS) [15] have been solved the complex ED problem. The performance of these algorithms is better than
classical optimization methods in many aspects for instance fast, robust and easy to adjust according to the
problem. In some application, these algorithms are suffering from slow convergence rate, stuck at local
solution and required proper parameter tuning to obtain optimal solution.
Furthermore, the hybrid method has been introduced by combining two or more algorithms in
order to mitigate their weaknesses and use their strengths to provide better performance for solving
optimization problems [16]. The proposed hybrid algorithms such as GA-PS-SQP [17], NM-FAPSO [18]
and differential evolution algorithm-PSO [19] shows highly efficient technique to solve the ED problem.
However, it required long computational time and complex programming since two or more
algorithms are used.
Recently, a new nonconventional algorithm called the LSA algorithm [20] has never applied for
solving ED problem. It was successfully used and implemented to optimize the different applications such as
binary optimization [21], nuclear reactor controller [22], and Fuzzy Logic PV Inverter Controller [23].
It shows the LSA can provide superior performance over other algorithms. Therefore, this paper proposed
LSA as a new approach for solving ED problems with VP. The performance of LSA has been compared with
other common methods. The remaining of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides the
Mathematical formulation of ED problem considering VPE and losses, section 3 presents the LSA technique,
Section 4 introduces the simulation results for the test system and its analysis.

2. PROBLEM FORMULATION OF ECONOMIC DISPATCH (ED)

2.1. Objective function
The main aim of any ED problem is minimizing the system operation cost in order to fulfill the
power demand alongside the generator limits. The fuel cost function can be differentiated as a simplified cost
function and modified function by including with VPE. The cost function of production units can be
represented by a quadratic function as follows:
Ng
F  PG   Fi  PGi  (1)
i1

Fi  PGi   ai PGi2  bi PGi  ci (2)

Considering VPE for ED problem in the fuel cost functions exhibit a bigger variation in the
generating units with multi-valve steam turbines. The generated power will be changed when every steam
valve closes or opens. In the curves of the heat ratio introduces ripples by VPE. The cost function of ED will
add a sinusoidal term and it can be defined mathematically as:

Fi  Pi    ai  bi PGi  cP 2Gi   ei sin  Fi  PGimin  PGi   (3)

where F(PG) is the total cost of production, F(PGi) is the unit function of fuel cost i; 𝛼𝑖 ,𝑏𝑖 ,𝑐𝑖 ,𝑒𝑖 , and 𝐹𝑖 are the
unit coefficients of fuel cost i; PGi is the unit output i of real power.

2.2. System operation constraints

It should satisfy the following system constraints when ED Optimization carried out. The constraints
considered for this research are discussed in sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2.

2.2.1. Equality constraint

The equality constraint is represented the power balance equation and it is used in the optimization
to ensure that the total power generated must be equal to the power demand in the case without losses in the
system can be written as:
n

P  P
i 1
i D (4)

If consider power losses, total generated power must be equal power losses and power demand as follows:

Int J Artif Intell, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 2020: 371 – 378

Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  373

P  P
i 1
i L  PD (5)

where Pi is the power generated, PL Indicates transmission loss, PD is the load demand and 𝑛 is the overall
amount of the generating units. The power losses can be calculated as:
n n n
PL  Pgi Bij Pgi  B0i Pgi  B00 (6)
i 1 i 1 i 1

where Bij, Boi, and B00 are to determine the loss coefficient matrix

2.2.2. Inequality constraint

A power limit constraint is used to ensure that the generating unit operates within the minimum and
maximum limits. This constraint presented as follow:

Pi min  Pi  Pi max (7)

where Pimin and Pimax are minimum and maximum generating power limits of ith generating units.

