:¿':: i, : 'i S-cporting Skills

3. The towering pinnacles of Bryce Canyon, the eroded valleys*of the Grand Canyon,
and Death Valley's parched landscape are sights the tourist #fll always remember.

4. The money raised goes directly to schooling for the children, teaching survival skills
to women/ and most importantly medical supplies.
.i

5. The farmer explained which kinds of apples are used for cider, how they are
processed, and the small bitter apples make the best cider.

\
b. Orphaned hawk chicks have been raised on a diet of liquidized micq dog food, fish,
f,
proteins, and vitamins.

GRAMMAR REVIEW: CONNECTING IDEAS

Ideas must be connected within sentences and between sentences. Certain types
of words and phrases smooth the flow of ideas and make sentences/ paragraphs, and
pasSages more connected and coherent. Some examples o{ these words and phrases
and their functions within a text are outlined below

Connecting ideas within a sentence

And joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses of similar value or equal
importance:
We went swimming and boating.
Wó looked in the house and around the yard for the lost necklace.
We booked the flight, and we picked up the tickets the same day.
"t'
When and joins two equal subjects, the verb must be plural:
Swimming and boating are f:un.
Or joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses that contain the idea of choice:
We could go swimming or boating.
We could look in the house or around the yard for the lost ne'cklace.
We could book the flight now or we could wait until tomorrow.
Bu¿ shows a contrast between two or more words, phrases, or clauses:
We went swimming but not boating.
We didn't look in the house but around the yard for the lost necklace.
We booked the flight, but we haven't picked up the tickets.
Either is used with or to express alternatives:
We can either go to the park or stay home and watch TV.
Neither is used with nor to express negative alternatives:
He neither calied nor came to visit me. (He didn't call, and he didn't visit me.)
Both ís used with and to combine two words, phrases, or clauses:
He ñad bpth the time and the patience to be a good parent.

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 Building Supporting Sxi,'s

connecting ideas between sentences or paragraphs (transitiE words)

Transitional expressions can be used to connect ideas between sentences'or
paragraphs. Different categories of transition words and phrases are presented
below. Words in the same category are not always interchangeable.
You can use the following words as signals that additional information will follow:
additionalty ; first/ second, third, etc. likewise .
also following this further moreover
and further notonly...,butalso...
and then furthermore not to mention
as well, as as
well in addition or
besides, besides that indeed then, too
equally important infact too
finally last, lastly what is more
You can use the following words as signals that specific examples will be given:
especially notably
for example, an example on this occasion
for instance particularly, in particular
in this case, in another case specifically
in this situation take the case o{
including to demonstrate
namely to illustrate/ as an illustration
You can use the following words as signals to clarify information that has
been presented:
I mean that is to say under certain circumstances
in other words to put it another way up to a point
in this case
You can use the {ollowing words as signals to emphasize information that has been
presented or willbe presented:
above all extremely obviously
absolutely forever surprisingly
always in any case that is
as a matter of fact in any event undeniably
besides indeed undoubtedly
certainly in fact unquestiona¡ly
definitely more importantly without a doubt
emphatically naturally without reservation
even mofe never
You can use the following words as signals that a cause-and-effect relationship will
be presented:
accordingly for
as/ as a result for the simple reason that, for this reason
because, because of hence
being that inasmuch as
consequently, as a consequence in that
due to (the fact that) in view of (the fact that)

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 Part 1 ts¿ttding Supporting Skills

owing to (the fact that) so that r#4

seeing that therefore
since thus
so, so much (so) that

You can use the following words as signals that the information already presented
will he compared or contrasted with new information:
aftcr ali nevertheless
although. although this is true nonetheless
at the samc time notwithstanding
t balanced against on the contrary
but on the other hand
f, compared to/with, in comparison, by comparison similar§
conversely still
for all that when in fact
however where
in contrast whereas
in the sarrle marnerfway while this is true
likewisc yet
meanwhile
You can use the following words as signals of a time relationship
after, after a while initially
af terwards in the first place
as soon as in the future
at first, at last, at the same time in the meantime
before, before long, before this last, last but not least, lastly
currently later
during meanwhile
eventually next
finally previously
first of all, first, second, third, etc. simultaneously
formerly, soon, soon after
immediately subsecluently
immediately before, immediately following then, and then
in the end thereafter
You can use the {ollowing words as signals for introducing clisagreement
or conflict:
Making a concession or comprornise about a point:
admittedly given that naturallY
albeit granted that, granting that nevertheless
although however nonetheless
at least I admit that notwithstanding
l¡e that as it may in any event still
but even so in either event though
even though in the event that Yet
Disn-rissing a previous statement or argument:
all the same in any case in the event that whatever happens
lrcsides in any event it may appear that whichever
. :hlr \\-¿1\' in either case rather
. -:- : in either event regardless

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Pointing out a contradiction:

but conversely however in spite of when in fact
by way of contrast despite in contrast instead whereas
Indicating reservations:
indeed notwithstanding
nevertheless regardless ?
nonetheless -,
ocD
Indicating a digression to a previous point or resuming after -C
a digressioñ or =,o
e)-
interruption: C/' G
anyway at afiy fate incidentally to get back to the point =
I-
tt
I was saying by the
as way to change the topic to return to the subject
Pointing out conditions:
although if only if providing that
as/so long as on [the) condition (that) that unless provided
You can use the following words as signals that a summary or conclusion
will
be presented:
accordingly given these facts
all in all, all together hence
as a result in conclusion/ to conclude
as I have said, as I stated, in short
as I have shown on the whole
as indicated above/earlier overall
as mentioned, as I mentioned since
as noted earlier, as has been noted, so
as I have noted summing up, in summary,
briefly, in brief, to put it briefly to summarize
by and large then
consequently therefore
finally thus

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EXERCISE G20 ur" Exercise G20 to practice your skills in using connecting words.

EXERCISE G20 Choosing connecting words

Choose the letter of the connecting word that best completes the sentence

walls that are smooth a',dfLxenable sound to bounce back as an echo.

rooms enclosed by such walls tend to be noisy.
@ Consequently
@ Nevertheless
@ Inanycase
@ Incontrast
You should choose A because a noisy room would be a consequence
of walls that
enable sound to make an echo.