Lathe Machine: Definition, Introduction, Parts, Types,

Operations, and Specifications (Notes With PDF)

learnmechanical.com/lathe-machine/

Lathe Machine is a Production Machine tool. Here today we will study the Definition,
Parts, Operation, Specification of Lathe machines.

You can download the whole document in a PDF format, I will add the PDF download link
at the bottom of this article.

So let me give you the introduction of the lathe machine tool.

Lathe Machine Introduction:

The Lathe was invented by Jacques de Vaucanson around 1751.

The Lathe Machine is an ancient tool. At the very early stage this machine was
developed around 1300 BC at that time there were not developed so many parts except
headstock and Tailstock. But during the industrial revolution Metalworking lathes evolved
into heavier machines with thicker, more rigid parts.

Between 19 and 20 centuries the electric motor is replaced line shafting as a power
source.

Then in 1950, the servomechanism is applied to control lathe and other machine tools by
numeric, Direct numerical control machine.

The Lathe is the most versatile machine tool among all standards of the machine tool.

Nowadays the manually controlled machine exists like a CNC machine and even do with
the help of a feed mechanism the lathe machine operates manually.

Lathe Machine Definition:

A lathe machine is a machine tool that is used to remove metals from a workpiece
to give a desired shape and size. Lathe Machines are used in metalworking,
woodturning, metal spinning, thermal spraying, glass working, and parts
reclamation.

The various other operations that you can perform with the help of a Lathe Machine can
include sanding, cutting, knurling, drilling, and deformation of tools that are employed in
creating objects which have symmetry about the axis of rotation.

There are several components of a lathe, later on, I discuss the most important Parts
of the Lathe with their function. It is also known as the father of all standard machine
tools.

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The function of Lathe is to remove the metal in the form of chips from a piece of work
by mounting the same rigidly on a machine spindle and revolving at the required
speed and the cutting tool is fed against the work either longitudinally or crosswise
to make the work to the required shape and size.

Parts of the Lathe Machine and their functions:

So what are the Parts of a Lathe machine? A lathe machine tool consists of several
parts like:

1. Headstock
2. Bed
3. Tailstock
4. Carriage
5. Saddle
6. Cross-slide
7. Compound rest
8. Toolpost
9. Apron
10. Lead Screw
11. Feed rod
12. Chuck
13. Main spindle
14. Leg

Let me explain all these parts in detail.

Head Stock:
Head Stock is situated at the left side of the lathe bed and it is the house of the driving
mechanism and electrical mechanism of a Lathe machine tool.

It holds the job on its spindle nose having external screw threads and internally
Morse taper for holding lathe center. And it is rotating at a different speed by cone
pulley or all geared drive. There is a hole throughout spindle for handling long bar
work.
Head Stock transmit power from the spindle to the feed rod, lead screw and thread
cutting mechanism.

Accessories mounted on headstock spindle:

1. Three jaw chuck

2. Four jaw chuck
3. Lathe center and lathe dog
4. Collect chuck
5. Faceplate
6. Magnetic chuck

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A separate speed change gearbox is placed below the headstock to reduce the speed in
order to have different feed rates for threading and automatic lateral movement of the
carriage. The feed rod is used for most turning operations and the lead screw is used for
thread cutting operations.

(Image source: By Glenn McKechnie - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=933532)

Bed:
It is the base of the lathe machine. It is made of the single-piece casting of Semi-steel (
Chilled Cast Iron). The bed consists of two heavy metal slides running lengthwise, with
ways or 'V' formed upon them and rigidly supported with cross girths.

It is sufficiently rigid and good damping capacity to absorb vibration.

It prevents the deflection produced by the cutting forces.
It supports the headstock, tailstock, carriage and other components of the lathe
machine.

Tail Stock:
Tail Stock is situated on the right side above the lathe bed.

It is used for:

Support the long end of the job for holding and minimizes its sagging.
It holds the tool for performing different operations like drilling, reaming, tapping, etc.
And it is also used for a small amount of taper for a long job by offsetting the
tailstock.

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Carriage:

The carriage is used to support, guide, and feed the tool against the job when the
machining is done.

It holds moves and controls the cutting tool.

