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21MAT117 11 MIS2 GradientAndItsApplications

This document appears to be a series of lecture slides on multivariable calculus topics taught by Dr. Sarada Jayan. The slides cover concepts such as contour plots, surface plots, partial derivatives, gradients, divergence, curl, and applications of these concepts including finding forces and heat flow. Homework problems are presented involving directional derivatives, Laplacians, Hessians, and determining directions of maximum/minimum change. Examples are shown of how to plot gradients and contour lines using MATLAB.

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Vamsi Vardhan Reddy
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50 views30 pages

21MAT117 11 MIS2 GradientAndItsApplications

This document appears to be a series of lecture slides on multivariable calculus topics taught by Dr. Sarada Jayan. The slides cover concepts such as contour plots, surface plots, partial derivatives, gradients, divergence, curl, and applications of these concepts including finding forces and heat flow. Homework problems are presented involving directional derivatives, Laplacians, Hessians, and determining directions of maximum/minimum change. Examples are shown of how to plot gradients and contour lines using MATLAB.

Uploaded by

Vamsi Vardhan Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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21MAT117

MATHEMATICS FOR
INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS-2

Dr. Sarada Jayan


9448455760
6364333760

5/12/2022 Sarada Jayan 1


CALCULUS

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Multivariable functions

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Understanding two-variable functions using contours/level sets

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Contour Plots/Level curves for two variable functions

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Relations between Contour Plots/Level curves and surfaces

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Surface plots, Contour plots
Surface plot: Contour plot:
x = -50:50; y=x; x = -50:50; y=x;
[x1,x2] = meshgrid(x,y); [x1,x2] = meshgrid(x,y);
Z = (x1-3).^2 + (x2-5).^2; Z = (x1-3).^2 + (x2-5).^2;
surf(x,y,Z); contour(x,y,Z);
xlabel('x'); ylabel('y'); xlabel('x'); ylabel('y');
zlabel('z'); zlabel('z');

Both surface plot and contour plot in one figure:


x = -50:50; y=x;
[x1,x2] = meshgrid(x,y);
Z = (x1-3).^2 + (x2-5).^2;
surfc(x,y,Z);%shading interp
xlabel('x'); ylabel('y'); zlabel('z');

5/12/2022 Sarada Jayan 7


Contour plot of f(x,y)=exp(-x^2-y^2)
x = -2:0.2:2;
y = -2:0.2:3;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
Z = X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
contour(X,Y,Z,'ShowText','on')

5/12/2022 Sarada Jayan 8


Vector Differential operator, Partial Derivatives

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Partial Derivatives

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Gradient of a scalar function

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Gradient of a scalar function

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Divergence and Curl of vector functions

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Homework

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Homework

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How to plot gradient vectors in MATLAB using ‘quiver’
% plot of surface, contour and gradient vectors of a scalar
function z
[x,y] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2,-2:.2:2);
z = x.^2 + y.^2;
figure
surf(x,y,z);
figure
[px,py] = gradient(z);
contour(x,y,z,'ShowText','on'), hold on
quiver(x,y,px,py), hold off, axis image

5/12/2022 Sarada Jayan 16


How to plot gradient vectors in MATLAB using ‘quiver’
% plot of surface, contour and gradient vectors of a scalar
function z
[x,y] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2,-2:.2:2);
z = x .* exp(-x.^2 - y.^2);
figure
surf(x,y,z);
figure
[px,py] = gradient(z);
contour(x,y,z,'ShowText','on'), hold on
quiver(x,y,px,py), hold off, axis image

5/12/2022 Sarada Jayan 17


Applications of Gradient of a scalar function

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Applications of Gradient of a scalar function

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Applications of Gradient of a scalar function

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Applications of Gradient of a scalar function

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Home Work
1. Find the force in the following electrostatic fields f at the given
point P.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

2. Find the direction of heat flow in the following temperature


fields from the given points, P.

a.
b.

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Directional derivative of a function using gradient

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Applications of Gradient of a scalar function

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Applications of Gradient of a scalar function to find normal to a surface

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Applications of Gradient of a scalar function to find normal to a surface

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Laplacian of a function

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Hessian matrix

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Home work:
1. Find the directional derivative of the given function at the given point in the indicated
direction.
a. f(x, y) = tan−1 y/x ; 2, −2) ; b = iҭ − 3j.Ƹ
b. f x, y = x 2 tan y ; 1/2, π/3) ; in the direction of the negative X axis.
c. f x, y = x 2 y + 2y 2 z; −2,2,1) ; in the direction of the negative Z axis.
d. f(x, y) = (xy + 2)2 ; 3,2 ; in the direction of the vector [5,3].

2. Find the directional derivative of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 at the point(1,1, −1) in the direction
of the tangent to the curve,𝑟Ԧ 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑖Ƹ + 1 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑘෠ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 − 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1.

3. Find the directional derivative of 𝛻 ⋅ 𝛻𝜑 at the point(1, −2,1) in the direction of the
outward normal to the surface 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 = 3𝑥 + 𝑧 2 , where 𝜑 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑧 4 .

4. Is there a direction 𝑢ො in which the rate of change of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 at 𝑃(1,2)


equal to 14 ?

5. In what direction from (3,1, −2) is the directional derivative of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 4


maximum?

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(f1,(1x), y )

Home work:

ො of the cone of revolution, 𝑧 2 = 4 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 at 𝑃(1,0,2).


6. Find the unit normal vector 𝑢,

7. Find the the unit normal vector for the following surfaces at the points indicated:
(i) x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − 3xyz = 0 at 1,1,1
(ii) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at 2,1,2

𝑥2 𝑦2
8. Find the directions in which 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = + 2 2
(i) increases most rapidly from 1,1
(ii) decreases most rapidly from 1,1
(iii) has a zero change in𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 from 1,1

5/12/2022 Sarada Jayan 30

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