HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL

6 T H E D IT ION | A G U I D E F O R M U LT IM O D A L M OBIL I T Y A N A LYS I S

VOL U M E 1: C O N C E P T S

CHAPTER 1
HCM USER’S GUIDE

T R A N SP ORTAT IO N R E S E A R C H B OA RD
WA S H I N G T ON , D .C . | W W W.T RB.O RG
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
500 Fifth Street, NW – Keck Building, 4th Floor
Washington, DC 20001
www.trb.org
http://www.trb.org/Finance/Bookstore.aspx
 Highway Capacity Manual: A Guide for Multimodal Mobility Analysis

CHAPTER 1
HCM USER’S GUIDE

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1-1

Overview ................................................................................................................. 1-1
Chapter Organization ............................................................................................ 1-3
Related HCM Content ........................................................................................... 1-3

2. HCM PURPOSE AND SCOPE .............................................................................. 1-4

Purpose and Objectives ......................................................................................... 1-4
Intended Use ........................................................................................................... 1-4
Target Users ............................................................................................................ 1-4

3. STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................. 1-5

Overview ................................................................................................................. 1-5
Volume 1: Concepts ............................................................................................... 1-5
Volume 2: Uninterrupted Flow ............................................................................ 1-6
Volume 3: Interrupted Flow ................................................................................. 1-7
Volume 4: Applications Guide ............................................................................. 1-8
Computational Engines ......................................................................................... 1-8
Commercial Software ............................................................................................ 1-9

4. INTERNATIONAL USE ....................................................................................... 1-10

Applications .......................................................................................................... 1-10
Metric Conversion Guide.................................................................................... 1-10

5. WHAT’S NEW IN THE HCM SIXTH EDITION ............................................. 1-11

Overview ............................................................................................................... 1-11
Methodological Changes by System Element.................................................. 1-13

6. COMPANION DOCUMENTS ............................................................................ 1-18

Highway Safety Manual ......................................................................................... 1-18
A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets ....................................... 1-18
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ......................................................... 1-18
Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual .................................................. 1-18
Traffic Analysis Toolbox ......................................................................................... 1-19

7. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 1-20

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LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit 1-1 Metric Conversion Table ........................................................................ 1-10

Exhibit 1-2 Major Research Projects Contributing to the HCM Sixth
Edition ................................................................................................................... 1-12

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1. INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW VOLUME 1: CONCEPTS

1. HCM User’s Guide
The Highway Capacity Manual, Sixth Edition: A Guide for Multimodal Mobility 2. Applications
3. Modal Characteristics
Analysis (HCM) continues the manual’s evolution from its original objective— 4. Traffic Operations and
providing methods for quantifying highway capacity. In its current form, it Capacity Concepts
5. Quality and Level-of-Service
serves as a fundamental reference on concepts, performance measures, and Concepts
analysis techniques for evaluating the multimodal operation of streets, highways, 6. HCM and Alternative
Analysis Tools
freeways, and off-street pathways. The Sixth Edition incorporates the latest 7. Interpreting HCM and
research on highway capacity, quality of service, and travel time reliability and Alternative Tool Results
8. HCM Primer
improves the HCM’s chapter outlines. The objective is to help practitioners 9. Glossary and Symbols
applying HCM methods understand their basic concepts, computational steps,
and outputs. These changes are designed to keep the manual in step with its
users’ needs and present times.
The 1950 HCM (1) was the first document to quantify the concept of capacity
for transportation facilities and focused almost entirely on that subject. This focus
was in response to the rapid expansion of the U.S. roadway system after World
War II and the need to determine lane requirements for the Interstate highway
system and the roads that provided access to it. The manual was designed to be
“a practical guide by which the engineer, having determined the essential facts,
can design a new highway or revamp an old one with assurance that the
resulting capacity will be as calculated.”
The focus on design continued in the 1965 HCM (2), but the level-of-service
(LOS) concept was also introduced with this edition, along with a chapter on bus
transit. The HCM permitted the “determination of the capacity, service volume,
or level of service which will be provided by either a new highway design, or an
existing highway under specified conditions.”
The 1985 HCM (3) was another significant step in the evolution of the HCM.
It refined the concept of LOS and incorporated the results of several major
research projects performed since the publication of the 1965 HCM. The target
audience was broadened through the addition of chapters on pedestrians and
bicycles and an expansion of the transit chapter.
A substantial increase in the volume and breadth of material occurred with
the publication of the HCM2000 (4). The intent of the manual was “to provide a
systematic and consistent basis for assessing the capacity and level of service for
elements of the surface transportation system and also for systems that involve a
series or a combination of individual facilities.”
The HCM 2010 (5) added much new material from research projects
completed after the publication of the HCM2000 and was reorganized to make its
contents more accessible and understandable. That edition also promoted the
consideration of all roadway users and the use of a broader range of performance New topics addressed by this
Sixth Edition include travel
measures in the assessment of transportation facility performance. time reliability and the
operation of managed lanes,
This Sixth Edition of the HCM incorporates research to update older HCM work zones, and alternative
content and research on a number of topics new to the HCM, including travel intersections.

