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Family & community medicine department- CM341

Analytical epidemiology MCQ

1. Study of the determinants or underlying cause of disease. Answers two other major
questions: how? And why?
A. Descriptive
B. Analytic
C. Experimental
D. All are true

2. One is not a feature of Analytical studies

A. Second major type of epidemiological studies.
B. Answers the four major questions: who, where, and when
C. Answers two other major questions: how? And why?
D. Individuals are the subjects of interest not the whole population

3. Which of the following are not true about types of Analytic studies
A. Case report
B. Case control studies
C. Cohort studies
D. All are true

4. Which of the following are true about Case control study? Except
A. Observational studies
B. Use of a control group to support or refute an inference
C. Retrospective
D. Prospective

5. Selection of cases in Case control study, One is not true

A. it is very convenient to select cases from hospitals, is done by a survey
B. Select General population is done on survey
C. Study cases should be representative of all cases
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6. Which of the following are true about Case control study? Except
A. Controls must be similar to cases in all aspects except the disease in question
under study
B. patients can be selected as controls having different diseases but not the disease
under study
C. The number of controls is one-to-one if we have small number of cases
D. estimate the risk by calculating the Odds Ratio

7. One is not a feature of the Odds Ratio

A. measures the strength of association between risk factor and outcome
B. Odds ratio equal to one, there is No association
C. Odds ratio less than one, There No association
D. Controls must be representative of the healthy

8. A case control study was conducted to investigate the relationship between oral
contraceptive use and the risk of developing endometrial cancer, a 300 Cases were
selected from hospital based medical records with a confirmed diagnosis of endometrial
cancer, and were then compared to 600 controls. The results were as follows:

Exposure rate among cases and among controls.

A. 46.7% and 13.3%

B. 56.7% and 12.4%
C. 40.9 and 15.1%
D. A and B

9. Odds ratio =
A. 6.7
B. 5.7
C. 12.3
D. 4.2
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10. Which of the following are true about Advantages of case-control studies, Except
A. No attrition.
B. Ethical issue is minimal
C. Rapid and expensive
D. Incidence study
E. C and D

11. Which of the following cohort study, One is not a feature

A. must be free from the disease under study
B. observational studies
C. No attrition
D. Incidence can be calculated

12. Intervention studies are similar to cohort studies in approach except:

A. The investigator directly controls exposure.
B. Selection of two groups.
C. Selection of a study population after defining inclusion/exclusion criteria.
D. Follow up for a specified period of time.
E. The outcome is carefully measured.

13. Exposure to risk factor is associated with development of:

A. Disease.
B. Death.
C. Deterioration of heath.
D. Outcome.
E. All the above.

14. One is not a feature of Case control study?

A. Both exposure & outcome have occurred before the start of the study
B. Study proceeds backwards from effect to cause.
C. Use of a control group to support or refute an inference.
D. Proper matching eliminates the confounding bias.
E. Follow up for a specified period of time.

15. When odds ratio value is equal to one, this means that
A. The exposure is risky, causing a disease
B. No risk at all from the exposure
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C. Exposure is very protective

D. Exposure is 100% risk.
E. Incidence of disease among exposure higher than among. Non-exposure.

16. Attributable risk is equal to:

A. Incidence of disease among exposed divided by incidence of disease among non-
exposed.
B. Incidence of disease in total population minus Incidence of disease among
exposed.
C. The difference rate of disease between an exposed & non-exposed.
D. Prevalence of disease among study population.
E. Cross product ratio.

17. question of the cases more than control about the past history and risk factors, is known
as:
A. Berkesonian bias
B. Interviewer bias
C. Memory or recall bias
D. Selection bias

18. bias eliminated by double blind trial, is known as:

A. Berkesonian bias
B. Interviewer bias
C. Memory or recall bias
D. Selection bias

19. Bias is avoided by proper selection of study group and randomization, is known as:
A. Berkesonian bias
B. Interviewer bias
C. Memory or recall bias
D. Selection bias

20. Analytic studies are characterized by all the following features except:
A. Their subjects of interest are individuals
B. Their objectives are to test the hypotheses
C. They are the second major group of epidemiological studies.
D. Both case report and case series studies are considered as analytics
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E. Although individuals are evaluated but inferences are generalized to the

population.

21. Matching is an important process; choose the wrong expression related:

A. It is a process to ensure comparability.
B. Age & gender are not the scope of matching
C. It makes the study stronger and more accurate
D. It meant to be making cases & controls as similar as possible
E. Confounding factors usually distributed unequally among cases & controls

22. Odds ratio means that exposure is harmful risk factor if it is equal to:
A. Zero.
B. Ten
C. One
D. Half
E. None of the above.

23. All the following are steps of cohort study, except one:
A. Selection of subjects
B. Selection of cases
C. Obtaining data on exposure
D. Follow-up
E. Analysis

24. The main disadvantage of case control study:

A. Liable to attrition bias.
B. Liable to selection bias
C. It takes a long time.
D. it is more suitable for rare exposure
E. It needs a very large number of subjects.

