Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Prob 3-1

Given Vm = 180 V, R = 15 Ω, f = 60 Hz;

From eqn. (3.11), Vdc = 0.6366 Vm = 114.588 V

Prob 3-2
−3
Vm := 170 R := 10 Lc := 0.5⋅ 10
f := 60
Using Eq. (3-11)
Vdc := 0.6366⋅ Vm

Vdc
Idc :=
R Idc = 10.82
Using Eq. (3-83)
Vx := 2⋅ f ⋅ Lc⋅ Idc
Vx = 0.65
Vo := Vdc − Vx
Vo = 107.57

Prob 3-3 Please find the solution at the end of

this document.

Prob 3-4
Vm := 170 R := 5 −3
f := 60 Lc := 0.5⋅ 10
Using Eq. (3-25)
6
Vdc := Vm⋅ ⋅ sin ⎜
⎛π⎞
⎟ Vdc = 162.34
π ⎝6⎠
Vdc
Idc :=
R Idc = 32.47
Using Eq. (3-83)

Vx := 6⋅ f ⋅ Lc⋅ Idc
Vx = 5.84

Vo := Vdc − Vx
Vo = 156.49

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -1
 Vs := 280 R := 5
f := 60

2
Vm := 280⋅ Vm = 228.62
3
Using Eq. (3-33)
Vdc := 1.6542⋅ Vm
Vdc = 378.18

Prob 3-6 −3
Vs := 280 R := 5 f := 60
Lc := 0.5⋅ 10

2
Vm := 280⋅ Vm = 228.62
3
Using Eq. (3-33)
Vdc = 378.18
Vdc := 1.6542⋅ Vm

Vdc
Idc :=
R Idc = 75.64
Using Eq. (3-83)
Vx := 6⋅ f ⋅ Lc⋅ Idc
Vx = 13.61
Vo := Vdc − Vx
Vo = 364.57

Prob 3-7

Given Vdc = 300 V, R = 15 Ω

From Eqn. (3.11), Vdc = 0.6366 Vm,

∴ 300 = 0.6366 Vm, ∴ 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 471.25 𝑉𝑉

The RMS phase voltage is Vs = Vm/√2 = 471.25/√2 = 333.23 V

Idc = Vdc/R = 300/15 = 20 A;

Diodes:
peak current, Ip = 471.25/15 = 31.416 A,
Average current, Id = Idc/2 = 10 A,

RMS current = 31.416/2 = 15.708 A,

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -2
 Transformer:

RMS voltage Vs = Vm//√2 = 333.23 𝑉𝑉

RMS Current Is = Im//√2 = 22.215 𝐴𝐴
Volt-amp, VI = 333.23 × 22.215 = 7402. 53 VA
Pdc = (0.6366 Vm)2/R and Pac = Vs Is = Vm2/2R

TUF = Pdc/Pac = 0.63662 x 2 = 0.8105 and the de-rating factor of transformer is 1/TUF = 1.2338

Prob 3-8
Vdc := 750 Idc := 6000
Using Eq. (3-33)
Vdc
Vm := Vm = 453.39
1.6542

Vm
Vs := Vs = 320.6
2

Diodes
Ip := Idc 3
Ip = 6 × 10

Idc 3
Id := Id = 3 × 10
2
Ip 3
IR := IR = 4.24 × 10
2

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -3
 Transformer Vm Vs = 320.6
Vs :=
2
3
Is := Ip Is = 6 × 10

6
VI := Vs⋅ Is VI = 1.924 × 10

Using Eq. (3-1) 6

Pdc := Vdc⋅ Idc Pdc = 4.5 × 10

6
Using Eq. (3-2) Pac := 3Vs⋅ Is Pac = 5.77 × 10

Using Eq. (3-8) Pdc

TUF := TUF = 0.78
Pac

1
= 1.28
TUF

Prob 3-9

Vm := 170 f := 60 R := 10 ω := 2⋅ π ⋅ f ω = 376.99 RF := 0.04

Guess
−3
L := 5⋅ 10

Given

Using Eq. (3-67) 2

⎛ 2⋅ ω ⋅ L ⎞
RF⋅ 1 + ⎜ ⎟ − 0.481 = 0
⎝ R ⎠

3
Find ( L ) ⋅ 10 = 158.93 mH

Prob 3-10

Vm := 170 f := 60 R := 10 ω := 2⋅ π ⋅ f ω = 376.99

RF := 0.02
Guess
−3
L := 5⋅ 10

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -4
 Given

Using Eq. (3-67)