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time reliability and managed (e.g., high-occupancy vehicle) lane, work zone, and
alternative intersection (e.g., displaced left turn) operations.
As the preceding discussion indicates, the HCM has evolved over the years
to keep pace with the needs of its users and society, as the focus of surface
transportation planning and operations in the United States has moved from
designing and constructing the Interstate highway system to managing a
complex transportation system that serves a variety of users and travel modes.
Transportation agencies daily face the challenges of constrained fiscal resources
and rights-of-way. They increasingly focus on designing and operating roadway
facilities in the context of the surrounding land uses and the modal priorities
assigned to a given facility.
Although the HCM’s content has evolved, its name has stayed the same since
1950 and no longer conveys the HCM’s full range of applications. Therefore, the
Sixth Edition adds the subtitle “A Guide for Multimodal Mobility Analysis” to
highlight to practitioners and decision makers the multimodal performance
measurement tools and guidance provided by the HCM.
Providing mobility for people and goods is transportation’s most essential
function. It consists of four dimensions:
Mobility consists of four  Quantity of travel, the magnitude of use of a transportation facility or
dimensions:
 Quantity of travel, service;
 Quality of travel,
 Accessibility, and  Quality of travel, users’ perceptions of travel on a transportation facility or
 Capacity. service with respect to their expectations;
 Accessibility, the ease with which travelers can engage in desired activities;
and
 Capacity, the ability of a transportation facility or service to meet the
quantity of travel demanded of it.
The HCM historically has been the leading reference document for analyzing
the mobility dimensions of quality of travel and capacity. Quantity of travel is a
key input to the HCM’s methods for analyzing motorized vehicle quality of
The subtitle “A Guide for travel and capacity utilization. Thus, “A Guide for Multimodal Mobility
Multimodal Mobility Analysis”
captures the HCM’s ability to
Analysis” captures the HCM’s ability to quantify roadway performance across
quantify roadway performance multiple dimensions and travel modes.
across multiple dimensions and
travel modes. Finally, many previous editions of the HCM have had a year attached to
them. As both the HCM’s breadth and the quantity of HCM-related research
have increased over time, waiting for years for a critical mass of research to
accumulate before production of a new HCM edition has become impractical.
This edition is simply titled the “Sixth Edition,” with a version number provided
for each chapter, starting with Version 6.0 for the initial publication. This
approach will allow individual chapters to be updated more quickly as new
research is completed, while continuing to allow practitioners to link their
analysis to a particular version of an HCM methodology.
The remainder of this chapter provides a starting point for using the Highway
Capacity Manual, Sixth Edition: A Guide for Multimodal Mobility Analysis and for
learning about the changes made in this edition.

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CHAPTER ORGANIZATION
Readers new to the HCM can use this chapter as a road map to all of the
resources available within the printed manual and online. Experienced HCM
users are encouraged to read at least Section 5, which summarizes the significant
changes in the HCM that have occurred relative to the HCM 2010.
Section 2 presents the purpose, objectives, intended use, and target users of
the HCM.
Section 3 describes the contents of the four printed and online volumes that
make up the HCM, summarizes the additional user resources available through
the online Volume 4, and discusses the relationship of commercial software that
implements HCM methods to the HCM itself.
Section 4 provides guidance on applying the HCM for international users.
Section 5 lists the significant changes made in the Sixth Edition and identifies
the research basis for these changes.
Section 6 describes companion documents to the HCM that address topics
outside the HCM’s scope and that may need to be applied during an analysis.
These documents are updated on different schedules from the HCM and serve as
fundamental resources for topics within their respective scopes.

RELATED HCM CONTENT

The remainder of Volume 1 presents basic capacity, quality-of-service, and
analysis concepts that readers should be familiar with before they apply the
HCM. Chapter 8, HCM Primer, provides an executive summary of the HCM,
including its terminology, methods, and performance measures. It is written for a
nontechnical audience (e.g., decision makers who may be presented with the
results of HCM analyses for the purpose of establishing policy or public interest
findings).

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2. HCM PURPOSE AND SCOPE

PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES

Quality of service describes The purpose of the HCM is to provide methodologies and associated
how well a transportation
facility or service operates from application procedures for evaluating the multimodal performance of highway
the traveler’s perspective. and street facilities in terms of operational measures and one or more quality-of-
service indicators.
The objectives of the HCM are to
1. Define performance measures and describe survey methods for key traffic
characteristics,
2. Provide methodologies for estimating and predicting performance
measures, and
3. Explain methodologies at a level of detail that allows readers to
understand the factors affecting multimodal operation.
Level of service is the A–F The HCM presents the best available techniques at the time of publishing for
stratification of quality of
service. determining capacity and LOS. However, it does not establish a legal standard
for highway design or construction.

INTENDED USE
The HCM is intended to be used primarily for the analysis areas listed
below, to the extent that they are supported by the individual analysis
methodologies.
 Levels of analysis: operations, design, preliminary engineering, and
planning.
 Travel modes: motorized vehicles, pedestrian, and bicycle, plus transit
when it is part of a multimodal urban street facility.
 Spatial coverage: points, segments, and facilities.
 Temporal coverage: undersaturated and oversaturated conditions.

TARGET USERS
The HCM is prepared for use by (a) engineers who work in the field of traffic
operations or highway geometric design and (b) transportation planners who
work in the field of transportation system management. To use the manual
effectively and to apply its methodologies, some technical background is
desirable—typically university-level training or technical work in a public
agency or consulting firm.
The HCM is also useful to management personnel, educators, air quality
specialists, noise specialists, elected officials, regional land use planners, and
interest groups representing special users.

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3. STRUCTURE

OVERVIEW
The HCM consists of four volumes:
1. Concepts,
2. Uninterrupted Flow,
3. Interrupted Flow, and
4. Applications Guide.
Volumes 1–3 are available in the print version of the HCM; Volume 4 is only
available online. The sections below describe the contents of each volume.