3. LSA ALGORITHM
The LSA algorithm is a new metaheuristic method developed in 2015 by [20]. This method can be
used to optimize complex nonlinear problems. It derived from a natural lightning phenomenon as a step
leader propagation mechanism [24].
Nearby the thundercloud region can be found oxygen and nitrogen and hydrogen molecules.
During the water molecules are freezing within a thundercloud, parts of water molecules are unable to fit the
ice structure. Thus, these molecules at high speeds will be ejected from the forming ice. Therefore,
the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are detached and ejected randomly in different directions as projectiles.
These projectiles travel over the atmosphere and start the ionization path over collision and transition into the
step leader. In this proposed algorithm, every projectile will create a step leader or channel that represents the
initial population size. The projectile concept in this algorithm is highly similar to “particle” used in PSO.
The projectiles are taken into consideration which is known as the fast particles involvement is
recognized in the structure formation of the binary tree of the step leader. Also in the formation of concurrent
of two leader tips at points of the fork instead of the conventional mechanism of step leader which utilizes the
streamers concept [20]. There are three types of projectiles that are developed such as the transition
projectiles to produce initial solutions, space projectile provides exploration for good solutions and the lead
projectile performs exploitation. Figure 1 presents a flowchart of proposed LSA for solving ED problems.

Figure 1. LSA Flowchart of proposed LSA for implementation on ED problem

Optimal economic dispatch of power generation solution using... (Murad Yahya Nassar)
374  ISSN: 2252-8938

3.1.1. Transition projectiles

This projectile type is responsible for producing initial step leaders form the early stage because the
transition projectile ejected from thunder in direction randomly. Therefore, by using a uniform probability
distribution, this stage can be modeled in a random number. It can be described as follows:

 1
 for a  xT  b
f x T
 b  a (8)
0 for x  a or xT  b


where xT represents the random number trying to give the solution or provide initial tip energy ESl of step
leader Sli and the population of N can be given as SL = [sl1, sl2, sl3, . ., slN], and PT = [pT 1, pT 2, pT 3, . ., pT N]
for satisfying the dimension of the required solution.

3.1.2. Space projectile

Space projectile tries to explore the process in order to achieve the best position of leaders through
ionizing the region of the old leaders. Therefore, the step leaders will be changed after the ionization of step
leader tips tip in step+1. The space projectile P S location = [pS1, pS2, pS3, . , pSN] can be slightly designed as a
random number produced from an exponential distribution with shaping parameter µ. The following equation
can be expressed as:

 1  xS / 
 e for x S  0
f x S
  (9)
0 for x S  0


where xS presents a random variable. The location or direction of space projectile can be clearly denoted in
the equation and can be in charge of by shaping parameter μ. The distance between space projectile p Si and
lead projectile pL is taken by μi for specific pSi. According to this description, pSi position at step+1
is given as:

Pi S_ new  Pi S  exp rand ( i ) (10)

where exprand is an exponential variable created randomly. When p Si has a negative value, then it should
subtract the produced random number due to (10) that provides only positive values. Therefore,
new position pSi new does not ensure stepped leader propagation until it can find a good solution.

3.1.3. Lead projectile

The lead projectile travels nearest to the ground and its associated projectile does not have enough
potential for the large ionizing section in front of the leading tip. Therefore, it can obtain from normal
distribution a modeled the lead projectile as a random number.

 
f xL 
1
e (x   )2 / 2 2
L
(11)
 2

where μ is a shaping parameter to specify the present location of lead projectile p L and σ is the scaling
parameter that is responsible to exploit the projectile ability. Thus, p L, σ, and μ are decreasing exponentially
and progress to discover the best solution. Based on this idea, at step+1 the pL position can be written as:
L
Pnew  p L  normrand (  L ,  L ) (12)

where normrand presents a random number produced by the distribution function. pL is an updated location
of the lead projectile while pL new is the new location. In a similar way, if pL new does not get a good
solution, then step leader will provide to a new location.

4. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this research, the LSA algorithm is applied to two different test systems as discussed in section
4.1.1-4.1.2, to validate the proposed algorithm for ED problems. In order to investigate the performance of

Int J Artif Intell, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 2020: 371 – 378

Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  375

the LSA algorithm, the achieved results have compared with different experimental results of the latest
literature. The power balance and generator limits constraints are considered for all test systems.
LSA technique has implemented in Matlab R2018b considering 6 and 13 units from the previous studies.
The parameters used in the experimental study of LSA; 50 projectiles as the population size of the algorithm,
the maximum number of the iteration is 500 and 50 multiple runs in every case study having 50 various
initial solutions.

4.1.1. Test case 1

This test system has implemented for six thermal generating units using the proposed
LSA approach. The demand for power in this test case is 283.4 MW and the transmission loss coefficient is
given in [25]. The cost function with the VPE and losses are considered. Table 1 presents the comparisons of
optimal results obtained by the LSA with existing approaches i.e. MSG-HS [26], PSO [26], and GA [25].
The total value of generation cost that can be achieved by LSA reached 925.122 ($/h) is a bit lower and better
than compared methods. It provides also other statistics results for LSA performance i.e. simulation time,
best, average and the worst cost. The convergence and robustness of the LSA for minimizing cost is shown in
Figure 2(a-b). Figure 2(a) it is observable that the LSA is trying to converge the cost function with the best
iteration from 40th-500th for cost value. Moreover, Figure (b) illustrates the consistency of the optimal result
after 50 runs with standard division around 12.02. It found that 31 runs can produce minimum cost results of
about 925.122 $/hr.

Table 1. Comparison results for 6 units

Units Power output (MW)
LSA MSG-HS [26] PSO [26] GA [25]
P1 199.628 199.633 197.865 150.724
P2 20.074 20 50.337 60.870
P3 24.239 23.762 15 30.896
P4 20.073 18.393 10 14.214
P5 17.912 17.102 10 19.489
P6 12.506 15.692 10 15.915
The power generated (MW) 294.37 924.583 295.758 292.11
Losses (MW) 10.97 11.183 11.802 8.706
Best Cost ($/hr) 925.122 925.640 925.758 996.037
Average Cost ($/hr) 930.88 925.64 925.76 -
Worst Cost ($/hr) 962.959 928.6 928.6 1117.13
Power Demand 283.4 MW 283.4 MW 283.4 MW 283.4 MW
Simulation time (s) 1.285 0.621 0.353 0.578

(a)
(a) Convergence characteristic (b) Robustness
(b) of Cost

Figure 2. LSA performance for test case 1

4.1.2. Test case 2

A system of 13 generators considering VPE has examined with two different load demands i.e. 1800
MW without transmission losses and 2520 MW with transmission losses. The input data for test case 2 with
and without losses have taken from [1]. The obtained result from 1800 MW load demand have compared
with other algorithms as improved coordinated aggregation-based PSO (ICA PSO) [27], quantum-inspired
particle swarm optimization (QPSO) [28], chaotic differential evolution and sequential quadratic
programming (DEC SQP) [29] as shown in Table 2. While, the test results of 2520 MW load demand
Optimal economic dispatch of power generation solution using... (Murad Yahya Nassar)
376  ISSN: 2252-8938

considering losses are also compared with existing solutions i.e. OIWO [1], SDE [30], ORCCRO [31] as
shown in continuous para of Table 2. It is observable that the minimum cost obtained using LSA is about
17963.95 ($/hr) for without loss test and the lowest cost of about 24507.66 ($/hr) for losses test. It also
provides other statistics results i.e. simulation time, best, average and the worst cost for LSA in comparison
with losses test system literature.
The convergence and robustness of the LSA for minimizing cost is shown in Figure 3(a-d).
Figure 3(a) represents the convergence characteristics of the 1800 MW load demand using LSA. The cost
value has converged for the cost function with the best iteration from 150 th-500th. Moreover, Figure 3(b)
illustrates the consistency of the optimal result after 50 runs with a standard division of 50.86. Similarly,
Figure 3(c) for 2520 MW load demand the converged value tor cost function with the best iteration is 180 th-
500th and the robustness of load demand with losses is shown in Figure 3(d).

