Web Publishing and Browsing

Overview:

Web publishing is the process of publishing original content on the Internet.

The process includes building and uploading websites, updating the associated
webpages, and posting content to these webpages online. Web publishing comprises
of personal, business, and community websites in addition to e-books and blogs.

The content meant for web publishing can include text, videos, digital images,
artwork, and other forms of media. Publishers must possess a web server, a web
publishing software, and an Internet connection to carry out web publishing.

Web publishing is also known as online publishing

SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)

SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) is a standard for how to specify

a document markup language or tag set. Such a specification is itself a document
type definition (DTD).

SGML is not in itself a document language, but a description of how to specify

one. It is metadata.

SGML is based on the idea that documents have structural and other semantic
elements that can be described without reference to how such elements should be
displayed. The actual display of such a document may vary, depending on the output
medium and style preferences. Some advantages of documents based on SGML are:

1. They can be created by thinking in terms of document structure rather than

appearance characteristics (which may change over time).
2. They will be more portable because an SGML compiler can interpret any
document by reference to its document type definition (DTD).
3. Documents originally intended for the print medium can easily be re-adapted
for other media, such as the computer display screen.

The language that Web browser uses, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), is an
example of an SGML-based language. There is a document type definition for
HTML (and reading the HTML specification is effectively reading an expanded
version of the document type definition). In today's distributed networking
environment, many documents are being described with the Extensible Markup
Language (XML) which is a data description language (and a document can be
viewed as a collection of data) that uses SGML principles.
SGML is based somewhat on earlier generalized markup languages developed at
IBM, including General Markup Language (GML) and ISIL.

Web hosting Basics:

Web hosting is a service of providing online space for storage of web pages. These
web pages are made available via World Wide Web. The companies which offer
website hosting are known as Web hosts.
The servers on which web site is hosted remain switched on 24 x7. These servers
are run by web hosting companies. Each server has its own IP address. Since IP
addresses are difficult to remember therefore, webmaster points their domain name
to the IP address of the server their website is stored on.
It is not possible to host your website on your local computer, to do so you would
have to leave your computer on 24 hours a day. This is not practical and cheaper as
well. This is where web hosting companies comes in.
Hosting Platforms:
There are two most widely used hosting platforms-
1. Windows Hosting- If you are comfortable to work with Windows then you
will find many hosting servers running different flavors of Windows and you
can buy space from these servers. Normally Windows hosting servers are
more expensive because of lot of software licensing costs are involved with
these servers.
2. Linux Hosting- If you want to go for Linux then opportunities are unlimited
and you will have to pay less then what you will pay for Windows Hosting
Server.

Hosting Types:
Following are most widely used hosting types −
Free Hosting: Free web hosting is best suited for small sites with low traffic, like
family sites or sites about hobbies. There are many service providers who will give
you free space on their web server with a condition that you will allow them to run
their advertisement at your web pages. So if you are OK with this option, then you
have nothing to pay for a space. There are some websites like geocities.com,
lycos.com, myspace.com, etc. that give you space to build your web pages.
Shared Hosting: With shared hosting, your website is hosted on a powerful server
along with other websites. On a shared host, you will have your own user ID and
password to login to the shared host and you will be allowed to work in your work
area. You would not be able to touch any file or directory belonging to other host
partner. Even you would not know how many sites are hosted on your shared host.
This type of hosting is very cost effective and good for small websites where your
space and speed are not very important. Here traffic on one site will affect the speed
of all other hosted sites.
Virtual Dedicated Hosting
This type of hosting is better for medium size business. With virtual dedicated
hosting, you will have a dedicated bandwidth and dedicated RAM for your site. You
will be given a root ID and password to maintain your Web server. You will be the
complete owner of your virtual dedicated server and will be able to install or
uninstall any software. This type of hosting is created on a single server, but it is
managed in such a way that every user will have dedicated speed and bandwidth.
This is bit more expensive but really good one for medium size business.
Dedicated Hosting
This type of hosting is very similar to virtual dedicated hosting, but here, a complete
machine will be allotted for you. They are more expensive than virtual dedicated
hosting and should be considered when you have a very high traffic requirement.
Collocated Hosting
It is very difficult to set dedicated resources such as high-security against fire and
vandalism, regulated backup power, dedicated Internet connections and more.
Collocation is the option which allows you to put your machine in a service
provider's premises to avail all the available facilities. This is also a very expensive
option and should be opted when you have very high traffic requirement.

