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Highway Engineering I work out Problems

By: Haile G. April 2022

Solution to Highway geometric design selected problems.

1. A road has a crest vertical curve with the following characteristics: G1 = +4.8%, VPC at
Station 4+010 with elevation 750 m, VPT at Station 4+330, G2 = -1.6%.
A. What is the elevation of the vertical curve at Station 4+110?
we need L = 4330-14010=320 m, sta. of BVC = 750 m, g1 = 4.8% = 0.048, and

 The general equation of a parabola

y = ax2 + bx + c

Where:
• y = roadway elevation at distance x
• x = distance from beginning of vertical curve
• a = (g2 – g1)/2L and
• b = g1
• c = elevation of BVC
𝑔2 − 𝑔1 (−1.6 − 4.8)
𝑎= = = −0.0001
2𝐿 200 ∗ 320
𝑔1 = 4.8% = 0.048, 𝑐 = eleva. of BVC = 750

𝑌 = – 0.0001 ∗ (100)2 + (0.048 ∗ 100) + 750 =753.8

B. What is the offset at Station 4+180?

𝑨 = |𝑮𝟐 − 𝑮𝟏|% = | − 𝟏. 𝟔 − 𝟒. 𝟖|% = 𝟔. 𝟒% = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟒.

𝒙 = 𝟒 + 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟒 + 𝟎𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝒎

𝑨𝒙𝟐 𝟔.𝟒∗𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟐
𝒚= = =2.89
𝟐𝑳 𝟐𝟎𝟎∗𝟑𝟐𝟎

C. What is the station and elevation of the highest point on the curve?
𝐴 = −1.6 − 4.8 = −6.4
𝑔1 𝐿 𝑔1 𝐿 −4.8∗320
𝑥ℎ𝑙 = − 𝑔 =− = =284.4444
2 −𝑔1 𝐴 −5.4

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 1 of 19

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𝑔2 − 𝑔1
𝑦ℎ = (𝑥ℎ )2 + 𝑔1 𝑥ℎ + 𝐸𝑙𝑣. 𝐵𝑉𝐶
2𝐿
(−1.6−4.8) 4.8
𝑦ℎ = (284.444)2 + 100 ∗ 284.44 + 750=755.563 m
200∗320

2. A horizontal curve is to be designed for a Federal highway in plain terrain with a design
speed of 80 km/h. The maximum superelevation is 0.07 and the lateral coefficient of
friction is 0.15. What is the ruling minimum radius of the curve?
Solution:
𝑉2
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
127(𝑒 + 𝜇)
802
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =11.087 %
127(0.07+0.15)

3. PVI station and location are 14+260 and 1200 m. What are the endpoints' stations
and elevations of a 280 m long curve with incoming and outgoing grades of -4.00%
and +2.00%?
Solution:
280
𝑠𝑡𝑎. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑉𝐶 = (14 + 260) − = 14 + 120
2
280
𝑠𝑡𝑎. 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑉𝐶 = (14 + 260) + = 14 + 400
2
4 280
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑉𝐶 = 1200 + ( )∗ = 1205.6 𝑚
100 2
2 280
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑉𝐶 = 1200 + ( )∗ = 1202 𝑚
100 2

4. If a superelevation transition is applied to a curve with a runoff of 70 m, emax = 8% and

a lane width of 3 m, what is the length of the tangent runout? Assume the normal cross
slope of the pavement is -2%
Solution:
𝑒𝑁𝐶 2%
𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿𝑟 = ∗ 70 𝑚 = 17.5 𝑚
𝑒𝑑 8%
5. For a horizontal curve on a two lane (3.6 m per lane) road with a radius of 500 to the
centerline, what is the distance of the line of sight when an obstruction is located 10
m from the centerline of the road? Assume the grade of the road is level

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 2 of 19

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Solution:

 3.6
m  Robj (1  cos )  m  10   8.2
2 2
  8.2
8.2  (500  1.8)(1  cos )  cos  1 
2 2 500  1.8

 10.41
2

L  2 Robj sin  2 * 498.2 sin(10.41)
2
L  180m

6. What is the superelevation to be provided for a horizontal curve with a radius of 300 m
for a design speed of 85 km/h if the lateral coefficient of friction is a.) 0.1? b.) 0.15? and
c.) 0.2?
𝑉2
𝑅𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 =
127(𝑒 + 𝜇)
𝑉2
𝑒= −𝜇
127𝑅𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑
852
𝑒= −𝜇
127 ∗ 300
852
a. 𝑒 = 127∗300 − 0.1 =8.96%
852
b. 𝑒 = 127∗300 − 0.15 =3.96%
852
c. 𝑒 = 127∗300 − 0.2= -0.01037

It tells us it is not possible to get a 85 KPH on the road which has a 0.2 side friction,
so the design speed should reduce or the road suffice friction should be minimized.