VOLUME 1: CONCEPTS VOLUME 1: CONCEPTS

1. HCM User’s Guide
Volume 1 covers the basic information that an analyst should be familiar 2. Applications
3. Modal Characteristics
with before performing capacity or quality-of-service analyses: 4. Traffic Operations and
 Chapter 1, HCM User’s Guide, describes the purpose, scope, structure, Capacity Concepts
5. Quality and Level-of-Service
and research basis of the HCM. Concepts
6. HCM and Alternative
 Chapter 2, Applications, describes the types of analysis and operating Analysis Tools
conditions to which the HCM can be applied, defines roadway system 7. Interpreting HCM and
Alternative Tool Results
elements, and introduces the travel modes addressed by the HCM. 8. HCM Primer
9. Glossary and Symbols
 Chapter 3, Modal Characteristics, discusses demand variations by mode,
factors that contribute to a traveler’s experience during a trip, the types of
transportation facilities used by different modes, and the interactions that
occur between modes.
 Chapter 4, Traffic Operations and Capacity Concepts, describes how basic
traffic operations relationships, such as speed, flow, density, capacity, and
travel time reliability, apply to the travel modes covered by the HCM.
 Chapter 5, Quality and Level-of-Service Concepts, presents the concepts
of quality of service and LOS and summarizes the service measures used
in the HCM to describe the quality of service experienced by modal
travelers.
 Chapter 6, HCM and Alternative Analysis Tools, describes the types of
analysis tools used by the HCM and presents the range of alternative tools
that might be used to supplement HCM procedures.
 Chapter 7, Interpreting HCM and Alternative Tool Results, provides
guidance on the level of precision to use during an analysis and during
presentation of analysis results, as well as guidance on comparing HCM
analysis results with results from alternative tools.
 Chapter 8, HCM Primer, serves as an executive summary of the HCM for Chapter 8, HCM Primer, serves
as an executive summary of
decision makers. the HCM for decision makers.
 Chapter 9, Glossary and Symbols, defines the technical terms used in the
HCM and presents the symbols used to represent different variables in
HCM methods.

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VOLUME 2: UNINTERRUPTED FLOW VOLUME 2: UNINTERRUPTED FLOW

10. Freeway Facilities Core
Methodology Volume 2 contains the methodological chapters relating to uninterrupted-
11. Freeway Reliability Analysis
12. Basic Freeway and Multilane
flow system elements. These elements include freeways, managed lanes,
Highway Segments multilane highways, two-lane highways, and their components. Their key shared
13. Freeway Weaving Segments
14. Freeway Merge and Diverge
characteristic is that they have no fixed causes of delay or interruption external to
Segments the traffic stream.
15. Two-Lane Highways
All of the material necessary for performing an analysis of one of these
Uninterrupted-flow system
system elements appears in these chapters: a description of the methodology
elements, such as freeways, thorough enough to allow an analyst to understand the steps involved (although
have no fixed causes of delay
not necessarily replicate them by hand), the scope and limitations of the
or interruption external to the
traffic stream. methodology, suggested default values, LOS thresholds, and guidance on special
cases and the use of alternative tools.
The following chapters are included in Volume 2:
 Chapter 10, Freeway Facilities Core Methodology, presents basic concepts
related to freeways and their component elements, including managed
lanes, and the methodology for evaluating the operation of an extended
section of freeway. Both undersaturated (i.e., below capacity) and
oversaturated (i.e., above capacity) conditions can be evaluated.
Chapter 11 was added as part  Chapter 11, Freeway Reliability Analysis, describes how the Chapter 10
of the Sixth Edition and
presents methods for core methodology can be applied to evaluate the impacts of demand
evaluating travel time reliability variation, severe weather, incidents, work zones, special events, and
and the effects of ATDM
strategies on freeways. active traffic and demand management (ATDM) strategies on freeway
operations and travel time reliability.
Because basic freeway  Chapter 12, Basic Freeway and Multilane Highway Segments, presents
segments and multilane
highways operate similarly in methodologies for analyzing the operations of freeway and multilane
many ways, they have been highway segments outside the influence of merging, diverging, and
combined into a single chapter
as part of the Sixth Edition. weaving maneuvers and (in the case of multilane highways) of signalized
intersections.
 Chapter 13, Freeway Weaving Segments, presents a methodology for
evaluating freeway, managed lane, collector–distributor road, and
multilane highway segments where traffic entering from an on-ramp
interacts with traffic desiring to exit at a nearby downstream off-ramp.
 Chapter 14, Freeway Merge and Diverge Segments, presents
methodologies for evaluating roadway segments downstream of on-
Chapter 15, Two-Lane
Highways, provides a method ramps and upstream of off-ramps, where weaving does not occur.
for evaluating bicycle LOS on
multilane and two-lane
 Chapter 15, Two-Lane Highways, describes methods for analyzing the
highways. operations of various classes of two-lane highways.

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VOLUME 3: INTERRUPTED FLOW VOLUME 3: INTERRUPTED FLOW

16. Urban Street Facilities
Volume 3 contains the methodological chapters relating to interrupted-flow 17. Urban Street Reliability and
ATDM
system elements. These consist of urban streets and the intersections along them, 18. Urban Street Segments
as well as off-street pedestrian and bicycle facilities. These system elements 19. Signalized Intersections
20. TWSC Intersections
provide traffic control devices, such as traffic signals and STOP signs, that 21. AWSC Intersections
periodically interrupt the traffic stream. 22. Roundabouts
23. Ramp Terminals and Alternative
Similar to Volume 2, all of the material necessary for performing an analysis Intersections
24. Off-Street Pedestrian and
of an interrupted-flow system element appears in these chapters: a description of Bicycle Facilities
the methodology thorough enough to allow an analyst to understand the steps
involved (although not necessarily replicate them by hand), the scope and
limitations of the methodology, suggested default values, LOS thresholds, and Interrupted-flow system
elements, such as urban
guidance on special cases and the use of alternative tools. In addition, where streets, have traffic control
supported by research, analysis methods for the pedestrian and bicycle modes devices such as traffic signals
and STOP signs that periodically
are incorporated into these chapters. Public transit material specific to interrupt the traffic stream.
multimodal analyses also appears in selected Volume 3 chapters; readers are
referred to the Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual (TCQSM) (6) for
transit-specific analysis procedures.
The following chapters are included in Volume 3: Analysis methods for the
pedestrian, bicycle, and transit
 Chapter 16, Urban Street Facilities, presents methods for evaluating the modes are provided in
operation of motorized vehicles, bicyclists, pedestrians, and transit Chapters 16 and 18 and
selected other Volume 3
vehicles (and their passengers) along an extended section of an urban chapters.
street.
 Chapter 17, Urban Street Reliability and ATDM, describes how Chapter Chapter 17 was added to the
Sixth Edition and presents
16’s facility methodology can be applied to evaluate the impacts of methods for evaluating travel
demand variation, severe weather, incidents, work zones, special events, time reliability and the effects
of ATDM strategies on urban
and ATDM strategies on urban street operations and travel time streets.
reliability.
 Chapter 18, Urban Street Segments, presents methods for evaluating the
operations of the various travel modes along an urban street segment
bounded by signalized intersections or other forms of traffic control that
may require the street’s traffic to stop.
 Chapters 19 through 22 provide methods for evaluating motorized
vehicle operations at signalized intersections, two-way STOP-controlled
(TWSC) intersections, all-way STOP-controlled (AWSC) intersections, and
roundabouts, respectively. Some of these intersection-specific chapters
also provide analysis guidance for the pedestrian or bicycle modes.
 Chapter 23, Ramp Terminals and Alternative Intersections, describes The alternative intersection
and interchange material in
methods for analyzing closely spaced intersections, including interchange Chapter 23 is new in the Sixth
ramp terminals and alternative intersection forms (e.g., displaced left-turn Edition.