Table 2. Results comparison for test case 2

Units Without losses (PD=1800 MW) With losses (PD=2520 MW)
LSA ICA PSO [27] QPSO [28] LSA OIWO [1] SDE [30] ORCCRO [31]
P1 628.31 628.32 538.56 628.3185 628.3185 628.32 628.32
P2 224.16 149.96 224.70 299.1993 299.1989 299.20 299.20
P3 148.18 299.75 150.09 295.1809 299.1991 299.20 299.20
P4 109.86 109.86 109.87 159.7331 159.7331 159.73 159.73
P5 109.86 109.86 109.87 159.7331 159.7331 159.73 159.73
P6 109.86 60 109.87 159.7331 159.7331 159.73 159.73
P7 60 109.87 109.87 159.7331 159.7330 159.73 159.73
P8 109.86 109.87 109.87 159.7331 159.7331 159.73 159.73
P9 109.86 109.87 109.87 159.7331 159.7330 159.73 159.73
P 10 40 40 77.41 77.39991 77.3953 77.40 77.40
P 11 40 40 40 114.7998 113.1079 113.12 113.14
P 12 55 55 55.01 92.39991 92.3594 92.40 92.40
P 13 55 55 55.01 92.39991 92.3911 92.40 92.40
Power generated(MW) 1800 1800 1800 2558.097 2560.368 2560.44 2559.44
Losses - - - 38.097 40.3686 40.43 39.43
Best cost ($/hr) 17963.95 17964.06 17969.02 24507.66 24514.83 24514.95 24513.99
Worst cost ($/h) 18167.54 - - 24692.31 24514.83 - 24513.91
Average cost 18078.49 - - 24556.99 24514.83 24516.31 24513.91
Solution time (s) 9.4 - - 14.3 5.3 - 8
- not reported by the authors

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 3. LSA performance for test case 2. (a) Convergence characteristic without losses (b) Robustness of
Cost without losses (c) Convergence characteristic with losses (d) Robustness of Cost with losses

Int J Artif Intell, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 2020: 371 – 378

Int J Artif Intell ISSN: 2252-8938  377

5. CONCLUSION
Minimizing the generation cost and profit increment is a priority in the planning and operation of
power systems. Therefore, this paper proposed LSA as a new metaheuristic algorithm for solving the ED
problems considering the nonsmooth cost function (valve point effect) and transmission loss. The proposed
LSA has been tested on two test cases varied in complexity and size. The optimal results obtained by LSA
has been compared with the results obtained by other methods that reported in the literature for the standard 6
and 13 units test system. It found that LSA can produced minimum cost of 925.122 $/h and 17963.95 $/h for
6 units and 13 units system respectively. The convergence characteristic, robustness, simulation time of
proposed LSA are also investigated in this paper for both test systems. The simulation results proved that
proposed LSA is outperformed than compared method in term of generation cost. Further investigation can
be performed to evaluate LSA performances for minimizing cost and emission level of power generation and
other optimization problems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was supported by Ministry of Education of Malaysia through Fundamental
Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2018/TK04/UTHM/02/17) and partially sponsored by Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia.