Components of web publishing

Web publishing is a large process and identical to book publishing. It starts right
from writing the first word of the first page to the moment it gets published.
Likewise, Web publishing includes different stages till it becomes available for the
premiere. The process includes deciding a name of domain, registering it with the
competent registrar, starts writing contents for the site, designing pages for them,
uploading the site with a host. Every stage is crucial and one has to be careful while
choosing perfect software for designing and uploading and deciding about the most
appropriate host in terms of facilities offered and investment as well. There are
basically five phases in web publishing as follows-
 Domain name planning and registration
 Web hosting
 Web design and development
 Promotion
 Maintenance

Domain Name Planning and Registration

Domain name is an address where Internet users can find one on the web. The
first phase of Web Publishing is domain name planning and registration. There are
certain things one must consider while one is going to get a domain name
registered.
Getting a Domain Name
The first thing one needs to do before anything else is to get a domain name for
the proposed site. A domain name is the name one want to give to one’s website.
For example, blogspot.com is a domain name. To get a domain name, you have to
pay an annual fee to a registrar for the right to use that name. Getting a name
does not get you a website or anything like that. It's just a name. It's sort of like
registering a business name with some competent government to avoid
duplication of the name.

Choosing a Domain Name

Before one rush out and choose your domain name or name your website, you
would like to consider the following points
Your Domain Name should be Your Website Name
Domain name that matches one’s brand name is very important. The very name
that one uses to advertise one’s product is the name that one will want for one’s
domain, because that is the first thing that people will try in their browser.
Your domain name should not be too long
Domain names can be of any length up to 67 characters.one doesn’t have to
settle for an obscure domain name like bgo.com when one mean’s blogspot.com
If one manages to get a short domain name though, the key is to make sure it's
meaningful combination of characters
Your domain name should be hyphens free
Domain name with hyphenation has got some advantage as well as some
disadvantages. Search engines can distinguish your keyword better if you have
domain name with hyphen. Disadvantage is that is it easy to forget hyphens when
typing a name. Moreover, when somebody recommends one’s site to his./her
friends verbally having hyphens in your domain name leads to more potential
errors that when the name does not contain hyphens. Therefore, it is advisable to
avoid domain name with hyphens
Your domain name should not contain plural words
Plural form of the domain name always creates loss, since the chance of the
visitor failing to type the "s" in the name is very great. For example, somebody
wants to log on to websites.com but mistakenly leaves website.com may lead to a
loss of clients if the products are the same on the both domains
Your top level domain name should portray the nature of your site
If your site is of a charitable institution or a voluntary organization, never get a
domain name with .com Neither forget to choose country specific top level
domain if one is working for the clients in a particular country only. If one is doing
business for profit .com is the best top level domain. And if one is doing business
in India, select in as country specific top level domain.

World Wide Web (known as "WWW', "Web" or "W3") :

Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 at CERN in Geneva, The
World Wide Web is not synonymous with the Internet.

The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an

embodiment of human knowledge.

World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the web) is
a system of interlinked documents that are accessed via the internet.
In contrast, the World Wide Web is a global collection of documents and other
resources, linked by hyperlinks and uniform resource identifier.
www operation diagram:

Web or Internet
1. It is important to understand that the Internet and the World Wide Web are
not the same thing.
2. The internet is a collection of computers and other devices connected by
equipment that allows them to communicate with each other.
3. The web is a collection of software and protocols that has been installed on
most, if not all, of the computers on the internet.
 4. The internet was quite useful before the web was developed and it is still
useful without it.
5. However, it is now the case that most users of the internet use it through the
web.
6. The internet is a global data communications system including hardware and
software infrastructure that provides connectivity between computers. In
contrast, the web is one of the services provided via the internet.
7. Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked
by hyperlinks and URLs. Thus in short the web is an application running on
the internet.
Basic Elements of World Wide Web (WWW)
The web is based on a Client/Server System. We use a web client to communicate
with the web server.
A web server is a computer connected to the internet that runs a program (which is
also called web server) that takes responsibility for sorting, retrieving and
distributing some of the web files.
A web client or web browser is a computer that request files from the web.
URLs are used by web browsers to locate internet resources. A URL specifies the
protocol to be used in accessing the resource, the name of the server on which the
resource resides and optionally the path to a resource. For example,
http://www.nielit.in

You can tune into Web radio and TV Broadcasts and listen to live broadcasts or
call up older ones from the archives. The ability to send sound and video over the
internet also has other uses. It makes it possible to offer narrated web tours, let
buyers preview music or offer verbal descriptions of products.

