Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) on Mac

24. Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK) [1-3] A binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) signal can be defined by A cos 2 f0t, s(t) = A cos 2 f1t, 0tT elsewhere

(24.1)

where A is a constant, f 0 and f 1 are the transmitted frequencies, and T is the bit duration. The signal has a power P = A 2 /2, so that A = 2P . Thus equation (24.1) can be written as = = = 2 P cos 2 f0t, 2 P cos 2 f1t, PT PT E 2 cos 2 f0t, T 2 cos 2 f1t, T 2 cos 2 f0t, T 0tT elsewhere 0tT elsewhere 0tT (24.2) elsewhere

s(t)

2 E cos 2 f1t, T

where E = PT is the energy contained in a bit duration. For orthogonality, f0 = m/T and f 1 = n/T for integer n > integer m and f 1 - f 0 must be an integer multiple of 1 / 2 T. We can take 1 (t) = 2 2 cos 2 f 0 t and 2 (t) = sin 2 f 1 t as the T T orthonormal basis functions [3]. The applicable signal constellation diagram of the orthogonal BFSK signal is shown in Figure 24.1. Figure 24.1 Orthogonal BFSK signal constellation diagram. Figure 24.2 shows the BFSK signal sequence generated by the binary sequence 0 1 0 1 0 0 1. Figure 24.2 (a) Binary sequence, (b) BFSK signal, and (c) binary modulating and BASK signals.

24.1

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) on Mac

It can be seen that phase continuity is maintained at transitions. Further, the BFSK signal is the sum of two BASK signals generated by two modulating signals m 0 (t) and m1(t). Therefore, the Fourier transform of the BFSK signal s(t) is j 2 f 0 t A ] e-j2ft dt+ [m 0 (t) e 2 -j 2 f0t -j2ft A ]e dt+ [m 0(t) e 2 j 2 f 1 t A ] e-j2ft dt+ [m 1 (t) e 2 -j 2 f1 t -j2ft A ]e dt [m 1 (t) e 2 = A M 0(f - f0) + A M 0(f + f0) + 2 2 A M (f - f ) + A M (f + f ) 1 1 2 1 2 1

S(f)

(24.3)

Figure 24.3 shows the amplitude spectrum of the BFSK signal when m 0 (t) and m 1 (t) are periodic pulse trains. Figure 24.3 (a) Modulating signals, (b) Spectrum of (a), and (c) spectrum of BFSK signal (positive frequencies only).

An alternative representation of the BFSK signal consists of letting f0 = fc - f and f1 = fc + f. Then f 1 - f 0 = 2 f and s(t) = Acos2( fc + f)t (24.5) (24.4)

where f c is the carrier frequency, f = B is the frequency deviation, is the modulation index, and B = 1/T is the bandwidth of the modulating signal. When f >> 1/T, we have a wideband BFSK signal. The bandwidth is approximately equal to 2 f. When f << 1/T, we have a narrowband BFSK signal. The bandwidth is approximately equal to 2B. Figure 24.4 shows the modulator and coherent demodulator for BFSK signals [2]. Figure 24.4 (a) BFSK modulator and (b) coherent demodulator.

24.2

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) on Mac

M-ary Frequency-Shift Keying (M -FSK) [2-4] An M-ary frequency-shift keying (M-FSK) signal can be defined by A cos(2 fit + ' ), s(t) = 0, 0tT elsewhere

(24.6)

for i = 0, 1, ..., M - 1. Here, A is a constant, f i is the transmitted frequency, ' is the initial phase angle, and T is the symbol duration. It has a power P = A 2/2, so that A = 2P . Thus equation (24.6) can be written as s(t) = = = 2P cos(2 fit + '), 2 PT cos(2 fit + '), T 2 E cos(2 fit + '), T 0<t<T 0<t<T 0<t<T (24.7)

where E = PT is the energy of s(t) contained in a symbol duration for i = 0, 1, ..., M - 1. For convenience, the arbitrary phase angle ' is taken to be zero. If we choose f 0 = k / T , f 1 = (k + 2)/T , f 3 = (k + 4)/T , ..., k > 0, we can take

1 ( t) =

2 2 cos 2 f 0 t , 2 ( t ) = sin 2 f 1 t, ... as the orthonormal basis T T functions [3]. Figure 24.5 shows the signal constellation diagram of an orthogonal 3-FSK signal. Figure 24.5 Orthogonal 3-FSK signal constellation diagram. Figure 24.6 shows the 4-FSK signal generated by the binary sequence 00 01 10 11. Figure 24.6 4-FSK modulation: (a) binary signal and (b) 4-FSK signal. Figure 24.7 shows the modulator and coherent demodulator for M-FSK signals [4]. The mapping table simply maps the detected index i onto a binary vector. Figure 24.7 (a) M-FSK modulator and (b) coherent demodulator.