REFERENCES
[1] A. K. Barisal and R. C. Prusty, “Large scale economic dispatch of power systems using oppositional invasive weed
optimization,” Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 29, pp. 122–137, 2015.
[2] M. Hamdi, L. Idomghar, M. Chaoui, and A. Kachouri, “An improved adaptive differential evolution optimizer for
non-convex Economic Dispatch Problems,” Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 85, p. 105868, 2019.
[3] R. Ramanathan, “Fast Economic Dispatch Based on the Penalty Factors From Newton’s Method,” IEEE Trans.
Power Appar. Syst., vol. PAS-104, no. 7, pp. 1624–1629, 1985.
[4] F. Z. Gherbi and F. Lakdja, “Environmentally constrained economic dispatch via quadratic programming,”in 2011
International Conference on Communications, Computing and Control Applications (CCCA), pp. 1–5, 2011.
[5] G. Irisarri, L. M. Kimball, K. A. Clements, A. Bagchi, and P. W. Davis, “Economic dispatch with network and
ramping constraints via interior point methods,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 236–242, 1998.
[6] J. P. Zhan, Q. H. Wu, C. X. Guo, and X. X. Zhou, “Fast $\lambda$-Iteration Method for Economic Dispatch With
Prohibited Operating Zones,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 990–991, 2014.
[7] M. H. Lokman et al., “Multi-verse optimization based evolutionary programming technique for power scheduling
in loss minimization scheme,” IAES Int. J. Artif. Intell., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 292–298, 2019.
[8] Z.-X. Liang and J. D. Glover, “A zoom feature for a dynamic programming solution to economic dispatch
including transmission losses,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 544–550, 1992.
[9] S. Pothiya, I. Ngamroo, and W. Kongprawechnon, “Ant colony optimisation for economic dispatch problem with
non-smooth cost functions,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 478–487, 2010.
[10] A. Ullah, N. M. Nawi, J. Uddin, S. Baseer, and A. H. Rashed, “Artificial bee colony algorithm used for load
balancing in cloud computing: Review,” IAES Int. J. Artif. Intell., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 156–167, 2019.
[11] S. R. Spea, “Economic-emission dispatch problem using firefly algorithm,” in 2017 Nineteenth International
Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON), 2017, vol. 2018-Febru, pp. 671–676.
[12] M.-K. Baek, J.-B. Park, and K. Y. Lee, “An Improved Attractive and Repulsive Particle Swarm Optimization for
Nonconvex Economic Dispatch Problems,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 49, no. 27, pp. 284–289, 2016.
[13] P. M. Joshi and H. K. Verma, “An improved TLBO based economic dispatch of power generation through
distributed energy resources considering environmental constraints,” Sustain. Energy, Grids Networks, vol. 18, p.
100207, 2019.
[14] A. N. Afandi, I. Fadlika, S. Sendari, H. Miyauchi, G. Fujita, and N. Tutkun, “Comparison of ABC and Genetic
Algorithms on Economic Power Dispatch,” in 2018 10th International Conference on Information Technology and
Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), pp. 40–45, 2018.
[15] P. Zakian and A. Kaveh, “Economic dispatch of power systems using an adaptive charged system search
algorithm,” Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 73, pp. 607–622, 2018.
[16] N. M. G. K. and S. M. S. D.V. Kiran, “A Comprehensive Review on Optimization Strategies for Combined
Economic Emission Dispatch Problem,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 68–74, 2018.
[17] S. M. Moosavian, M. Modiri-Delshad, J. Selvaraj, and N. Abd Rahim, “Solution techniques for optimal power
dispatch problems - A review,” in 4th IET Clean Energy and Technology Conference (CEAT 2016), pp. 17 (7.)-17
(7 .), 2016.
[18] T. Niknam, “A new fuzzy adaptive hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm for non-linear, non-smooth and
non-convex economic dispatch problem,” Appl. Energy, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 327–339, 2010.
[19] S. Sayah and A. Hamouda, “A hybrid differential evolution algorithm based on particle swarm optimization for
nonconvex economic dispatch problems,” Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1608–1619, 2013.
[20] H. Shareef, A. A. Ibrahim, and A. H. Mutlag, “Lightning search algorithm,” Appl. Soft Comput., vol. 36, pp. 315–
333, 2015.