intersections) comprising multiple junctions.

 Chapter 24, Off-Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities, provides methods
for evaluating the operation of off-street walkways, stairways, shared-use
paths, and exclusive bicycle paths from the perspectives of the pedestrian
or bicycle modes, as appropriate.

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VOLUME 4: APPLICATIONS GUIDE VOLUME 4: APPLICATIONS GUIDE

Supplemental Chapters
25. Freeway Facilities Volume 4 is an online-only volume accessible at hcm.trb.org. It serves as a
26. Freeway and Highway
Segments
resource to the HCM community by providing the following:
27. Freeway Weaving
28. Freeway Merges and
 Supplemental chapters containing example problems demonstrating the use
Diverges of HCM methods, along with details of the more computationally
29. Urban Street Facilities
30. Urban Street Segments
complex HCM methodologies;
31. Signalized Intersections  Interpretations of HCM methods provided by the Transportation Research
32. STOP-Controlled
Intersections Board (TRB) Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service;
33. Roundabouts
34. Interchange Ramp  Errata;
Terminals
35. Pedestrians and Bicycles  A technical reference library providing access to much of the original
36. Concepts research forming the basis of HCM methods;
37. ATDM
Interpretations and Errata  Applications guides demonstrating the process of applying HCM methods
Technical Reference Library
Applications Guides to the variety of operations (7, 8) and planning and preliminary
HCM Applications Guide engineering projects (9) that HCM users may work on; and
Planning and Preliminary
Engineering Applications  A discussion forum that allows HCM users to pose questions and receive
Guide to the HCM
Discussion Forum answers from other HCM users.
Emerging topics chapters may be added to Volume 4 in the future, as research
develops new HCM material that the TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and
Quality of Service chooses to adopt immediately, before the next HCM edition.
This approach reduces the time between the completion of research and the
adoption of research results and their consideration as official HCM methods.
For example, three emerging topics chapters on travel time reliability and
managed lanes were adopted after the original publication of the HCM 2010; that
material has now been incorporated into Volume 2 and 3 chapters as part of the
Sixth Edition.
Access Volume 4 at Volume 4 is open to all but requires a free, one-time registration for access to
hcm.trb.org.
its content. As part of the registration process, users can choose to be notified by
e-mail (typically once or twice a year) when new material is added to Volume 4.

COMPUTATIONAL ENGINES
HCM chapters describe, at a Historically, all HCM methodologies have been fully documented within the
minimum, the process used by
a given methodology. For manual through text, figures, and worksheets (the Freeway Facilities chapter in
simpler methodologies, the the HCM2000 represented the first departure from this pattern). However, in
chapters fully describe the
computational steps involved. response to practitioner needs and identified HCM limitations, methodologies
Supplemental chapters in have continued to grow in complexity, and some have reached the point where
Volume 4 provide calculation they can no longer be feasibly documented in such a manner (for example,
details for the more
computationally complex methodologies that require multiple iterations to reach a solution). In these cases,
methods. computational engines become an important means by which details of some of
Computational engines the more complex calculations can be described fully. For the most complex
document all the calculation
steps for the most complex methodologies, the respective Volume 2 or 3 chapter, the related Volume 4
methods, such as those supplemental chapter, and the computational engine together provide the most
involving iterative calculations.
efficient and effective way of fully documenting the methodology.

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The TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service maintains

computational engines for most HCM methodologies for evaluating
methodologies as they are developed, developing new example problems,
identifying needed improvements, and judging the impact of proposed changes.
These engines are “research-grade” software tools for developing and
documenting HCM methodologies and do not have or need the sophisticated
interfaces and input data manipulation techniques that would make them
suitable for use in an engineering or planning office.
Unless specifically noted otherwise in a particular HCM chapter,
computational engines are not publicly distributed but are made available on
request to researchers, practitioners, software developers, students, and others
who are interested in understanding the inner workings of a particular HCM
methodology. Engines that are publicly distributed are provided in the Technical
Reference Library section of online Volume 4. All computational engines are
provided as is; neither TRB nor its Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality
of Service provides support for them.

COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE
To assist users in implementing the methodologies in the manual,
commercial software is available (and has been since the publication of the 1985
HCM) to perform the numerical calculations for the more computationally
intensive methods. A variety of commercial software products are available that
implement HCM techniques and provide sophisticated user interfaces and data
manipulation tools. TRB does not review or endorse commercial products.