Full Multimedia, which include graphics, sound, video and animation is widely
available over the web. Using technologies such as Shockware and Java, these
presentations can be transferred to your computer.
Search and Meta Search Engine:
Search Engine:

A search engine is a web-based tool that enables users to locate information on the World Wide Web.
Popular examples of search engines are Google, Yahoo!, and MSN Search.
Search engines utilize automated software applications (referred to as robots, bots, or spiders) that
travel along the Web, following links from page to page, site to site. The information gathered by the
spiders is used to create a searchable index of the Web.
A search engine is an online tool that searches for results in its database based on the search query
(keyword) submitted by the internet user. The results are usually websites that semantically match with
the search query.

The popular search engine are-

Google
Google Search Engine is the best search engine in the world and it is also one of most popular
products from Google. It is used very frequently. Its popularity is assumed in the way like most of
people have set this as its home page and default search engine for the browser. It is a web portal
contains number of services like Mail, Books, Translate, MAP, Google+, YouTube and so on.
Yahoo
Yahoo! Search is a web search engine owned by Yahoo, headquartered in Sunnyvale, California.
As of October 2018, it is the fourth largest search engine worldwide across all platforms.
Bing
Bing is the newer search engine among mentioned search engines. It is developed by Microsoft
Corporation. It has replaced mostly MSN(Microsoft Network ) search engines of its own developer
team. This is very interactive user friendly search Engine.

Meta Search Engine:

The Metasearch Engine is a search engine that combines the results of various search engines
into one and gives one result. It can also be stated as an online information retrieval tool.

The metasearch engines run the queries on most other search engines and in turn reflect the result
in the form of the summarization of such sites.

HumHaiIndia.com which was India’s first meta search engine that was developed by Sumeet
Lamba in the year 2000. It was later called Tazaa.com

Need for Metasearch Engines

The Metasearch Engines were developed to cover the entire web, unlike most search engines.
Individual search Engines try to spam people to enhance their page rankings. This is an illegitimate
way of promoting. The individual Search engines are unable to find results from other search
engines. This is when the Metasearch Engine comes handy

List of popular meta search engine:

Dogpile is a metasearch engine developed by InfoSpace LLC. It writes back results from the
individual search engines of Google and Yahoo. It combines the search results of text, images,
new, etc.
Sputtr is comparably one of the best meta search engines that combines the results from various
popular search engines like Google, Yahoo, Bing, Ask.com, Twitter, Facebook, YouTube,
LinkedIn, IMDb, Slashdot, Dictionary.com, About.com, New York Times, etc.

Trivago, a hotel booking site that mentions this concept in its advertisements. It gives back results
from over 100 other hotel booking sites including Booking.com, Airbnb, Expedia, Trip.com, and
Agoda. Trivago can be visited at www.trivago.com.

WebCrawler(https://www.webcrawler.com/) is a search engine, and is the oldest surviving search

engine on the web today. For many years, it operated as a metasearch engine. it is Created by:
Brian Pinkerton.

MetaCrawler is a search engine. It is a registered trademark of InfoSpace and was created by Erik
Selberg. It was originally a metasearch engine. It was launched on 7 July 1995.

Advantages of Metasearch Engines

1. The meta search engine searches for all the search engines at once hence individual search
is unnecessary.
2. The metasearch engine comes free of cost. Its services are similar to those offered by other
search engines.

3. The users can customize the metasearch engine according to their preferences.

4. The results offer coverage data that include more information than results by individual
sites.

5. It reduces the workload of the users by allowing comprehensive results in very little time
skipping the time and hard labour of searching for results in the individual sites.