Optimal economic dispatch of power generation solution using... (Murad Yahya Nassar)
378  ISSN: 2252-8938

[21] M. M. Islam, H. Shareef, M. Nagrial, J. Rizk, A. Hellany, and S. N. Khalid, “Performance comparison of various
probability gate assisted binary lightning search algorithm,” IAES Int. J. Artif. Intell., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 228–236,
2019.
[22] M. Elsisi and H. Abdelfattah, “New design of variable structure control based on lightning search algorithm for
nuclear reactor power system considering load-following operation,” Nucl. Eng. Technol., no. xxxx, 2019.
[23] H. Shareef, A. H. Mutlag, and A. Mohamed, “A novel approach for fuzzy logic PV inverter controller optimization
using lightning search algorithm,” Neurocomputing, vol. 168, pp. 435–453, 2015.
[24] R. Sirjani and E. C. Okonkwo, “A new wind power model using the lightning search algorithm,” 13th HONET-ICT
Int. Symp. Smart MicroGrids Sustain. Energy Sources Enabled by Photonics IoT Sensors, HONET-ICT 2016, pp.
93–97, 2016.
[25] T. Nadeem Malik, A. ul Asar, M. F. Wyne, and S. Akhtar, “A new hybrid approach for the solution of nonconvex
economic dispatch problem with valve-point effects,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 80, no. 9, pp. 1128–1136, 2010.
[26] C. Yaşar and S. Özyön, “A new hybrid approach for nonconvex economic dispatch problem with valve-point
effect,” Energy, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 5838–5845, 2011.
[27] P. K. Vitthaladevuni and M.-S. Alouini, “Discussion of ‘Economic Load Dispatch - A Comparative Study on
Heuristic Optimization Techniques With an Improved Coordinated Aggregation-Based PSO,’” IEEE Trans.
Broadcast., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 408–408, 2003.
[28] Ke Meng, Hong Gang Wang, ZhaoYang Dong, and Kit Po Wong, “Quantum-Inspired Particle Swarm Optimization
for Valve-Point Economic Load Dispatch,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 215–222, 2010.
[29] L. Dos Santos Coelho and V. C. Mariani, “Combining of Chaotic Differential Evolution and Quadratic
Programming for Economic Dispatch Optimization with Valve-Point Effect,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no.
3, pp. 1465–1465, 2006.
[30] A. Srinivasa Reddy and K. Vaisakh, “Shuffled differential evolution for large scale economic dispatch,” Electr.
Power Syst. Res., vol. 96, pp. 237–245, 2013.
[31] K. Bhattacharjee, A. Bhattacharya, and S. H. N. Dey, “Oppositional Real Coded Chemical Reaction Optimization
for different economic dispatch problems,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 55, pp. 378–391, 2014.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Murad Yahya Nassar received a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia in 2019, where he is pursuing a master's degree in
electrical engineering. Her research interest includes power dispatch, renewable energy sources
and optimization algorithms.

Dr. Mohd Noor Abdullah received his B.Eng. (Hons) in Electrical Engineering and M. Eng. in
Electrical Engineering (Power System) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 2008 and
2010 respectively. He also received a Ph.D degree in Electrical Engineering from University of
Malaya (UM) in 2014. He has been with Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) from
2008 to 2014 as a tutor. He is currently as a Lecturer in Department of Electrical Power
Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (FKEE), Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia (UTHM). He also appointed as a head of Green and Sustainable Energy (GSEnergy)
Focus Group in FKEE, UTHM. He was a member of Board of Engineer Malaysia. He also a
certified of qualified person of SEDA Malaysia Grid Connected Photovoltaic System design. His
research interests include electric power dispatch, distributed generation, renewable energy and
meta-heuristic optimization techniques.

Asif Ahmed received his B.Eng.in Electronics Engineering and M. Eng. in Electrical Power
Engineering from Mehran University Jamshoro, Pakistan (MUET) in 2014 and 2018 respectively.
He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia (UTHM). He has been with Indus University Karachi from Feb-2017 to Jan-2019 as
a Lecturer in Department of Electrical technology, Faculty of Science and Technology (FEST).
His research interests include power distribution and generation, power electronics and
renewable energy.

Int J Artif Intell, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 2020: 371 – 378