It gives rigid supports to the tool during operations.
It transfers power from feed rod to cutting tool through apron mechanism for
longitudinal cross-feeding.
It simplifies the thread cutting operation with the help of lead screw and half nut
mechanism.

It is consists of:

1. Saddle
2. Cross-slide
3. Compound rest
4. Toolpost
5. Apron

It provides three movements to the tool:

1. Longitudinal feed-through carriage movement

2. Cross feed-through cross slide movement
3. Angular feed-through top slide movement

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(Source: By Glenn McKechnie - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=931394)

Saddle:
Generally, it is made up of 'H' shaped casting and it has a 'V' guide and a flat guide for
mounting it on the lathe bed guideways.

Cross-slide:
It is assembled on the top of the saddle. The top surface of the cross-slide is provided
with T-slot.

Compound rest:
It supports the tool post and cutting tool in its various positions. It can be swiveled at any
desired position in the horizontal plane. It is necessary for turning angles and boring short
tapers.

Tool post:
It is the topmost portion of the carriage and it is used to hold various cutting tools or tool
holders.

There are three types of tool post commonly used and those are:

1. Ring and rocker tool post

2. Squarehead tool post
3. Quick change tool post

Apron:

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An apron is a house of the feed mechanism. It is fastened to the saddle and hangover in
front of the bed.

Lead screw:
A lead screw is also known as a power screw or a translation screw. It converts rotational
motion to linear motion. Lead Screw is used for Thread Cutting operation in a lathe
machine tool.

Feed Rod:
Feed rod is used to move the carriage from the left side to the right side and also from the
right side to the left side.

Chuck:
Chuck is used to holding the workpiece securely.

There are generally 2 types of chucks:

1. 3 jaw self-centering chuck

2. 4 jaw independent chuck

Main Spindle:

The spindle is a hollow cylindrical shaft in which long jobs can pass through it.

It is designed so well that the thrust of the cutting tool does not deflect the spindle.

Leg:
Legs are carrying an entire load of a lathe machine tool and transfer to the ground. The
legs are firmly secured to the floor by the foundation bolt.

Schematic diagram of the lathe machine:

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Types of Lathe Machine
A lathe machine tool is used for removing the excess material from the workpiece to give
the required shape and size to the workpiece.

So how many types of Lathe machines are there? Lathe machine has been
categorized into the following types:

Center or Engine Lathe

Speed Lathe
Capstan and Turret Lathe
Tool Room Lathe
Bench Lathe
Automatic Lathe
Special Purpose and
CNC Lathe Machine

We are going to study each and every important point of these 8 different types of lathe
machines.

Center or Engine Lathe Machine:

Center or Engine Lathe Machine is the most widely used lathe machine and still, it is,
in every workshop, this machine is present.

Operations like Turning, facing, grooving, Knurling, threading and more, such operations
are performed on this type of machine.

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Engine lathe machine has all the parts such as bed, Saddle, headstock, and tailstock,
etc. The headstock of an engine lathe is rigid and the tailstock is moveable which is
further used to support an operation like knurling.

It can easily feed the cutting tool in both directions i.e. longitudinal and lateral directions
with the help of feed mechanisms.

Center Lathe machines are driven by the gear mechanism or pulley mechanism.

It has three types of driven mechanisms, and those are Belt-driven, Motor-driven,
Gearhead type.

Engine Lathe (Image courtesy: IndiaMart)

Speed Lathe:

Speed lathe is also called a Wood Lathe.

As the name indicates “Speed” the machine works with high speed. The headstock
spindle is rotating at a very high speed. The parts having like headstock, tailstock, but it's
not having feed mechanism like center or engine lathe having. The feed we provide is
manually operated.

The speed ranges of this machine operated between 1200 to 3600 RPM.

Speed lathe is used for spinning, centering, polishing, and machining wood.

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Speed Lathe (Image courtesy: Indiamart)

Capstan and Turret Lathe:

This is an advanced technology of the manufacturing industry.

The capstan and turret lathe machine is used for Mass production (large Quantity) and
is a modified version of the engine lathe machine.

This machine is used where their sequence of operation is performed on the workpiece,
there is no alternative operation performed on this machine.