2
⎛ 6⋅ ω ⋅ L ⎞ 2
RF⋅ 2⋅ 1 + ⎜ ⎟ − = 0
⎝ R ⎠ 35

3
Find ( L ) ⋅ 10 = 7.76 mH

Prob 3-11

E := 20 Vp := 120 Cap := 200 Idc := 10 n := 2 f := 60

Vp
Vs := Vs = 60 Vm := 2⋅ Vs Vm = 84.85
n

α := asin ⎛⎜ ⎞
E 180
( a) ⎟ α⋅ = 13.63
⎝ Vm ⎠ π

β := π − α 180
β⋅ = 166.37
π

δ := β − α 180
δ = 152.73
π

( )
1
⋅ 2⋅ Vm⋅ cos ( α ) + 2⋅ E⋅ α − π ⋅ E
( b)
R := R = 1.776 Ω
2π ⋅ Idc
( c)

⎡⎛ V 2 ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎢⎜ m 2⎟ Vm ⎥
+ E ⎟ ⋅ ( π − 2⋅ α ) + ⋅ sin ( 2⋅ α ) − 4⋅ Vm⋅ E ⋅ cos ( α )⎥
1
Irms := ⋅ ⎢⎜
2⋅ π ⋅ R 2 ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎦
Irms = 16.98

2
PR := Irms ⋅ R PR = 512.06

( d) Pdc := E⋅ Idc Pdc = 200

Cap
ho := ho = 1
Pdc

( e) Pdc
η := η ⋅ 100 = 28.09 %
Pdc + PR

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -5
 (f) PIV := Vm + E PIV = 104.85

Prob 3-12

E := 12 Cap := 100 Vp := 120 Idc := 5 n := 2 f := 60

Vp
Vs := Vs = 60 Vm := 2⋅ Vs Vm = 84.85
n

α := asin ⎛⎜ ⎞
E 180
( a) ⎟ α⋅ = 8.13
⎝ m⎠
V π

β := π − α 180
β⋅ = 171.87
π

δ := β − α 180
δ = 163.74
π

( )
1
⋅ 2⋅ Vm⋅ cos ( α ) + 2⋅ E⋅ α − π ⋅ E
( b)
R := R = 4.26 Ω
2π ⋅ Idc

( c)
⎡⎛ V 2 ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎢⎜ m 2⎟ Vm ⎥
+ E ⎟ ⋅ ( π − 2⋅ α ) + ⋅ sin ( 2⋅ α ) − 4⋅ Vm⋅ E ⋅ cos ( α )⎥
1
Irms := ⋅ ⎢⎜
2⋅ π ⋅ R 2 ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎦
Irms = 8.21

2
PR := Irms ⋅ R PR = 287.03

( d) Pdc := E⋅ Idc Pdc = 60

Cap
ho := ho = 1.67
Pdc

( e) Pdc
η := η ⋅ 100 = 17.29 %
Pdc + PR

(f) PIV := Vm + E PIV = 96.85

Prob 3-13
−3
L := 4.5⋅ 10 R := 4 f := 60 ω := 2⋅ π ⋅ 60 ω = 376.99

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -6
 Vs := 120 E := 20 1
T := 3
f T⋅ 10 = 16.67
1
2
Z := ⎡⎣ R + ( ω⋅ L) ⎤⎦
2 2
Z = 4.34

θ := atan ⎛⎜ ω⋅
L⎞
⎟ θ = 0.4
⎝ R⎠

⎡ R ⎛π⎞
( a) − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⎤
⎢ ω ⎥
1 + e ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦ E E
L
Vs
Y := 2⋅ ⋅ sin ( θ ) ⋅
⎣ − +
Vs
− 2⋅ ⋅ sin ( θ )
Z ⎡ − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⎤
R ⎛π⎞ R R Z
⎢ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
L ω ⎥
⎣1 − e ⎦
Y = 0.02
⎛ R ⎞ ⋅⎛ π ⎞ − ⎛ R ⎞⋅t
Vs ⎜L⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⋅ sin ( ω⋅ t − θ ) + ( Y) ⋅ e⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⋅ e ⎝ ⎠ −
ω L E
iL ( t) := 2⋅
Z R

iL ( 0) = 10.27

The average diode current can be found from Equation 3-16 as:
( b)

