AR154P

BUILDING UTILITIES 2
HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATING,
AIRCONDITIONING) SYSTEMS OF
BUILDINGS
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Mechanical, Electrical and Electronic
Systems
• Mechanical Systems-
• is an important superset of HVAC (Heating, ventilating and
Airconditioning) services.
• It incorporates the control of environmental factors, either
for human comfort or for the operation of machines.
• Heating, cooling, ventilation and exhaustion are all key
areas to consider in the mechanical planning of a building.
• A major concern for people designing HVAC systems is
efficiency (the consumption of electricity and water).
• efficiency is optimized by changing the design of the
system on both large and small scales.
• The goal of the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
(HVAC) system is to create and maintain a comfortable
environment within a building.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems
• Conduction heat gain from outdoors
through the roof, exterior walls, and
glass windows or skylights.
• Solar radiation heat gain through
glass windows or skylights.
• Conduction heat gain through the
ceiling, interior partition walls, and the
floor.
• Internal heat and moisture generated
by people, lights, appliances, and
equipment in the space.
• Heat gain from air infiltrating into the
space from outdoors.
• Heat gain from outdoor air
deliberately brought into the building
for ventilation purposes.
• Heat generated by the fans and
motors in the system.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems
• OA-Outdoor Air
• MA-Mixed Sir (OA and
Filtered Air, free of
contaminants)
• Supply Fan-extracts MA
(conditioned air to specified
temperature level) to supply
the conditioned space
• RA-Return Air
• EA-Extracted Air via a return
fan
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems
• OA-Outdoor Air
• MA-Mixed Sir (OA and
Filtered Air, free of
contaminants)
• Supply Fan-extracts MA
(conditioned air to
specified temperature
level) to supply the
conditioned space
• RA-Return Air
• EA-Extracted Air via a
return fan
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems
• OA-Outdoor Air
• MA-Mixed Sir (OA and
Filtered Air, free of
contaminants)
• Supply Fan-extracts MA
(conditioned air to
specified temperature
level) to supply the
conditioned space
• RA-Return Air
• EA-Extracted Air via a
return fan
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems
• A cooling coil is used
to cool and dehumidify
the supply air.
• the cold fluid flowing
through the tubes of
the coil may be either
water or liquid
refrigerant.
• Systems that use water
flowing through the
cooling coil also
contain a chilled-water
loop.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems

*VAV-Variable Air Volume

BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems

*VAV-Variable Air Volume

BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Dissecting HVAC systems
 AR154P
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATING,
AIRCONDITIONING) SYSTEMS OF
BUILDINGS
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Common HVAC systems
A single-zone, constant-volume
system
• delivers a constant quantity of air
to a single, temperature-
controlled zone.
• The thermostat measures the
temperature within the zone and
compares it to the desired
setpoint.
• In response to a deviation from
that setpoint, the thermostat
sends a signal to vary the
cooling or heating capacity of the
system.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Common HVAC systems
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Common HVAC systems
• includes several
components of the
airside loop, all the
components of the
refrigeration and heat-
rejection loops, and
most of the components
of the controls loop,
inside a common
casing.
• The conditioned air, is
discharged from the unit
into the supply ductwork
and is delivered to the
occupied space(s)
through supply
diffusers.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Common HVAC systems
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Common HVAC systems
A single-zone, variable-
volume (VAV) system
varies the quantity of
constant-temperature air
delivered to one
temperature-controlled
zone.
A zone may be either a
single space, or a group of
spaces that react
thermally in a similar
manner over time, and are
governed by one
thermostat.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Common HVAC systems
A multiple-zone, constant-
volume system uses a central
supply fan and cooling coil to
deliver a constant quantity of
air to several individually
controlled zones.