These machines were provided by hexagonal turret head instead of the tailstock in which
multiple operations (Turning, facing, boring, reaming) were performed in a sequence
without changing its tool manually, after each operation the turret rotated.

It also consists of three tool posts. It requires more floor space than other lathe machines.

Capstan and turret lathe is using for only large jobs.

The main advantage of using capstan and turret lathe is even less skilled operators
can do a job.

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Tool Room Lathe:
The toolroom lathe machine operates to speed up to 2500 rpm.

The parts are almost the same similar to the engine lathe machines but the parts are built
very accurately and should be arranged in proper sequence because this lathe is used for
highly precious work with very fewer tolerances.

It is mainly used in grindings, working on the tool, die gauges, and machining work where
accuracy is needed.

Toolroom lathe (Image courtesy: IndiaMart)

Bench Lathe:
Bench lathe machines are mounted on the bench.

This type of lathe machine is small in size and use for very small precision work. It has all
the similar parts of engine lathe and speed lathe.

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Bench Lathe (Image courtesy: IndiaMart)

Automatic Lathe:

As the name indicates “Automatic lathe” performs work automatically.

Standard lathes have some drawbacks i.e. they are not used for mass production. But
automatic lathes are used for mass production. Some mechanisms are responsible for
the automation in it.

Here there is no need to change the tool manually because it changes automatically.

Having this machine the main advantage is that a single operator can handle
machines more than 4 to 5 machines at a time.

These types of lathes are high speed and heavy-duty.

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Automatic lathe (Image courtesy: Indiamart)

Special Purpose Lathe:

As the name indicates “special purpose lathe” the machine performs the special types of
operation which can not be performed on standard and other machines.

It is known for the heavy-duty production of identical parts.

Some examples of special lathes include Vertical lathes, Wheel lathes, T-lathe, Multi
Spindle lathes, Production lathes, Duplicate or tracer lathes, etc.

Wheel lathe is used for machining journals and rail rods. It is also used for turning the
threads on locomotive wheels.

The “T -lathe” is used for machining rotors for jet engines. The axis of the lathe bed is at
right angles to the axis of the headstock spindle in the form of a T.

CNC Lathe Machine:

CNC stands for Computerized numerically controlled.

This is widely used as a lathe in the present time because of its fast and accurate
working. It is one of the most advanced types.

It uses computer programs to control the machine tool. Once the program is fed into the
computer as per the program it starts operation with very high speed and accuracy.

Even do preplanned programmed machine is there in which once code is set for the
various operations it can starts operation without changing code in the next time.

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A semi-skilled worker can easily operate this after the initial setup is done.

These types of lathes are also used for mass production like capstan and turret but there
is no programmed fed system.

The components manufactured by these lathes are very accurate in dimensional

tolerances.

(Source: By Kentindustrialusa - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46513649)

Now discuss the operations performed in a Lathe

A Lathe Machine consists of the following operation:

Centering
Facing
Turning
Chamfering
Knurling
Thread cutting
Drilling
Boring
Reaming
Spinning
Tapping
Parting off

Before continuing any operation in lathe we have to load the job and center it on the
head-stock spindle.

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In lathe operations, the headstock spindle holds the job and it rotates with the same
speed as the spindle. The carriage holding the tool on the tool post, also the carriage
gives the tool post moves longitudinally or crosswise direction to give the desired feed on
the job.

These two motions (longitudinally and crosswise) help to remove the chips of the metal
and give the proper shape of the job.

The Lathe is such a versatile machine that it can produce another lathe.

It is tough to mention which operations are not performed in a lathe machine tool, though
we discuss some important lathe operations in detail.

Centering operation in the lathe:

We use this operation for producing a conical hole in the face of the job to make the
bearing support of the lathe center when the job is to hold between two centers. (Head-
stock and Tail-stock).

CENTERING OPERATION

Facing operation in the lathe:

Facing operation is for making the ends of the job produce a smooth flat surface with the
axis of operation or a certain length of a job.

In this operation,

1. Hold the job on Head-stock spindle using Three or four-jaw chuck.

2. Start the machine on desire RPM to rotate the job.
3. Give a desirable feed on the perpendicular direction of the axis of the job.