1
⌠ 120
⎮ 1
Id := ⋅ i ( t ) dt Id = 11
⎮ T L
⌡
0

( c) The rms diode current can be found using Equation 3-16

1
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⌠ 120 ⎟
⎮
Ir := ⎜ ⋅ i ( t) dt⎟
1 2
⎜⌡⎮ T L ⎟ Ir = 17.04
⎝ 0 ⎠

( d) The rms output current can then be found by

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -7
 Irms := Ir⋅ 2 Irms = 24.1

The max min values of output current

⎡ ⎡ R ⎛π⎞ ⎤⎤
⎛ R ⎞ ⋅ ⎛ π − t⎞ ⎢ − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
Vs⋅ 2
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ ω ⎠ ⎥⎥
+
⋅ ⎢ sin ( ω⋅ t − θ ) + sin ( θ ) ⋅ e⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⋅ ⎢ − 1⎥ ⎥ −
L ω 1 e E
i1 ( t) :=
⎢ ⎢ R ⎛π⎞ ⎥⎥ R
− ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
Z
⎢ ⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ω⎠
L ⎥⎥
⎣ ⎣1 − e ⎦⎦

Guess
−3
t := 5⋅ 10

Given

⎡ ⎡ ⎡ R ⎛π⎞ ⎤⎤ ⎤
⎛ R ⎞ ⋅ ⎛ π − t⎞ ⎢ − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
⎢V ⋅ 2 ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ L⎠ ⎝ω⎠ ⎥⎥ ⎥
d⎢ s +
⋅ ⎢ sin ( ω⋅ t − θ ) + sin ( θ ) ⋅ e ⎠⋅ ⎢ − 1⎥ ⎥ −
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ ω 1 e E⎥
= 0
dt ⎢ Z ⎢ ⎢ ⎛ R⎞ ⎛ π ⎞
− ⎜ ⎟ ⋅⎜ ⎟
⎥⎥ R⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ω⎠
L ⎥⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎣1 − e ⎦⎦ ⎦

t1 := Find ( t) −3
t1 = 5.18 × 10
Imax := i1 t1( ) Imax = 34.36
t1 180
tx := t1 − at ⋅ ω⋅ t1 = 111.93 degrees
1.15 π

Imin := i1 tx( ) Imin = 6.04

at
tx⋅ 1000 = 0.68 ms 180 degrees
⋅ ω⋅ tx = 14.6
π

⎡ ⎡ R ⎛π⎞ ⎤⎤
⎛ R ⎞ ⋅ ⎛ π − t⎞ ⎢ − ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
Vs⋅ 2
⎢ ⎜L⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ω⎠
L ⎥⎥
⎢ ω ⎠ ⎢1 + e
⋅ sin ( ω⋅ t − θ ) + sin ( θ ) ⋅ e⎝ ⎠ ⎝ − 1⎥ ⎥ −
E
i1 ( t) := ⋅
⎢ ⎢ R ⎛π⎞ ⎥⎥ R
− ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
Z
⎢ ⎢ ⎝L⎠ ⎝ω⎠ ⎥⎥
⎣ ⎣1 − e ⎦⎦

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -8
 ta := 0 , .0001 .. 2π

40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
( )
i1 ta 20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180
180
⋅ ω ⋅ ta
π

Imin = 6.04 is the minimum current

at
180
⋅ ω⋅ tx = 14.6 degrees
π

Imax = 34.36 is the maximum current

at
180
⋅ ω⋅ t1 = 111.93 degrees
π

Prob 3-14: Three-phase Diode Rectifier

Input Phase Voltage VS := 120 fs := 60

Load Resistance R := 5 E := 20
−3
Load Inductance L := 2.5⋅ 10

The ripple factor of the output voltage is to be limited to less than 5% of the average output
voltage by an L-C filter.