25. Decrease in the incidence rate of a disease will:

A. Decrease the case fatality rate.
B. Increase the prevalence rate.
C. Increase the survival rate.
D. Decrease the prevalence rate,
E. Not change the prevalence rate.
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26. Incidence can only be easily calculated from the following study:
A. Case report study
B. Case series study
C. Cohort study
D. Cross sectional study
E. Correlation study

27. Relationship between smoking and lung cancer in a case control study is determined by:
A. Attributable risk.
B. Incidence rate.
C. Relative risk
D. Odds ratio.
E. Population attributable risk.

28. In prospective study of relationship between oral contraceptive use and the subsequent
risk of developing endometrial cancer, 1000 women were selected: 320 were used OCP,
680 were not ;then followed for 5 years. The type of this study is:
A. Case control study
B. Case report
C. RCT
D. Case series.
E. Cohort study.

29. Select the true option of case control study

A. it is an intervention study
B. The investigator categorize the individual on basis of exposure
C. A It is mainly used to study rare diseases
D. It used to study several outcomes
E. Attrition is potential problem

30. One is wrong concerning a cohort study:

A. The study groups are observed for period of time
B. Can study several outcomes
C. Attrition is one of the limitations
D. Unsuitable for rare disease
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E. Can study several risk factors

31. A bias arises because of different admission rates to the hospital, is known as:
A. Selection bias
B. Memory bias
C. Confounding bias
D. Recall bias
E. Berkesonian bias

32. A major advantage of cohort studies over case-control studies is that:

A. they take less time and are less costly
B. they can utilize a more representative population
C. it is easier to obtain controls who are not exposed to the factor
D. they permit estimation of risk of disease in those exposed to the factor
E. they can be done on a “double-blind” basis

33. Which of the following statements does not apply to case control studies:
A. starts with disease
B. suitable for rare diseases
C. relatively inexpensive
D. prolonged follow-up required
E. there may be a problem in selecting and matching controls

34. (34-37) An Investigator selects randomly 100 file records for patients diagnosed as cases
of Myocardial infarction admitted to TMC in first 6 months of the year 2016. Then
choose randomly other 100 file records admitted in the same period for other causes
and free from any evidence of CHD. The aim of the study was: is the overweight a risk
factor for MI the results was as following:

The type of this study

A. Randomized Control trial

B. Case series
C. Cross-section
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D. Case control
E. Cohort
35. Exposure rate among patient with MI was:
A. 42.8%
B. 60%
C. 40%
D. 20%
E. 66.6%

36. The strength of association between overweight and MI was:

A. 6.6
B. 6
C. 3.4
D. 4.6
E. 2.7

37. One is a disadvantage of this study type:

A. Can study several risk factor
B. No risk to subject
C. Requires few subjects
D. Suitable for rare disease
E. No distinguish between cause and associated factor

38. A study in which children are randomly assigned to receive either a newly formulated
vaccine or the currently available vaccine, and are followed to monitor for side effects
and effectiveness of each vaccine, is an example of which type of study?
A. Experimental
B. Observational
C. Cohort
D. Case-control
E. Clinical trial

39. Cohort Studies generally look at which of the following?

A. Determining the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic methods
B. Identifying patient characteristics or risk factors associated with a disease or
outcome
C. Variations among the clinical manifestations of patients with a disease
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D. The impact of blinding or masking a study population

40. The main disadvantage of case control study:

A. Liable to attrition bias.
B. Liable to selection bias
C. It takes a long time
D. It is more suitable for rare exposure.
E. It needs a very large number of subjects.

41. One is not a feature of Case control study

A. Both exposure & outcome have occurred before the start of the study.
B. Study proceeds backwards from effect to cause.
C. Use o f a control group to support or refute an inference.
D. Proper matching eliminates the confounding bias.
E. Follow up for a specified period of time

42. 45. In a cohort study concerning the relationship between smoking and the subsequent
risk of osteocarcinoma, a sample of 1000 people were followed for 8 years. The results
are presented in the below table. The RR associated with smoking in this study is:

A. 2
B. 0.5
C. 0.33
D. 0.25
E. 3
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43. In cohort study concerning the relationship between the use of exogenous estrogen and
subsequent risk of breast cancer, a sample of 1000 premenopausal women were
followed for 8 years. The results are presented in the following table:

Incidence of disease among exposed?

A. 60
B. 40
C. 10
D. 30
E. 50
44. Incidence of disease among unexposed
A. 60
B. 20
C. 40
D. 30
E. 50

45. The RR =
A. 4
B. 2
C. 1
D. 3
E. 6
46. The AR =
A. 40
B. 50
C. 66
D. 30
E. 10
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47. in a prospective study of the relationship between HIV status and subsequent risk of
developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, the results were as follow:

The type of the above study is:

A. Case report
B. Case control
C. Case series
D. Cohort
E. RCT
48. The strength of association between HIV and development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
is:
A. RR-7.5
B. OR-7.5
C. AR= 0.1
D. PAR % 32 %
E. AR% 87%

49.

The study design

A. Case report
B. Cohort was:
C. Case control
D. Cross-section
E. Case series
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50. The Strength of association between eating of raw vegetable & diarrhea was:
A. RR 3.2
B. AR 0.25
C. OR 3.2
D. OR 2.1
E. AR%-54