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 3 of 19

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7. What is the design speed for a horizontal curve of radius 250 m, is to be provided on a
state highway in plain terrain with a superelevation of 0.08 and lateral coefficient of friction
is 0.21? The speed should be rounded into nearest multiple of 5 units.
Solution:
𝑉2
𝑅 = 127(𝑒+𝜇) ,

𝑉 = √𝑅 ∗ (127(𝑒 + 𝜇))

𝑉 = √250 ∗ (127 ∗ (0.08 + 0.21))=95.95572

V=95 Km/h

8. A -2.5% grade is connected to a +1.0% grade by means of a 180 m vertical curve. The
P.I. station is 10+000 and the P.I. elevation is 100.0 m above sea level. What are the
station and elevation of the lowest point on the vertical curve?
Solution
3.5
𝑔2 – 𝑔1 1 − −2.5 100
𝑎 = = =
𝐿 180 180
• Location of highest/lowest point on the curve, 𝑥ℎ/𝑙
𝑔1 𝐿 𝑔1 𝐿 2.5
𝑥ℎ/𝑙 = − 𝑔 = = 3.5 ∗ 180 = 128.57 𝑚,
2 −𝑔1 𝐴

 Station of BVC (10,000 m-90 m (which is L/2)=9910 m (9+910)

 Station of low point (9910+128.57=) 10+038.57
 Elevation of BVC: 100.0 m +90*2.5/100=102.25 m

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• Elevation of highest/lower point,

𝑔2 −𝑔1
𝑦ℎ/𝑙 = (𝑥ℎ/𝑙 )2 + 𝑔1 𝑥ℎ/𝑙 + 𝐸𝑙𝑣. 𝐵𝑉𝐶
2𝐿

3.5
2.5 −2.5 2.5∗180
𝑦ℎ/𝑙 = 100
∗ (3.5 ∗ 180)2 + ( 100 ) ∗ ( ) + 102.25=100.64 m
2∗180 3.5

9. What is the minimum radius of curvature allowable for a roadway with a 100 km/h design
speed, assuming that the maximum allowable superelevation rate is 0.10? Compare this
with the minimum curve radius recommended by ERA..
Solution:

V=100 km/h, e=0.10, f=0.11

1002
𝑅= = 375 𝑚
127(0.11 + 0.10)
Minimum radius recommended by ERA is also 375 m.

10. A vertical crest ( summit curve is formed at the intersection of two grades + 3/100 and
-1/20. Design the length of the crest curve to provide a stopping sight distance for a
design speed of 80 km/h. Take any assumptions.
solution
𝑉2
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = 0.278𝑉𝑡 + 254𝑓

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 5 of 19

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As there is ascending gradient on one side of the summit and descending gradient on
the other side, the effect of gradient on SDD is assumed to get compensated and
hence ignored in the calculation.

Assuming t=2.5 s and f=0.35 for V=80 km/h

802
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = 0.278 ∗ 80 ∗ 2.5𝑡 + 254∗0.35 = 127.6, 𝑠𝑎𝑦 128 𝑚

Deviation angle, A=3—5=8%

Assuming L>SSD
8 ∗ 1282
𝐿  =    = 324.4 𝑚
404
L=324.4 m (>128 m)
Therefore, the length of the summit curve is 324.4 m
11. A horizontal curve on a 4-lane highway (two lanes each direction with no median) has a
superelevation of 6% and a central angle of 40 degrees. The PT of the curve is at station
322 + 50 and the PI is at 320 + 08. The road has 10-ft lanes and 8-ft shoulders on both
sides with high retaining walls going up immediately next to the shoulders. What is the
highest safe speed of this curve (highest in 5 mi/h increments) and what is the station of
the PC?
Solution:
See Ans. Of question #2