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -9
 1
2
Z := ⎡⎣ R + ( ω⋅ L) ⎤⎦
2 2
θ := atan ⎜
⎛ ω⋅ L ⎞
ω := 2⋅ π ⋅ fs ⎟
⎝ R ⎠
θ
ω = 376.99 Z = 5.09 180. = 10.67
π
1
VS = 120 T := T = 0.02
fs
Vm := 2⋅ VS
VAB := 3⋅ VS
Vm = 169.71

VAB = 207.85 Line-to-Line RMS Input Voltage

⎡ R ⎛ π ⎞⎤
− ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎜
⎢ ⎛ 2⋅ π ⎟
⎞ ⎛ π − θ⎞ ⋅ e ⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 3⋅ ω ⎠ ⎥
2⋅ VAB ⎢ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟
sin − θ − sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
I1 := ⋅ ⎢ ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥−E
Z ⎢ ⎡− ⎛ R ⎞ ⋅ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ ⎥ R
⎢ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎥
1 − e⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 3⋅ ω ⎠⎦
L
⎣ ⎦ I1 = 50.56

⎡ ⎡ ⎛ 2.⋅ π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞⎤ ⎤
⎢ ⎢ sin ⎜ − θ⎟ − sin ⎜ − θ⎟ ⎥ ⎛ R ⎞ ⋅ ⎛ π − t⎞⎥
2⋅ VAB ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
iL ( t) := ⋅ ⎢ sin ( ωt − θ ) + ⎢
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎥ ⋅ e⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 3. ⋅ ω ⎠⎥ − E
Z ⎢ ⎢ R ⎛ π ⎞
− ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎜
⎥ ⎥ R
⎢ ⎢ ⎟ ⎥ ⎥
1 − e ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 3. ⋅ ω ⎠
L
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦
1. Calculations for I1 using Equation on bottom of page 74

⎡ R ⎛ π ⎞⎤
− ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⋅ ⎜
⎢ ⎛ 2⋅ π ⎟
⎞ ⎛π ⎞ 3⋅ ω ⎠ ⎥
− θ⎟ − sin ⎜ − θ⎟ ⋅ e ⎝ ⎠ ⎝
L
⎢ sin ⎜ ⎥
2⋅ VAB ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
I1 := ⋅⎢ ⎥−E
Z ⎢ ⎡− ⎛ ⎞ ⋅ ⎛
R π ⎞⎤ ⎥ R
⎢ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎥
1 − e⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 3⋅ ω ⎠⎦
L
⎣ ⎦ I1 = 50.56

2. Calculations for Average Diode Current

⎛ T ⎞
⎜ ⌠3 ⎟
2 ⎮
Id := ⎜ ⋅ ⎮ iL ( t) dt⎟
⎜T ⎮ ⎟
⎜ ⌡T ⎟ Id = 17.38
⎝ 6 ⎠

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -10
 3. Calculations for RMS diode Current

1
2
⎛ T ⎞
⎜ ⌠3 ⎟
2 ⎮
Ir := ⎜ ⋅ ⎮ iL ( t) dt⎟
2
⎜T ⎮ ⎟
⎜ ⌡T ⎟ Ir = 30.11
⎝ 6 ⎠
4. Calculations for RMS Output Current

Irms := 3⋅ I r

Irms = 52.16 RMS Output Current

Prob 3-15

a. Equation (3.67) can be solved for Ce

Ce = 1   1  476 
.

b. From Eq. (3.66), the average output voltage is

Vdc =   2 1/ 2 ) = 311/2(2 – 1/300×2×60×47×10−6)= 310 V

Prob 3-16

Vs := 120 f := 60 R := 140 ω := 2⋅ π ⋅ f ω = 376.99

Vm := 2⋅ Vs Vm = 169.71

( a) Using Eq. (3-67)

1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
Ce := ⋅ ⎜1 + ⎟ 6
2⋅ f ⋅ R ⎝ Ce⋅ 10 = 901.32
2⋅ RF ⎠

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -11
 ( b) Vm
Vdc := Vm − Vdc = 164.1
4⋅ f ⋅ R ⋅ Ce

Prob 3-17

Vm := 100

2
Using Eq. (3-3) ( a) 0.318
η := η ⋅ 100 = 40.45
2
0.5
Using Eq. (3-5) 0.5
( b) FF := FF ⋅ 100 = 157.23
0.318
Using Eq. (3-7) 2
( c) RF := FF − 1 RF⋅ 100 = 121.33
2
0.318
Using Eq. (3-8) ( d) TUF :=
0.707⋅ 0.5 TUF⋅ 100 = 28.61