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4. INTERNATIONAL USE

APPLICATIONS
Capacity and quality-of-service analyses have generated interest on an
international scale. The HCM has been translated into several languages, and
research conducted in numerous countries outside of North America has
contributed to the development of HCM methodologies. However, HCM users
are cautioned that most of the research base, the default values, and the typical
applications are from North America, particularly from the United States.
Although there is considerable value in the general methods presented, their use
outside of North America requires an emphasis on calibration of the equations
and procedures to local conditions and on recognition of major differences in the
composition of traffic; in driver, pedestrian, and bicycle characteristics; and in
typical geometrics and control measures.

METRIC CONVERSION GUIDE

The HCM2000 (4) was produced as two editions, one using U.S. customary
units and the other using metric units. At that time, U.S. states were moving
toward compliance with federal requirements to use metric units in the design of
roadways. As a result, the HCM2000 was published in “U.S. customary” and
“metric” versions. Because the federal metrication requirements were later
dropped and most states returned to U.S. customary units, subsequent HCM
editions have only used U.S. customary units. To assist international users,
Exhibit 1-1 provides approximate conversion factors from U.S. customary to
metric units.

Exhibit 1-1 Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol

Metric Conversion Table Length
in. inches 25.4 millimeters mm
ft feet 0.305 meters m
yd yards 0.914 meters m
mi miles 1.61 kilometers km
Area
in.2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2
ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2
yd2 square yards 0.836 square meters m2
ac acres 0.405 hectares ha
mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2
Volume
fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL
gal gallons 3.785 liters L
ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3
yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3
Mass
oz ounces 28.35 grams g
lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg
T short tons (2,000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or metric tons) Mg (or t)
Temperature (exact conversion)
°F Fahrenheit (F – 32)/1.8 Celsius °C
Force and Pressure or Stress
lbf pound force 4.45 newtons N
lbf/in.2 pound force per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa

Source: Adapted from Federal Highway Administration (10).

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5. WHAT’S NEW IN THE HCM SIXTH EDITION

OVERVIEW

Research Basis for the HCM Sixth Edition

This section describes the new research incorporated into the HCM as part of
the development of the Sixth Edition. Exhibit 1-2 lists the major research projects
that contributed to this edition. The impacts of these and other projects on
individual HCM chapters are described later in this section.

Reorganization from the HCM 2010

The Sixth Edition retains the HCM 2010’s basic structure, with three printed
volumes and one online-only volume. However, some noticeable changes have
occurred as a result of the need to incorporate research on topics new to the
HCM (e.g., travel time reliability, managed lanes) while keeping the size of the
printed HCM similar to both the HCM2000 and the HCM 2010. The following are
the most significant changes:
 Example problems have been moved from the Volume 2 and 3 chapters
into the corresponding Volume 4 supplemental chapter.
 Two chapters related to travel time reliability (Chapter 11, Freeway
Reliability Analysis, and Chapter 17, Urban Street Reliability and ATDM)
have been added. Furthermore, the Volume 2 chapters on basic freeway
segments and multilane highways have been combined into a single
chapter. As a result, the chapter numbers for most Volume 2 and 3
chapters have been incremented by one relative to the HCM 2010.
 The Volume 2 and 3 chapters provide a more consistent set of sections.
They generally contain an introduction and sections on concepts,
motorized vehicle methodology, extensions to the methodology, modal
methodologies (if applicable), and applications. Many Applications
sections include a new Example Results subsection that illustrates the
sensitivity of results to various methodological inputs and depicts typical
ranges of results.
 Additional information on input data needs, data sources, default values,
and interpretation of results has been added to Volume 2 and 3 chapters
to assist practitioners in applying HCM methods, particularly when
software is used.
 Material from the three emerging topics chapters on travel time reliability
and managed lanes (36–38) that were adopted after the publication of the
HCM 2010 has been incorporated into the applicable freeway and urban
streets chapters; therefore, these chapters no longer exist.
 Volume 4 chapter numbers remain the same, except that Concepts:
Supplemental is now Chapter 36; ATDM: Supplemental is now Chapter
37; and a new Chapter 35 has been added to supplement Chapter 24, Off-
Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities.

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Exhibit 1-2 Project Project Title Project Objective(s)

Major Research Projects
Develop improved capacity and LOS techniques for
Contributing to the HCM Sixth Incorporating Truck
better evaluation of the effects of trucks on other
Edition NCFRP 41 Analysis into the Highway
modes of transportation and vice versa, for
Capacity Manual
interrupted- and uninterrupted-flow facilities.
Analysis of Managed Develop methods for the performance assessment
NCHRP 03-96 Lanes on Freeway and capacity analysis of managed lanes on
Facilities freeways.
Work Zone Capacity Develop improved material on the capacity of work
NCHRP 03-107 Methods for the Highway zones on freeways, urban streets, and two-lane
Capacity Manual highways suitable for incorporation into the HCM.
Evaluating the Collect travel time field data for roundabouts in
NCHRP 03-100 Performance of Corridors series and develop models for travel time prediction
with Roundabouts in an urban street context.
Update the HCM 2010 to support the performance
measure requirements of the Moving Ahead for
Production of a Major
Progress in the 21st Century Act, travel time
NCHRP 03-115 Update to the 2010
reliability analysis, and ATDM strategy evaluation,
Highway Capacity Manual
while maintaining its support of the more traditional
system planning, design, and operations activities.
Develop guidance, illustrated with case studies, on
Planning and Preliminary appropriate use of the HCM for a broad spectrum of
Engineering Applications planning and preliminary engineering applications,
NCHRP 07-22
Guide to the Highway including scenario planning, coordinated use with
Capacity Manual other models, and use in evaluating oversaturated
conditions in a planning context.
Determine how data and information on the impacts
of differing causes of nonrecurrent congestion
Incorporation of Travel
(incidents, weather, work zones, special events,
SHRP 2 L08 Time Reliability into the
etc.) in the context of freeway and urban street
Highway Capacity Manual
capacity can be incorporated into the performance
measure estimation methods contained in the HCM.
Guide for Highway
Federal Highway Capacity Analysis and Develop HCM-related methodologies and measures
Administration Operations Analysis of of effectiveness for evaluating the impacts of ATDM
(FHWA-HOP-13- Active Transportation and strategies on highway and street system demand,
042) Demand Management capacity, and performance.
Strategies
Federal Highway Accelerating Roundabout Collect new roundabout field data, compare fit of
Administration Implementation in the new data to HCM 2010 model, and determine best
(TOPR 34) United States course of action to improve fit.
Collect field data and develop methodologies for
Federal Highway HCM Chapters; Guidance
HCM operational analysis for diverging diamond
Administration for Alternative
interchanges, restricted crossing U-turn
(Saxton Lab Intersections;
intersections, median U-turn intersections, and
TOPR 2) Interchanges
displaced left-turn intersections.