24.3

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) on Mac

M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) An M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) signal can be defined by Ai cos(2 fct + i ), = 0, 0tT elsewhere 0tT elsewhere

s(t)

(24.8)

Ai cosi cos 2 fct Ai sin i sin 2 fct, = 0,

(24.9)

for i = 0, 1, ..., M - 1. Here, A i is the amplitude, f c is the carrier frequency, i is the phase angle, and T is the symbol duration. It has a power P i = A i 2 /2, so that A i = 2P . Thus equation (24.9) can be written as i s(t) = P T cosi i = 2 cos2fct - Pi T sin i T 2 cos2fct - Ei sin i Ei cosi T 2 sin2fct T 2 sin2f t c T (24.10)

where E i = P iT is the energy of s(t) contained in a symbol duration for i = 0, 1, ..., 2 2 cos 2 f c t and 2 (t) = sin 2 f c t as the M - 1. If we take 1 ( t ) = T T orthonormal basis functions, the applicable signal constellation diagrams of the 16-QAM and 4-QAM signals are shown in Figure 24.8. Figure 24.8 (a) 16-QAM and (b) 4-QAM signal constellation diagrams. Figure 24.9 shows the modulator and a possible implementation of the coherent demodulator for M-QAM signals. Figure 24.9 (a) M-QAM modulator and (b) coherent demodulator. References [1] M. Schwartz, Information Transmission, Modulation, and Noise, 4/e, McGraw Hill, 1990. P. Z. Peebles, Jr., Digital Communication Systems, Prentice Hall, 1987. H. Taub and D. L. Schilling, Principles of Communication Systems, 2/e, McGraw Hill, 1986
24.4

[2] [3]

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) on Mac

[4]

F. Xiong, Digital Modulation Techniques, Artech House, 2000.

24.5

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) on Mac

( t ) = 2 cos 2 f t 2 1 T E s1 s0
0

( t ) = 2 cos 2 f t 1 0 T

Figure 24.1 Orthogonal BFSK signal constellation diagram.

Binary sequence 1 0

T
(a)

Time

s (t )
BFSK signal

A -A
0
(b)

Time

m (t ) 0 1 0
BASK signal

Time

A -A m (t ) 1 1
Time 0 Time

BASK signal

A -A
0
(c)

Time

Figure 24.2 (a) Binary sequence, (b) BFSK signal, and (c) binary modulating and BASK signals.
24.6

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) on Mac

m (t) 0 0 1 0 m ( t) 1
1 0

M ( f ) or M ( f ) 0 1 Envelope 1 2T f
3 T

T 2T 3T
(a)

-3 -2 T T

-1 0 B =1 T T (b)

2 T

S ( f)
1 2T

2f Envelope 1 2T

f B

2B
... 0

2B f 0+3 T fc
(c)

f 0-3 T

f 0 1 f 0 +1 f 0T T

f1 - 3 T

f 1 1 f +1 f1 1 T T

f f1 +3 T

Figure 24.3

(a) Modulating signals, (b) Spectrum of (a), and (c) spectrum of BFSK signal (positive frequencies only).
0.5 Am 0 ( t ) cos 4 f 0 t + 0.5 Am ( t ) 0.5 Am ( t ) 0 0 ~

m (t ) 0 A cos 2 f 0 t m (t ) 1 Acos 2 f t 1
(a)

s (t )

s ( t ) cos 2 f t 0
0.5 Am1 ( t ) cos 4 f 1 t + 0.5 Am ( t ) 1

m (t ) 0 or m (t ) 1

~ ~

0.5 Am ( t ) 1

cos 2 f 1 t

(b)

Figure 24.4 (a) BFSK modulator and (b) coherent demodulator.

24.7

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) on Mac

( t ) = 2 cos 2 f t 2 1 T E s1 s0 s2 E ( t ) = 2 cos 2 f t 3 2 T
Figure 24.5 Orthogonal 3-FSK signal constellation diagram.

( t ) = 2 cos 2 f t 1 0 T

Binary sequence 0 1 0

1 Time

s (t )
4-FSK signal

(a)

A -A
0 Time

T
(b)

Figure 24.6 4-FSK modulation: (a) binary signal and (b) 4-FSK signal.

24.8

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) on Mac

log M bits 2 Binary Serial sequence to parallel converter D/A converter Frequency s ( t ) modulator

(a)

T (.) dt 0
cos 2 f 0 t

l0

s (t )
: cos 2 f 1 t

T (.) dt 0
:

Choose max l i

Binary sequence Mapping table

T (.) dt 0
cos 2 f M -1 t

l M -1

(b)
Figure 24.7 (a) M-FSK modulator and (b) coherent demodulator.

24.9

Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) on Mac

s0 s7 s8 s 15

( t ) = - 2 sin 2 f t 2 c T s3 s2 s1 s5 E4 s 4 ( t ) = 2 cos 2 f t 4 1 c T 0 s s9 s 11 10 s6 s
14

2( t ) s0 E1
0

s1 1 (t ) 1

s3
(b)

s2

s 13

s 12

(a) Figure 24.8 (a) 16-QAM and (b) 4-QAM signal constellation diagrams.

log M bits 2 Binary sequence Serial to parallel converter

Ai cos i

Assign amplitude + s (t ) Ai cos 2 f c t and Ai sin phase i i sin 2 f c t

(a) 0.5 A i cos i cos 4 f c t 0.5 Ai sin i sin 4 f c t + 0.5 Ai cos i ~ ~ 0.5 Ai cos i

s (t )

cos 2 f c t ^ -1 0.5 Ai cos i sin 4 f c t + i = tan (.) 0.5 A i sin i cos 4 f c t 0.5 A i sin i

Binary Mapping sequence table

~ ~

-0.5A i sin i (b)

sin 2 f c t

Figure 24.9 (a) M-QAM modulator and (b) coherent demodulator.