( e) PIV := Vm PIV = 100

(f) CF := 2
2
Using Eq. (3-9) 0.5
( g) PF := PF = 0.71
0.707⋅ 0.5

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -12
Problem 3-18

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-13

 Prob 3-19

( a)
f := 60 Vdc := 48 Idc := 20 ω := 2⋅ π ⋅ f ω = 376.99

Vs := 120 Vm := 2⋅ Vs
Vdc α
x := α := asin ( x) 180⋅ = 16.43
Vm π
Using Eq. (3-74)
⎛2 π⎞
k := 1 − ( x) 2 + ⎜ − ⎟x 100⋅ k = 69.49
⎝π 2⎠
Idc
Ipk := Ipk = 28.78
k
Using Eq. (3-77)
Vm
Lcr := 1000⋅ Lcr = 15.64 mH
ω⋅ Ipk
Using Eq. (3-76)

1 ⎡⎢⌠
α+π ⎤
⎥
⎡⎣ ( cos ( α ) − cos ( φ ) ) − x⋅ ( φ − α )⎦⎤ dφ⎥
2
kr := ⋅ ⎮
π ⎢⌡
α⎣ ⎦

100⋅ kr = 81.91

Irms := kr⋅ Ipk

Irms = 23.57

( b)
Idc := 15 Ipk := 69.25

100⋅ Idc
k := k = 21.66
Ipk

xn1 := 65
xn := 60

α n1 := 40.54
α n := 36.87

kn1 := 15.27
kn := 23.95

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -14
 krn1 := 26.58
krn := 31.05

⎡( xn1 − xn) ⋅ ( k − kn)⎤

x := xn + ⎢ ⎥ x = 61.32
⎣ kn1 − kn ⎦

Vm
Vdc := x⋅ Vdc = 104.06
100

⎡( α n1 − α n) ⋅ ( k − kn)⎤
α := α n + ⎢ ⎥ α = 37.84
⎣ kn1 − kn ⎦

⎡( krn1 − krn) ⋅ ( k − kn)⎤

kr := krn + ⎢ ⎥ kr = 29.87
⎣ kn1 − kn ⎦

kr⋅ Ipk
Irms := Irms = 20.69
100

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -15
Problem 3-20

Let t1 and t2 be the charging and discharging time of capacitor. For a single-
phase full-wave rectifier, the period of output voltage is T/2, where T is the
period of the input voltage and the supply frequency is f = 1/T.
t1 + t2 = T/2. If t2>>t1 which is normally the case, t2 T/2
During discharging of the capacitor, the capacitor discharges exponentially
and the output (or capacitor) voltage is

v (t )  V et / RC
o m
where Vm is the peak value of supply voltage.
The peak-to-peak ripple voltage is
t / RC t / RC
v  v (t  t )  v (t  t )  V  V e 2  V [1  e 2 ]
r o 1 o 2 m m m
Since, e x  1 - x, vr = Vm (1 - 1 + t2/RC) = Vm t2/RC = Vm/(2fRC)
Thus, the rms value of the output voltage harmonics is
v V
V  r  m
ac 2 2 4 2 f R C

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-16

3URE

Given, R = 20 Ω, L = 7.5 mH, f = 60 Hz;

For a 6-phase rectifier, the dominant harmonic is qf. q=6, hence 6th harmonic is dominant.
Using eqn.3.68

Where n =6.
Hence Ce can be found out using above equation. Ce = 168.5 µF.

For RF ≤ 3% and 6th harmonic as the dominant harmonic:

√
RF =   0.03
 

Or (12πf)2Le Ce − 1 = 1.345. Solving we get Le = 2.73 mH.