A new Planning and Preliminary Engineering Applications Guide to the HCM (9)
has been added to Volume 4. It provides guidance on effectively applying the
HCM to a broad range of planning and preliminary engineering applications, on
considering different project stages and scales, and on the role of the HCM in
system performance monitoring. The guide includes a series of case study
examples.

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METHODOLOGICAL CHANGES BY SYSTEM ELEMENT

Freeway Facilities
The core methodology for estimating freeway performance measures for a
single analysis period is contained in Chapter 10. The following changes and
additions have been made to the methodology:
 The methodology has been revised to present individual steps more
clearly and to distinguish steps performed by the user from those
typically automated in software.
 A method has been added for evaluating freeway work zones.
 Material on evaluating managed lanes on freeway facilities, previously
appearing in former Chapter 38, has been integrated into the chapter.
 New research has been incorporated on truck effects on freeway
operations.
 A discussion has been added on estimating the effects of ATDM strategies
on freeway operations on a single typical day (as opposed to a year-long
analysis in a reliability context, which is covered in Chapter 11, Freeway
Reliability Analysis).
 The guidance on freeway facility segmentation has been improved, and
HCM segments and freeway analysis sections used in modern freeway
data sources have been distinguished.
Chapter 25, Freeway Facilities: Supplemental, describes a new procedure for
calibrating the methodology to existing conditions through the use of capacity
and speed adjustment factors (CAFs and SAFs). It provides a new mixed-flow
methodology for estimating truck performance on composite grades and a
simplified planning method for freeway facilities. It also contains example
problems illustrating the new Chapter 10 and 11 methodologies.

Freeway Reliability Analysis

Chapter 11 incorporates and updates the freeway travel time reliability
material from former Chapters 36 and 37. It integrates the previous separate
reliability and ATDM methods and provides a new process for calibrating the
method to existing conditions. The description of the computational steps has
been revised to present individual steps more clearly and to distinguish steps
performed by the user from those typically automated in software, to be
consistent with changes in Chapter 10.
The scenario generation process for freeway reliability analysis has been
revised to reduce the number of scenarios needed for a reliability analysis and to
improve the way in which weather and incident effects are accounted for in the
scenarios. (The new scenario generation approach is discussed in detail in
Chapter 25, Freeway Facilities: Supplemental.) Finally, a planning-level
reliability methodology is presented.

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Basic Freeway and Multilane Highway Segments

The chapters on basic freeway segments and multilane highways have been
merged into a single Chapter 12, since the methods for these system elements are
similar. The methodology has changed as follows:
 The speed–flow equation has been modified to provide one unified
equation across all basic and multilane highway segments.
 New research has been incorporated on truck effects on freeway
operations, which has resulted in revised truck passenger car equivalent
tables and service volume tables.
 The method for evaluating basic managed lane segments has been
integrated into the chapter.
 The method increases the emphasis on calibration through CAFs and
SAFs.
 The driver population factor has been removed; the effects of nonfamiliar
drivers on flow are handled instead through CAFs and SAFs.
 The density at capacity of multilane highway segments has been revised
to a constant 45 passenger cars per mile per lane, consistent with basic
freeway segments.
 The LOS E–F range for multilane highway segments has been revised to
reflect the revised density at capacity.
 New speed–flow curves and capacities are provided for multilane
highways for 65- and 70-mi/h free-flow speeds.
Chapter 26, Freeway and Highway Segments: Supplemental, provides a new
method for measuring capacity in the field, a new method for evaluating truck
performance on extended grades, and example problems related to the new
methods.

Freeway Weaving Segments

Chapter 13 incorporates the methods for evaluating managed lane weaving
segments, managed lane access segments, and cross-weave effects. The chapter
increases the emphasis on calibration through the application of CAFs and SAFs.
Chapter 27, Freeway Weaving: Supplemental, provides example problems that
illustrate the new methods.

Freeway Merge and Diverge Segments

The method for evaluating managed lane merge and diverge segments has
been integrated into Chapter 14. The chapter provides new formalized guidance
for aggregating merge and diverge segment densities for segments with three or
more lanes and increases the emphasis on calibration through the application of
CAFs and SAFs. Similar to the other freeway chapters, discussion of managed
lane merge and diverge segments has been added. Chapter 28, Freeway Merges
and Diverges: Supplemental, provides example problems that illustrate the new
methods.

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Two-Lane Highways
No significant changes have been made to the Chapter 15 methodology, but
additional guidance has been provided on applying the method and interpreting
its results. In addition, some steps in the methodology that previously were
always skipped (i.e., they were not needed in calculating LOS for a particular
two-lane highway class) have been made optional, to clarify that they can be
applied if the user is interested in determining the performance measure
calculated in that methodological step.