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FACING OPERATION

Turning operation in the lathe:

The operation by which we remove the excess material from the workpiece to produce a
cone-shaped or a cylindrical surface.

There are several types of turning operations, those are:

1. Straight turning
2. Shoulder turning
3. Rough turning
4. Finish turning
5. Taper turning
6. Eccentric turning

Straight turning:
This operation is done to produce a cylindrical surface by removing excess material from
the workpiece.

It is done in the following ways:

1. Mount the job by suitable job holding device and check the trueness of the job axis
with the lathe axis.
2. Hold the cutting tool on the tool post and set the cutting edge at the job axis or
slightly above it.
3. Set the spindle as per the desired feed.
4. Give depth of cut as per finish or rough cut.
5. Start the machining.
6. Engage automatic feed to move the carriage with the tool to the desired length, then
disengage the feed and carriage is brought back to its starting.
7. The process is repeated until the job finished.

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STRAIGHT TURNING OPERATION

Shoulder turning:
A shoulder turning is called which has a different diameter to form a step from one
diameter to another.

There are four kinds of the shoulder.

1. Square
2. Beveled
3. Radius
4. Undercut

SHOULDER TURNING

Rough turning:

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It is a process of removal of excess material from the workpiece in minimum time by
applying a high rate of feed and heavy depth of cut.

the depth of cut is around 2 to 5mm and the rate of feed is 0.3 to 1.5mm/revolution.

Finish turning:

The finish turning operation needs high cutting speed, minimum feed, and a very small
depth of cut to generate a smooth surface.

In finish turning the depth of cut is around 0.5 to 1mm and the rate of feed is 0.1 to 0.3
mm/revolution.

ROUGH TURNING AND FINISH TURNING

Taper turning:

First, let me give you an idea about the taper.

A taper is defined as a uniform decrease or increase in the diameter of a workpiece along

with its length.

The operation by which a conical surface of the gradual reduction in diameter from a
cylindrical workpiece is produced is called taper turning.

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TAPER TURNING

Taper turning methods:

A tapering form may be done by any one of the following methods.

1. Taper turning by form tool

2. By swiveling the compound rest
3. Tail-stock set over method
4. By taper turning attachment

Let me discuss them in brief.

Taper turning by form tool:

It is used to form a short length of taper by using a form tool or broad nose tool.

Any increase in the length of the taper will require the use of a wider cutting edge which
may destroy the workpiece due to the vibration and spoil the workpiece.

In this operation, the tool angle must be half of the taper angle.

Taper turning by swiveling the compound rest:

This method is used for turning steps and short tapers.

It is done as follows:

1. Set the compound rest by swiveling it from the centerline of the lathe center through
an angle equal to a half taper angle.
2. Clamp the carriage in place.

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 3. After adjusting and setting the tool, feed is applied by the compound rest's feed
handle to complete the taper.

Tail-stock set over method:

Set over of tail-stock from its center-line is done equal to half taper.

Job is held between the centers. The length of the workpiece will be long enough. An only
a small taper on a long job is done by this process.

It is used for external taper only.

By taper turning attachment:

It is done in the following ways:

1. The cross slide is first made free from lead screw by hinder screw.
2. The rear end of the cross slide is then tightened with a guide block by a belt.
3. Set the guide bar at an angle to the lathe axis. (Half taper angle)
4. The required depth of cut is given by the compound slide is at a right angle to the
lathe axis.

Chamfering operation:
Chamfering is used for beveling the end of a job to remove burrs, to look better, to make
a passage of the nut into the bolt.

This operation is done after thread cutting, knurling, rough turning.

CHAMFERING

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Knurling operation:
It is the process of producing a rough surface on the workpiece to provide effective
gripping.

The knurling tool is held rigidly on the tool post and pressed against the rotating job so
that leaving the exact facsimile of the tool on the surface of the job.

KNURLING

Thread cutting operation :

It is the operation that is used to produce a helical groove on a cylindrical or conical

surface by feeding the tool longitudinally when the job revolved between the two centers.

Tool setting for thread cutting operation:

The tool should be set exactly to the height of the centerline of the job and at 90 degrees
to the job.