Chapter 3-Diodes Rectifiers

Page # 3 -17
Problem 3-22

(a) With q = 6, Eq. (3-37) gives the output voltage as

 2 2 
v (t )  0.9549V 1  cos  6t   cos 12t   .. 
L m  35 143 

The load impedance, Z  R  j (n L)  R 2  (n L)2 

n

and   tan 1(n L / R)

n
and the load current is

   
0.9549V 2 2 
m
i (t )  I 
L dc  35 cos 6 t  6  143 cos 12 t  12  .. 
R  (n L)2
2

Vdc 0.9549Vm
where I dc  
R R
(b) Vm = 170 V, f = 60 Hz, R = 200 ,  = 2 f = 377 rad/s
The rms value of the ripple current is
2 2
(0.9549Vm )2  2  (0.9549Vm )2  2 
I 
2
  ..
ac
2[ R 2  (6 L)2 ]  35  2[ R 2  (12 L)2 ]  143 
Considering only the lowest order harmonic (n = 6) and neglecting others,
0.9549Vm  2
I ac 
2  35 
2 R  (6 L)  
2

Using the value of Idc and after simplification, the ripple factor is
I ac 1  2
RF      0.02
I dc 2  1  (6 L / R)  35 
2

0.04042 = 0.022 [1 + (6 x 377 L/200)2] or L = 11.64 mH

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-18

Problem 3-23

(a)

(b) For the primary (or supply) current,

ao = 0
I
a  02 a cos(n ) d  0
1
n  2
I 2I
b  02 a sin(n ) d  a
1
n  2 n

n = tan-1 (an/bn) = 0
2 I  sin  t sin 3 t sin 5 t 
i (t )  a     .. 
s   1 3 5 
The rms value of the fundamental current is
I1 = 2Ia/(2)
The rms current is Is = Ia/2. At the primary (or supply) side, PF = I1/Is =

22/ = 0.9 and HF  (I /I )2 - 1 = 0.4834.

s 1
(c) For the rectifier input (or secondary) side,

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-19

ao/2 = Ia/2

a  0 I cos(n ) d  0
1
n  a
I
b  0 I sin(n ) d  a (1  cos n )
1
n  a n
n = tan-1 (an/bn) = 0
Cn = (an2 + bn2) and I1 = C1/2 = 2Ia/
and Is = Ia/2

PF = I1/Is = 2/ = 0.6366 and HF  (I /I )2 - 1 = 1.211

s 1

Problem 3-24

(a)

(b) For the primary (or supply) current: From Eq. (3-23), the primary
current is

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-20

 4I  sin  t sin 3 t sin 5 t 
i (t )  a  1  3  5  .. 
s 
I1 = 4Ia/(2)

The rms current is Is = Ia. PF = I1/Is = 22/ = 0.9 and HF  (I /I )2 - 1 =

s 1
0.4834.
(c) For the rectifier input (or secondary) current:
ao/2 = Ia/2

a  0 I cos(n ) d  0
1
n  a
I
b  0 I sin(n ) d  a (1  cos n )
1
n  a n
n = tan-1 (an/bn) = 0
Cn = (an2 + bn2) and I1 = C1/2 = 2Ia/
and Is = Ia/2

PF = I1/Is = 2/ = 0.6366 and HF  (I /I )2 - 1 = 1.211

s 1
Problem 3-25 (a)

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-21

(b) For the primary (or secondary) phase (or line) current:
ao/2 = 0
1  2Ia 1   Ia
a   cos(n ) d    cos(n ) d
5 /6 2  /6

n  /6
3  5 /6
3
2I n n
 a cos sin
n 2 3
1  2I a 1   Ia
b   sin(n ) d    sin(n ) d
5 /6 2  /6

n  /6
3  5 /6
3
2I n n
 a sin sin
n 2 3
2I n
Cn  an2  bn2  a sin
n 3
n = tan-1 (an/bn) = tan-1(cot n/2)
(c) I1 = C1/2 = 3Ia/(2), 1 = 0 and Is = 2 Ia/3

PF = I1/Is = 33/2 = 0.827 and HF  (I /I )2 - 1 = 0.68

s 1

Problem 3-26 (a)

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-22

(b) For the primary line current:
ao/2 = 0
1  Ia 1   Ia
a   cos(n ) d    cos(n ) d
5 /6 2  /6

n  3
/6
 3
3 /2

2I a n 2n 
 sin (1  cos )
3 n 6 3

1  Ia 1   Ia
b   sin(n ) d    sin(n ) d
5 /6 2  /6

n  3
/6
 3
3 /2

2I a n 2n 
 cos (1  cos )
3 n 6 3

2I a 2n 
Cn  an2  bn2  (1  cos )
3 n 3
n = tan-1 (an/bn) = tan-1(-tan n/6) = -n/6
I1 = C1/2 = 3Ia/(2), 1 = -/6 and Is = 2 Ia/3
(c) For the secondary (or primary) phase current,
ao/2 = 0
1  2I a 1   Ia
a   cos(n ) d    cos(n ) d
5 /6 2  /6