Urban Street Facilities

The following changes have been made in Chapter 16:
 The service measure average travel speed of through vehicles as a
percentage of base free-flow speed has been changed to the average travel
speed of through vehicles. No change in LOS results is intended by this
revision, but the new units and the use of rounded values will likely
result in a few segments near a LOS threshold having a LOS one letter
higher or lower.
 The threshold for LOS A has been changed from 85% of base free-flow
speed to average through-vehicle travel speed values equivalent to 80% of
the base free-flow speed.
 A procedure has been added for evaluating facilities that include
segments experiencing sustained spillback.
 Pedestrian and bicycle LOS scores are now weighted by travel time
instead of segment length.

Urban Street Reliability and ATDM

Chapter 17 is a new chapter in Volume 3. It incorporates content from
Chapter 35 (Active Traffic Management) in the HCM 2010 and Chapters 36
(Travel Time Reliability) and Chapter 37 (Travel Time Reliability: Supplemental)
that were adopted after the publication of the HCM 2010. New conceptual
information about ATDM and techniques to evaluate ATDM strategies have
been added to the prior content.

Urban Street Segments

The following changes have been made in Chapter 18:
 The service measure average travel speed of through vehicles as a
percentage of base free-flow speed has been changed to the average travel
speed of through vehicles. No change in LOS results is intended by this
revision, but the new units and the use of rounded values will likely
result in a few segments near a LOS threshold having a LOS one letter
higher or lower.
 The threshold for LOS A has been changed from 85% of base free-flow
speed to average through-vehicle travel speed values equivalent to 80% of
the base free-flow speed.

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 A procedure has been added for evaluating segments with midsegment

lane blockage.
 The procedure for predicting segment queue spillback time has been
revised to improve its accuracy.
 A new adjustment factor for parking activity has been added to the base
free-flow speed calculation.
 The procedure can now evaluate segments that have roundabouts as
boundary intersections.
 The procedure for computing volume balance for flows into and out of a
segment was revised to ensure that right-turn-on-red vehicles are
considered.
 Pedestrian and bicycle LOS scores are now based on a weighted link and
intersection score. The weight for the link is link travel time and the
weight for the intersection is delay at the intersection.
 The unsignalized conflicts factor term for the bicycle mode has been
revised to consider 20 conflict points per mile as the base (no-effect)
condition, rather than 0 conflict points per mile.
 The default bus acceleration rate was changed to 3.3 ft/s2 from 4.0 ft/s2.
Chapter 30, Urban Street Segments: Supplemental, provides a new
procedure for estimating travel time on an urban street segment bounded by one
or more roundabouts. In addition, the chapter’s urban street segment planning
application has added a fpa term to calculate the progression adjustment factor.
This factor was included in the HCM2000 but deleted for the HCM 2010. It has
been brought back to minimize the differences in the predicted LOS when the
HCM2000 method and the Sixth Edition’s planning application are compared.

Signalized Intersections
The following changes have been made in Chapters 19 and 31:
 Delay for unsignalized movements is now considered in the calculation of
approach delay and intersection delay. The analyst will have to provide
these delays as input values.
 A combined saturation flow adjustment factor for heavy vehicles and
grade is incorporated in the method. It replaces the previous individual
factors for heavy vehicles and grade.
 New saturation flow adjustment factors are provided for work zone
presence at the intersection, midsegment lane blockage, and a
downstream segment with sustained spillback.
 A new planning application is provided, which simplifies the input data
requirements and calculations.

STOP-Controlled Intersections
The application of the peak hour factor has been clarified in Chapter 20,
Two-Way STOP-Controlled Intersections, and in Chapter 21, All-Way STOP-
Controlled Intersections.

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Roundabouts
The roundabout capacity models in Chapter 22 have been updated on the
basis of new Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) research, a calibration
procedure has been provided, and the application of the peak hour factor has
been clarified.

Ramp Terminals and Alternative Intersections

Chapter 23 has been expanded to address a wider variety of distributed
intersections—groups of two or more intersections that, by virtue of close
spacing and displaced or distributed traffic movements, are operationally
interdependent and are thus best analyzed as a single unit. Distributed
intersections include interchange ramp terminals as well as a variety of
alternative intersection and interchange forms where one or more traffic
movements are rerouted to nearby secondary junctions. Interchange and
intersection forms that are now addressed by the chapter’s methodologies Local terminology for these
alternative intersection types
include diverging diamond interchanges, restricted crossing U-turn intersections, may be different—see Chapter
median U-turn intersections, and displaced left-turn intersections. 23 for details.

To accommodate the new material, the chapter has been reorganized into
three parts:
A. Distributed Intersection Concepts,
B. Interchange Ramp Terminal Evaluation, and
C. Alternative Interchange Evaluation.
To allow different intersection forms to be compared on an equal basis, a
new performance measure, experienced travel time, has been defined. It
incorporates the sum of control delays experienced by a given movement
through a distributed intersection plus any extra distance travel time experienced
by rerouted movements. LOS in this chapter is now defined on the basis of
experienced travel time.
Chapter 34, Interchange Ramp Terminals: Supplemental, provides new
example problems demonstrating the application of the methodology.

Off-Street Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities

No significant changes have been made in the Chapter 24 methodology, but
additional guidance has been added on applying the method and interpreting its
results. Some variable names and equations have been modified to improve their
understandability without affecting the computational results.

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6. COMPANION DOCUMENTS

Throughout its 60-year history, the HCM has been one of the fundamental
reference works used by transportation engineers and planners. However, it is
but one of a number of documents that play a role in the planning, design, and
operation of transportation facilities and services. The HCM provides tools for
evaluation of the performance of highway and street facilities in terms of
operational and quality-of-service measures. This section describes companion
documents to the HCM that cover important topics beyond the HCM’s scope.

HIGHWAY SAFETY MANUAL

The Highway Safety Manual (HSM) (11) provides analytical tools and
techniques for quantifying the safety effects of decisions related to planning,
design, operations, and maintenance. The information in the HSM is provided to
assist agencies as they integrate safety into their decision-making processes. It is
a nationally used resource document intended to help transportation
professionals conduct safety analyses in a technically sound and consistent
manner, thereby improving decisions made on the basis of safety performance.