6. Metasearching is a better alternative to searching if getting an overview or quick results is

the motive.

7. The Metasearch engines provide a means of hiding the IP addresses form the searches. This
provides a lot of security to the user.

Disadvantages of Metasearch Engines

1. The meta search engine is not capable of fully translating the query syntax.

2. It is not as popular as other searches like Google and Yahoo search engines. The results
usually incorporate up to 10 links from a particular site leaving out important links from
major sites.
Web Browser
Web Browser is an application software that allows us to view and explore information on the
web. User can request for any web page by just entering a URL into address bar.
Web browsers are used on a range of devices, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and
smartphones
Web browser can show text, audio, video, animation and more. It is the responsibility of a web
browser to interpret text and commands contained in the web page.
Earlier the web browsers were text-based while now a days graphical-based or voice-based web
browsers are also available.
Following are the most common web browser available today:

Browser Description
Name

Internet Internet Explorer (IE) is a product from software giant Microsoft. This is
Explorer the most commonly used browser in the universe. This was introduced in
1995.

Microsoft Microsoft Edge is a web browser developed by Microsoft, released in July

Edge 2015. Microsoft Edge is the default browser in Windows 10. Edge
cannot be used on previous version of Windows.

Google Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google in 2008.

Chrome

Mozilla Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser developed by Mozilla.

Firefox

Netscape Netscape Communications Corp.

Navigator

Opera Opera is a web browser developed by Opera Software.

Safari Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. and included in

Mac OS X. It was first released as a public beta in January 2003.
HTTP:
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-layer protocol for
transmitting hypermedia documents, such as HTML. It was designed for
communication between web browsers and web servers, but it can also be used for
other purposes.
HTTP follows a classical client-server model, with a client opening a connection to
make a request, then waiting until it receives a response. HTTP is a stateless
protocol, meaning that the server does not keep any data (state) between two
requests.
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the foundation of the World Wide Web.

HTTP is a TCP/IP based communication protocol, that is used to deliver data

(HTML files, image files, query results, etc.) on the World Wide Web. The default
port is TCP 80, but other ports can be used as well.
HTTP Request / Response
Communication between clients and servers is done by requests and responses:
1. A client (a browser) sends an HTTP request to the web
2. A web server receives the request
3. The server runs an application to process the request
4. The server returns an HTTP response (output) to the browser
5. The client (the browser) receives the response

Basic Features
There are three basic features that make HTTP a simple but powerful protocol:
HTTP is connectionless: The HTTP client, i.e., a browser initiates an HTTP request
and after a request is made, the client waits for the response. The server processes
the request and sends a response back after which client disconnect the connection.
So client and server knows about each other during current request and response
only. Further requests are made on new connection like client and server are new to
each other.
HTTP is media independent: It means, any type of data can be sent by HTTP as
long as both the client and the server know how to handle the data content. It is
required for the client as well as the server to specify the content type using
appropriate MIME-type.

HTTP is stateless: As mentioned above, HTTP is connectionless and it is a direct

result of HTTP being a stateless protocol. The server and client are aware of each
other only during a current request. Afterwards, both of them forget about each other.
Due to this nature of the protocol, neither the client nor the browser can retain
information between different requests across the web pages.

HTTP Version:

Publishing Tools:

Hardware
 The most important item is the computer, which must have a modem or
network connection to allow access to the Internet.
 The type of computer will obviously be dependent on user's budget.
  The power of the computer (how fast it will run) depends on processor speed
and RAM (Random Access Memory). Most computers in schools use either
the PC (Windows) or the Macintosh operating system.
Software
 User will need the following software before they begin creating the web
pages.
 A text editing package. For example, Notepad (Windows) or SimpleText
(Mac).
 Graphics processing software. For example, PaintShop Pro.
A web browser
 The two most commonly used today are Microsoft Internet Explorer and
Netscape Navigator. It may be a good idea to have both these browsers on
the computer and to test the web pages on each.

Other Useful Tools

Hardware
 A scanner, handy for including project work and/or photographs on your
web site. There are two main types: hand-held or flat-bed.
 Digital stills camera, simplifies the process of including high-quality photos
on the web site.
 Video camera, can be analogue or digital.
Software
 HTML editor
 Image mapping software
 Animation software

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