12. A horizontal curve on a 4-lane highway (two lanes each direction with no median) has a
superelevation of 6% and a central angle of 40 degrees. The PT of the curve is at station
10+080 and the PI is at 10+000. The road has 3-meter lanes and 2.4-meter shoulders on
both sides with high retaining walls going up immediately next to the shoulders. What is
the highest safe speed of this curve (highest in 5 km/h increments) and what is the station
of the PC?
Solution:

 The tangent will be equal to the PI – PC

So,

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T = 10+000 – PC.
 The length of the curve will be equal to the PT – PC so
L = 10+080 – PC.
 With the equations for the tangent and length of curve both put in terms of the PC,
We know that also
𝜋𝑅∆ ∆
 𝐿= and 𝑇 = 𝑅𝑡𝑎𝑛(2)
180

From these two equations, we can find the radius, R

180𝐿 𝑇 𝐿 𝑇
𝑅= and also 𝑅 = ∆ , so 𝑅 = 𝜋∆ = ∆
𝜋∆ 𝑡𝑎𝑛( ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛( )
2 180 2

Substituting the previous tangent and length-of-curve equations (T = 10,000 – PC and L =

10,080 – PC),

10,080 – 𝑃𝐶 10,000 – 𝑃𝐶
=
𝜋∆ ∆
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2)
180

∆ 𝜋∆
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) ∗ (10,080 – 𝑃𝐶) = ∗ (10,000 – 𝑃𝐶)
2 180

6981.317 − 0.698𝑃𝐶 = 3668.82 − 0.36397𝑃𝐶

0.33416𝑃𝐶 = 3312.5
𝑃𝐶 = 3312.5/0.33416 = 9912.864
𝑃𝐶 = 9 + 912.86
Which gives PC = 9+912.86. Using this value of PC, the tangent can be computed as
𝑇 = 10,000 − 9,912.864 = 87.136 m. This value of T can then be used to determine R (see
equations above),

𝐿 = 10,080 − 9,912.864 =167.136 m

87.136
𝑅= = 239.4 m
40
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 )

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Because the curve radius is usually taken to the centerline of the roadway and there are two 3 m
lanes before the centerline (working from the inside of the curve to the outside),

Rv =R –Lw-LW/2 = 239.4-3-3/2=234.9 m.

From Table 8-1 with a superelevation of 6%, at 80 km/h a radius of 270 m is needed; and at 70
km/h a radius of 195 m is needed. Therefore, the highest deign speed for centripetal force is 70
km/h (since 234.9 m > 195 m, the design is acceptable for 70 km/h because more than the needed
radius is available, but with 270 > 234.9 the design is not acceptable for 80 km/h since
insufficient radius is available).

To check for adequate sight distance, Ms is going to be the shoulder width plus half of the inside
lane width or 2.4+ 3/2 = 3.9 m . Consider the SSD required at 70 km/h. 70 km/h, by assuming
the road grade, g is 10% the required SSD is 140 m (from Table 7-2).
90𝑆𝑆𝐷
𝑀𝑠 = 𝑅𝑣 [1 − cos( )]
𝛱𝑅𝑣
90∗140
𝑀𝑠 = 234.9 [1 − cos( 𝛱∗234.9)]=10.35 m

Because 10.35 m is greater than the 3.9 of available Ms, 70 km/h is too fast. Consider a speed of
60 km/h, 50 km/h etc…

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Speed(KM/H) RV (m) SSD(m) from MS Remark

Table 7-2
70 234.9 140 10.35 >3.9 Not OK!
60 234.9 105 5.84 >3.9 Not OK!
50 234.9 75 2.99 <3.9 it is OK!
40 234.9 50 1.33 <3.9

Because 2.99 m is less than 3.9 m, the highway is safe at 50 km/h. Considering both
the maximum safe speeds for centripetal force (70 km/h) and sight distance (50 km/h), the lower
of the two speeds will govern. Thus, 50 km/h (the highest safe speed for sight distance) is the
lower of the two speeds and is the highest safe speed for this curve.