A POLICY ON GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS AND STREETS

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ A
Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (“Green Book”) (12) provides
design guidelines for roadways ranging from local streets to freeways, in both
urban and rural locations. The guidelines “are intended to provide operational
efficiency, comfort, safety, and convenience for the motorist” and to emphasize
the need to consider other modal users of roadway facilities.

MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

FHWA’s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) (13) is the
national standard for traffic control devices for any street, highway, or bicycle
trail open to public travel. Of particular interest to HCM users are the sections of
the MUTCD pertaining to warrants for all-way STOP control and traffic signal
control, signing and markings to designate lanes at intersections, and associated
considerations of adequate roadway capacity and less restrictive intersection
treatments.

TRANSIT CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF SERVICE MANUAL

The TCQSM (6) is the transit counterpart to the HCM. The manual contains
background, statistics, and graphics on the various types of public
transportation, and it provides a framework for measuring transit availability,
comfort, and convenience from the passenger point of view. The manual contains
quantitative techniques for calculating the capacity of bus, rail, and ferry transit
services and transit stops, stations, and terminals.

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TRAFFIC ANALYSIS TOOLBOX

At the time of writing, FHWA had produced 14 volumes of the Traffic A useful reference on traffic
operations modeling is FHWA’s
Analysis Toolbox (14), in addition to documents providing guidance on the Traffic Analysis Toolbox.
selection and deployment of a range of traffic analysis tools, including the HCM.
Four volumes of the Toolbox provide general guidance on the use of traffic
analysis tools:
 Volume I: Traffic Analysis Tools Primer (15) presents a high-level overview The Traffic Analysis Toolbox is
available at
of the different types of traffic analysis tools and their role in http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/traffic
transportation analyses. analysistools/.

 Volume II: Decision Support Methodology for Selecting Traffic Analysis Tools
(16) identifies key criteria and circumstances to consider in selecting the
most appropriate type of traffic analysis tool for the analysis at hand.
 Volume III: Guidelines for Applying Traffic Microsimulation Modeling Software
(17) provides a recommended process for using traffic microsimulation
software in traffic analyses.
 Volume VI: Definition, Interpretation, and Calculation of Traffic Analysis Tools
Measures of Effectiveness (18) provides information and guidance on which
measures of effectiveness should be produced for a given application,
how they should be interpreted, and how they are defined and calculated
in traffic analysis tools.
Other volumes of the Toolbox deal with the use of alternative tools for specific
application scenarios. They are referenced when appropriate in specific HCM
chapters.

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7. REFERENCES

Some of these references can 1. Highway Capacity Manual: Practical Applications of Research. Bureau of Public
be found in the Technical
Reference Library in Volume 4. Roads, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C., 1950.
2. Special Report 87: Highway Capacity Manual. Highway Research Board,
National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1965.
3. Special Report 209: Highway Capacity Manual. Transportation Research Board,
National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1985.
4. Highway Capacity Manual. Transportation Research Board, National Research
Council, Washington, D.C., 2000.
5. Highway Capacity Manual. Transportation Research Board of the National
Academies, Washington, D.C., 2010.
6. Kittelson & Associates, Inc.; Parsons Brinckerhoff; KFH Group, Inc.; Texas
A&M Transportation Institute; and Arup. TCRP Report 165: Transit Capacity
and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd ed. Transportation Research Board of the
National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2013.
7. Kittelson, W. K., K. G. Courage, M. D. Kyte, G. F. List, R. P. Roess, and W. M.
Sampson. Highway Capacity Manual Applications Guidebook. Transportation
Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2003.
http://www.hcmguide.com. Accessed Oct. 19, 2009.
8. University of Florida Transportation Center and T-Concepts Corporation.
Draft Material for HCMAG Case Study 6: I-465 Corridor, Indianapolis. NCHRP
3-85 Working Paper No. 16, Jan. 5, 2009.
9. Dowling, R., P. Ryus, B. Schroeder, M. Kyte, and T. Creasey. NCHRP Report
825: Planning and Preliminary Engineering Applications Guide to the HCM.
Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2016.
10. Metric Conversion Page. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Washington, D.C. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/aaa/metric
portrait.pdf. Accessed Oct. 19, 2009.
11. Highway Safety Manual, 1st ed. American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2010.
12. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 5th ed. American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington,
D.C., 2004.
13. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Federal Highway Administration,
Washington, D.C., 2009. http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov. Accessed Feb. 1, 2010.
14. Traffic Analysis Tools Website. Federal Highway Administration,
Washington, D.C. http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/trafficanalysistools/index.htm.
Accessed Feb. 4, 2010.
15. Alexiadis, V., K. Jeannotte, and A. Chandra. Traffic Analysis Toolbox Volume I:
Traffic Analysis Tools Primer. Report FHWA-HRT-04-038. Federal Highway
Administration, Washington, D.C., June 2004.

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16. Jeannotte, K., A. Chandra, V. Alexiadis, and A. Skabardonis. Traffic Analysis

Toolbox Volume II: Decision Support Methodology for Selecting Traffic Analysis
Tools. Report FHWA-HRT-04-039. Federal Highway Administration,
Washington, D.C., July 2004.
17. Dowling, R., A. Skabardonis, and V. Alexiadis. Traffic Analysis Toolbox Volume
III: Guidelines for Applying Traffic Microsimulation Modeling Software. Report
FHWA-HRT-04-040. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.,
June 2004.
18. Dowling, R. Traffic Analysis Toolbox Volume VI: Definition, Interpretation, and
Calculation of Traffic Analysis Tools Measures of Effectiveness. Report FHWA-
HOP-08-054. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., 2007.

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