n  /6
3 3  3 3
5 /6

2I a n n
 cos sin
3 n 2 3

1  2I a 1   Ia
b   sin(n ) d    sin(n ) d
5 /6 2  /6

n  /6
3 3  3 3
5 /6

2I a n n
 sin sin
3 n 2 3

2I n
Cn  an2  bn2  a sin
3 n 3
n = tan-1 (an/bn) = tan-1(cot n/2) = n/2
I1 = C1/2 = Ia/(2), 1 = 0 and Is = 2 Ia/(33)

PF = I1/Is = 33/2 = 0.827 and HF  (I /I )2 - 1 = 0.68

s 1

Problem 3-27

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-23

(a)

(b) For the primary line current:

ao/2 = 0
I
a  a   cos(n ) d   cos(n ) d    cos(n ) d 

2 /3 
5 /3   2  /3

n  /3 2

2I n 7n 
  a sin cos
n 2 6

I
b  a   sin(n ) d   sin(n ) d    sin(n ) d 

2 /3 
5 /3  
2  /3

n  /3 2

I  n 7n  
 a 1  cos n  2sin cos 
n  2 6 

For n = 1, C1 = (a12 + b12) = 23Ia/

1 = tan-1 (a1/b1) = tan-1(1/3) = /6
I1 = C1/2 = 2 3Ia/, and Is = Ia (2/3)
(c) For the secondary or primary phase current,
ao/2 = 0

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-24

 I
a  a  2/ 3/ 3 cos(n ) d  45
 / 3 cos(n ) d   0
n   /3 
I
b  a  2/ 3/ 3 sin(n ) d  45
 / 3 sin(n ) d 

n   /3
4I n n
 a sin sin
n 2 6

Cn = bn and n = 0
C1 = 2 Ia/, I1 = C1/2 = 2Ia/(2 ), 1 = 0 and Is = Ia/3

PF = I1/Is = 2 3/ = 0.78 and HF  (I /I )2 - 1 = 0.803

s 1

Problem 3-28

(a)

(b) For the primary (or secondary) phase (or line) current:
ao/2 = 0
2I  4I n n
a  a  cos(n ) d  a sin
5 /6
cos
n  /6
n 3 2

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-25

 2I  4I n n
b  a  sin(n ) d  a sin
5 /6
sin
n  /6
n 3 2

4I n
C  a sin and n = tan-1 (an/bn) = tan-1(cot n/2)
n n 3
(c) C1 = 23Ia/ and 1 = 0
I1 = C1/2 = 2 3Ia/, and Is = Ia (2/3)

PF = I1/Is = 3/ = 0.9549 and HF  (I /I )2 - 1 = 0.3108

s 1

Problem 3-29

(a)

(b) For the primary line current,

ao/2 = 0
2I
a  a   cos(n ) d   2cos(n ) d    cos(n ) d 
 /2 
5 /6  7 /6

n 3
/6 /2 5 /6

8I a 2n  n n
 cos sin cos
3 n 3 3 6

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-26

 2I
b  a   sin(n ) d   2sin(n ) d    sin(n ) d 
 /2 
5 /6  7 /6

n 3
/6 /2 5 /6

8I a 2n  n n
 sin sin cos
3 n 3 3 6

8I a n n
C  sin cos
n 3 n 3 6

n = tan-1 (an/bn) = tan-1(cot(2n/3))

C1 = 23Ia/ and I1 = C1/2 = 2 3Ia/, 1 = tan-1 (-1/3) = -/6
(c) For the primary (or secondary) phase current,
ao/2 = 0
2I  4I n n
a  a  cos(n ) d  a sin
5 /6
cos
n  /6
n 3 2

2I  4I n n
b  a  sin(n ) d  a sin
5 /6
sin
n  /6
n 3 2

4I n
C  a sin and n = tan-1 (an/bn) = tan-1(cot n/2)
n n 3
I1 = C1/2 = 2 3Ia/, and Is = Ia (2/3)

PF = I1/Is = 3/ = 0.9549 and HF  (I /I )2 - 1 = 0.3108

s 1

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-27

Problem 3-30

(a)