In addition, let’s check for 55 km /h even it is not included in the table and by interpolation for
Ms from the above values (from 60 km/h and 50 km/h) the Ms for 55 km/ h is (0.5*(5.84+2.99)
=4.41 m which is greater than 3.9 m, so it fails.

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 9 of 19

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13. An existing tunnel needs to be connected to a newly constructed bridge with sag and
crest vertical curves. The profile view of the tunnel and bridge is shown in Figure below.
Develop a vertical alignment to connect the tunnel and bridge by determining the highest
possible common design speed for the sag and crest (equal-tangent) vertical curves
needed. Compute the stationing and elevations of PVC, PVI, and PVT curve points.

Figure Profile view (vertical alignment diagram) for Example 3.9.

Solution:

 From left to right (see Figure above), a sag vertical curve (with subscript s) and a crest vertical
curve (with subscript c) are needed to connect the tunnel and bridge.
 From the given information, it is known that G1s = 0% (the initial slope of the sag vertical curve)
and G2c = 0% (the final slope of the crest vertical curve).
 To obtain the highest possible design speed, we want to use all of the horizontal distance
available.
 This means we want to connect the curve so that the PVT of the sag curve (PVTs) will be the
PVC of the crest curve (PVCc).
 If this is the case, G2s = G1c and since G1s = G2c = 0, As = Ac = A, the common algebraic
difference in the grades.

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Since 366 m separates the tunnel and bridge,

Ls + Lc =366 m
 Also, the summation of the end-of-curve offset for the sag curve and the beginning-of curve
offset (relative to the final grade) for the crest curve must equal 12.2 m. Using the equation for
the final offset,
𝐴𝐿
𝑌𝑓 =
200
𝐴𝐿𝑠 𝐴𝐿𝑐 𝐴
12.2 = + = (𝐿 + 𝐿𝑐 )
200 200 200 𝑠
And since Ls + Lc = 366,
𝐴
∗ 366 = 12.2
200
200
𝐴 = 12.2 ∗ 366 =6.667

Solving for A gives, A = 6.667%. The problem now becomes one of finding K-values that allow
Ls + Lc = 366. Since L = KA , we can write
𝐾𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐾𝑐 𝐴 = 366
(𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾𝑐 )𝐴 = 366
366 366
𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾𝑐 = = 6.667 = 54.90 (m and Km/h)
𝐴

𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾𝑐 = 180 (𝑓𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑖/ℎ)

 To find the highest possible design speed, Tables 3.2 and 3.3 are used to arrive at K-values to
solve Ks + Kc = 44.652.
 From Tables 3.2 and 3.3, it is apparent that the highest possible design speed is 50 mi/h, at
which speed Kc = 84 and Ks = 96 (the summation of K’s is 180).

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Or we can find from the metric units

366 366
𝐾𝑠 + 𝐾𝑐 = = 6.667 = 54.90
𝐴

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At v=80 kph it is 30+26=56 which is closer one.

To arrive at the stationing of curve points, we first determine curve lengths as
Ls = KsA= 96(6.667) = 640.0 ft=195.2 m
Lc = KcA= 84(6.667) = 560.0 ft=170.8 m

Since the station of the PVCs is 10 + 000 (given), it is clear that the PVIs = 10+097.6,
PVTs = PVCc = 10+195.2, PVIc = 10+280.60, and PVTc = 10+366.
For elevations,
PVCs = PVIs = 1530 m and PVIc = PVTc = 1542.2 m. Finally, the elevation of PVTs and
PVCc can be computed as

𝐴𝐿 195.2
1530 + 200𝑠 = 1530 + 6.66 ∗ =1536.507 m
200

14. A horizontal curve has a central angle of 45o and a Point of Intersection (PI) at Station 1+000.00
and radius of 1000.00 m. What is the station of the Point of Tangency (PT)?
Solution:


T  R tan
2
45
T  1000 * tan  1000 * .41421  414.21
2
 
L *R*  * 1000 * 45  785.398m
180 180
PI  1  000.00
 414.21
PC  0  585.79
 785.40
PT  1  371.19

15. The design speed of asphalt concrete paved highway designed for construction is 80kph with
e=8%& f=0.14 . During right-of-way reservation period it was found out that the space available
for horizontal curve is only adequate for provision of maximum 200m radius. Can this speed be
safely maintained on the road? If not, what should be done?
Solution:

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 13 of 19

 በአዲስ አበባ ሣይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲ Addis Ababa Science & Technology University
የአርክቴክቸር እና ሲቪል ምህንድስና ኮሌጅ College of Architecture and Civil Engineering

16. A horizontal curve has a radius of 1000.00 ft. If the grade is flat and the distance between
the centerline and object is 30 ft, what is the maximum stopping distance (assume no
adjustment to center of the inside lane). Remember the arc length is proportional to the
circumference of a circle.
Solution:

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 14 of 19

 በአዲስ አበባ ሣይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲ Addis Ababa Science & Technology University
የአርክቴክቸር እና ሲቪል ምህንድስና ኮሌጅ College of Architecture and Civil Engineering


30  R  R cos
2

30  1000(1  cos )
2

.030  1  cos
2

cos  1  .030  .97
2

 14.07
2
  28.13
 S

360 2R
2 *1000 * 28.13
S  491 ft
360

17. The stopping distance (rounded for design) of a two lane road (12 ft lanes) is 450 ft. What is the
required clear distance between the drivers location and the edge of the forest (level terrain
and no back slope) if the radius to the centerline is 1000 ft?
Solution:

Robj  1000 ft  6 ft  994 ft

S  obj

2Robj 360
S * 360 450 * 360
 obj    25.94
2Robj 2 * 994
 obj 25.94
m  Robj (1  cos )  994(1  cos )
2 2
m  994(1  cos12.97)
m  25.4 ft

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 15 of 19

 በአዲስ አበባ ሣይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲ Addis Ababa Science & Technology University
የአርክቴክቸር እና ሲቪል ምህንድስና ኮሌጅ College of Architecture and Civil Engineering

18. A highway reconstruction project is being undertaken to reduce accident rates on the
highway. The reconstruction involves a major re-alignment of the highway such that a
100kph design speed is attained. At one point on the highway, a 240m equal tangent
crest vertical curve exists. Measurements show that, at 106m from the PVC, the
vertical curve offset is 0.9m. Assess the adequacy of the existing curve in light of the
reconstruction designs peed of 100kph and, if the existing curve is inadequate,
compute a satisfactory curve length.
Solution:
Use K=52 from the table and take a correction on the Ans.

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 16 of 19

በአዲስ አበባ ሣይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲ Addis Ababa Science & Technology University
የአርክቴክቸር እና ሲቪል ምህንድስና ኮሌጅ College of Architecture and Civil Engineering

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 17 of 19

 በአዲስ አበባ ሣይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲ Addis Ababa Science & Technology University
የአርክቴክቸር እና ሲቪል ምህንድስና ኮሌጅ College of Architecture and Civil Engineering

19. A horizontal curve is being designed through mountainous terrain for a 4-lane road with
3m lanes. The central angle is known to be 40 degrees, the tangent distance is 153m,
and the tangent intersection PI is located at chainage 5+650m. If the roadway has a
coefficient of side friction of 0.082 and a superelevation rate of 0.09m/m, determine
whether this is appropriate for a design speed of 80kph. If not, re-design the curve and
indicate the location of the PC and PT.
Solution:

20. A descending grade of 6% and an ascending grade of 2% intersect at Sta 12 + 200 km

whose elevation is at 14.375 m. The two grades are to be connected by a parabolic curve,
160 m long. Find the elevation of the first quarter point on the curve.
Solution:
Method-1
Using the equation of the curve
𝒈𝟐 − 𝒈𝟏 𝟐
𝒚= 𝒙 + 𝒈𝟏 𝒙 + 𝑬𝒍𝒗. 𝑩𝑽𝑪
𝟐𝑳
L=160 m, L/2=80 m

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 18 of 19

በአዲስ አበባ ሣይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርሲቲ Addis Ababa Science & Technology University
የአርክቴክቸር እና ሲቪል ምህንድስና ኮሌጅ College of Architecture and Civil Engineering

𝑬𝒍𝒗. 𝑩𝑽𝑪 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 ∗ 𝟖𝟎 =19.175

𝟐−(−𝟔)
𝑬𝒍𝒗. 𝒂𝒕 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝟒𝟎𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 ∗ 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟕𝟓=17.175 m

By Haile G. April 2022 Page 19 of 19