Tool setting gauge is used for this purpose.

Feeding during thread cutting operation:

It is done in two ways.

1. The tool may be feed exactly at 90 degrees to the job axis but it does not have good
cutting action because only the front end of the tool does cutting.
2. The tool may be feed at an angle from 27-30 degrees at which the compound rest
may be set so that the complete side of the tool is used for cutting action which
gives a better polish on the threads.

Job speed during threading:

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The job speed will be 1/3 to 1/4th of the job speed in turning operation.

Drilling operation:

Drilling is an operation by which we can make holes in a job.

In this operation, the job is rotated at the turning speed on the lathe axis and the drilling
tool is fitted on the tail-stock spindle. And the tail-stock is moved towards the job by hand
feed.

DRILLING

Boring operation:
In this operation, we can enlarge the diameter of the existing hole on a job by turning
inside with some farm tool known as a boring tool.

The boring tool is also fitted on tail-stock.

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BORING OPERATION

Reaming operation:
Reaming is the operation for sizing or finishing a drilled hole to the required size by a tool
called a reamer.

This tool is fitted on tail-stock.

REAMING OPERATION

Spinning operation:

In this operation, the job of this sheet metal is held between the former and the tail-stock
center rotates at high speed with the former.

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the long round nose forming tool rigidly fixed on a special tool post presses the job on the
periphery of the former. So the job is taken exactly the shape of the former.

This is a chipless machining process.

Tapping operation:

We use this operation for creating internal threads within a hole by means of a tool called
tap.

Three taps are generally used in an internal thread.

1. Taper Tap
2. Second Tap
3. Plug Tap

Parting-off operation:
It is the operation of cutting off a bar-type job after completing the machining process.

In this operation a bar-type job is held on a chuck, rotates at turning speed, a parting-off
tool is fed into the job slowly until the tool reaches the center of the job.

PARTING-OFF OPERATION

Specification of a Lathe:
A Lathe is generally specified by:

1. Swing- the largest work diameter that can be swung for the lathe bed.
2. The distance between the headstock and tailstock center.
3. Length of the bed in a meter.
4. The pitch of the lead screw.

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 5. Horsepower of the machine.
6. Speed range and the number of speeds of HS spindle.
7. The weight of the machine in a tonne.

I also wrote an article on Milling Machine: Definition, Parts, Types, Operations and
Drilling machine you may check that too.

Video lecture on Lathe machine tool if you wish you can check this video for brief
knowledge:

Source: NPTEL By: Prof. Asimava Roy Choudhury (IIT, Khargapur)

Video of different types of Lathe operations

Conclusion:
Hey, now I want to hear from you. I hope you understand the definition, parts, types,
operations, and specifications of a lathe machine.

In case you wanna read this type of article on the Shaper machine you can check this
article for that "Shaper Machine: Definition, Parts, Types, and Operations", also you can
find your desired topic on this page: Manufacturing Technology, here you can find all the
articles on Manufacture technology.

If you have any queries or doubts about the lathe machine tool, you can ask me in the
comment section and also you can join our Facebook group. I will love to hear from you
and am glad to help you. Till then enjoy rest your day. Cheers

SOME FAQ:

What are the different types of lathe operations?

A lathe is a versatile machine tool, you can perform almost any operation but in general,
we use the lathe for turning, facing, chamfering, learning, thread cutting, drilling, boring,
reaming, etc.

Who invented lathe?

David Wilkinson, a US-based mechanical engineer in the early 19 century invented lathe
machine tools.

What are the different types of taper turning methods in Lathe?

There are generally 4- types of taper turning methods, those are taper turning by form
tool, swiveling the compound rest, tail-stock set over method, and taper turning
attachment.

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What are the different types of turning?
There are 6- types of turning and those are straight turnings, shoulder turning, rough
turning, finish turning, taper turning, eccentric turning.

Can I perform drilling operations in a lathe?

Yes, of course. You can perform drilling as well as reaming, boring operations using
tailstock.

Is it necessary to do a centering operation before performing any

operation in the lathe?

Yes, it is. Otherwise, your alignment will be wrong, and the job, as well as the tool, maybe
wear out.

References:

External Links:

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