(b) For the primary (or secondary) line current,

ao/2 = 0
2I  4I n n
a  a  cos(n ) d  a sin
5 /6
cos
n  /6
n 3 2

2I  4I n n
b  a  sin(n ) d  a sin
5 /6
sin
n  /6
n 3 2

4I n
C  a sin and n = tan-1 (an/bn) = tan-1(cot n/2)
n n 3
I1 = C1/2 = 2 3Ia/, and Is = Ia (2/3)
(c) For the primary (or secondary) phase current,
ao/2 = 0
2I 
a  a   cos(n ) d   2cos(n ) d    cos(n ) d 
/2 
5 /6 7 /6

n 3 /6 /2 5 /6

8I 2n  n n
 a cos sin cos
3 n 3 3 6

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-28

 2I 
b  a   sin(n ) d   2sin(n ) d    sin(n ) d 
/2 
5 /6 7 /6

n 3 /6 /2 5 /6

8I 2n  n n
 a sin sin cos
3 n 3 3 6
8I n n
C  a sin cos
n 3 n 3 6
n = tan-1 (an/bn) = tan-1(cot(2n/3))
C1 = 23Ia/ and I1 = C1/2 = 2 3Ia/, 1 = tan-1 (-1/3) = -/6
Is = 2Ia/3, PF = I1/Is = 3/ = 0.9549
HF = [(Is/I1)2 - 1]½ = 0.3108

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers Page # 3-29

 Prob 3-31

q := 12 Vdc := 240 IT := 300 Vdc

R := R = 0.8
IT
Using Eq. (3-25)
Vdc
( a) Vm :=
q ⎛π⎞
⋅ sin ⎜ Vm = 242.764
⎟ ⎛π⎞
π ⎝ q⎠ q
Vdc := Vm⋅ ⋅ sin ⎜ ⎟
π q ⎝ ⎠
Vdc Vdc = 240
Idc := Idc = 300
R

Using Eq. (3-26)

q ⎛π 1 ⎛ 2⋅ π ⎞ ⎞
Vrms := Vm⋅ ⋅⎜ + ⋅ sin ⎜ ⎟⎟
2π ⎝q 2 ⎝ q ⎠⎠ Vrms = 240.013
Vrms
Irms := Irms = 300.016
R

Pdc := Vdc⋅ Idc Pac := Vrms⋅ Irms 4 4

Pdc = 7.2 × 10 Pac = 7.201 × 10

Pdc
η := η ⋅ 100 = 99.989
Pac

Vrms
( b) FF :=
Vdc FF ⋅ 100 = 100.005

2
( c) RF := FF − 1 RF⋅ 100 = 1.028

Vm
( d) Vs :=
Vs = 171.66
2
Using Eq. (3-27)
Vm 1 ⎛π 1 ⎛ 2⋅ π ⎞ ⎞
Is := ⋅ ⋅ ⎜ + ⋅ sin ⎜ ⎟⎟
R 2⋅ π ⎝ q 2 ⎝ q ⎠⎠ Is = 86.607

q 4
VA := Vs⋅ Is VA = 8.92 × 10
2

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers

Page # 6 -30
 Pdc
TUF :=
VA TUF = 0.8072

Pac
PF :=
VA PF = 0.8072

( e) PIV := 3⋅ Vm PIV = 420.479

IT
(f) Id := Id = 25
q Id
Im :=
1 ⎛π⎞
⋅ sin ⎜ ⎟ Im = 303.455
π ⎝ q⎠

Prob 3-32 q := 12 Vm := 170 f := 60 n := q

Using Eq. (3-25)
q ⎛π⎞
Vp := Vm⋅ ⋅ sin ⎜ ⎟
π q ⎝ ⎠ Vp = 168.065
Using Eq. (3-69)
−2 ⎛ n⋅ π ⎞
⋅ cos ⎜
V1 := ⎟
2
n −1 ⎝ q ⎠ V1 = 0.014

( a) VD := Vp⋅ V1
VD = 2.351 V

( b)
f1 := q⋅ f
f1 = 720

3URE

Given Vm = 180 V, R = 15 Ω, f = 60 Hz;

For a six phase star rectifier the average output voltage is given by eqn. (3.25) as:

Vdc =

Chapter 3- Diode Rectifiers

Page # 6 -31