The central cooling coil cools

and dehumidifies the supply air
to a particular leaving-air
temperature. In some systems,
this temperature is
constant; in others, it varies
throughout the day and year
based on a particular external
condition, such as outdoor
temperature.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Common HVAC systems
A single-zone, variable-
volume (VAV) system
varies the quantity of
constant-temperature air
delivered to one
temperature-controlled
zone.
A zone may be either a
single space, or a group
of spaces that react
thermally in a similar
manner over time, and
are governed by one
thermostat.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Common HVAC systems
A multiple-zone,
variable-volume
(VAV) system consists
of a central air handler
that serves several
individually controlled
zones. Each zone has
a VAV terminal unit
(VAV box) that is
controlled by a
thermostat in the zone.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Common HVAC systems
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Common HVAC systems
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Factors That Affect Selection of the HVAC System
If an owner will occupy the A developer typically has two
building motivations.
• life-cycle cost • financial performance of the
• maintenance cost project.
• system reliability • ability to attract and retain
• and a productive work tenants.
environment may be
emphasized in the decision- Some developers may sell the
making process. property quickly, either upon
completion of construction or
The selection of the HVAC system within one to three years.
becomes more personal when the • first cost,
owner has to work or live in the • building marketability
building. • ability to bill individual tenants
for energy use
• and flexible workspace may be
most important to them.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Factors That Affect Selection of the HVAC
System
• Available Construction Budget
• Size and Shape of Building
• Function of Building
• Architectural Limitations
• Life-Cycle Cost
• Ease of Operation and Maintenance
• Time Available for Construction
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Factors That Affect Selection of the HVAC
System
• Available Construction
Budget
• The available budget for
purchasing and installing the
HVAC system may be imposed
on the design team by the owner
or developer, or it may be
developed with the aid of the
design team.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Factors That Affect Selection of the HVAC
System
• Size and Shape of Building
• The desired location of HVAC
equipment within the building can
impact the selection.
• If the owner or developer does not
want equipment located outdoors, it
can be located in basements, in
penthouses, or in equipment rooms
for each floor.
• If there is limited space inside the
building, the HVAC system may be
located on the roof, in a separate
building alongside the main
building, or even at a remote
location.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Factors That Affect Selection of the HVAC
System
• Function of a Building
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Air Movement
• Fresh Air
• Clean Air
• Noise Levels
• Number of Users
• After-Hours Usage

• These affect the experience of the

comfort zone by users
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Factors That Affect Selection of the HVAC
System
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Factors That Affect Selection of the HVAC
System
Life Cycle Cost
• cost includes the total cost of
owning and operating the
HVAC system over a given
period of years.
• This includes installed cost,
energy cost, maintenance cost,
replacement cost, and any
other known and expected
costs.
• some HVAC systems use more *American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
energy than others. and Air-Conditioning Engineers
• Software tools availability for
maintenance and analysis
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Factors That Affect Selection of the HVAC
System
Ease of Operation
• Will there be building personnel
on site to operate and maintain
the HVAC system?
• What level of training is
required to operate the
system?
• If the building will not have
someone on-site to operate or
maintain the HVAC system, this
*American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
will impact the system choice. and Air-Conditioning Engineers
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• Factors That Affect Selection of the HVAC
System
Time Available for
Construction
• The speed with which a
building must be built or
renovated can also influence
the selection of the HVAC
system.
• Some types of HVAC
equipment are made-to-order
and have lead times for
manufacturing.
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• ISOMETRIC DIAGRAM PACKAGE TYPE A/C
(WINDOW MOUNTED)
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• ISOMETRIC DIAGRAM SPLIT TYPE A/C
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• ISOMETRIC DIAGRAM SPLIT TYPE A/C
MULTI-AREA CONDITIONING
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• ISOMETRIC DIAGRAM DUCTED A/C MULTI-
AREA CONDITIONING
 AR154P
BUILDING UTILITIES 2
HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATING,
AIRCONDITIONING) SYSTEMS OF
BUILDINGS

RULES OF THUMB: SIMPLE GUIDES

IN HVAC INSTALLATION
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• One commonly used rule of thumb for general
office areas is that the cooling load is 200-300
square feet of floor area per ton of cooling.
For data centers, the cooling load is 150-300
square feet per ton of cooling. Retail areas are in
the range of 250-400 square feet per ton.
• Have at least one foot (or 12 inches) of
clearance on each side of your air conditioner.
• You need room-by-room load calculations to get
the air flow right
 BUILDING UTILITIES 2
• FACTORS TO CONSIDER
• Climate conditions (design temperatures).
• Expansive use of glass – particularly in the South and West
orientations.
• High ceilings – increasing the conditioned volume of the space.
• Outside air requirements – especially important in high
occupant load areas like conference rooms and classrooms.
Even residential structures are starting to take this into
consideration.
• Heat generating equipment – e.g. computers, copiers, laser
printers, big screen TV’s, etc.
• Lighting – especially the extensive use of incandescent and
metal halide lights. Fluorescent lights are more efficient and
“burn” cooler – however, their ballasts generate a fair amount of
heat.