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Hydrological Cycle - An Overview - ScienceDirect Topics

The document summarizes the hydrological cycle and flow dynamics of boreal rivers. It describes the main factors that influence the hydrological cycle, including solar influx, earth's rotation, topography, and atmospheric circulation patterns. It notes that precipitation and runoff vary significantly across the Boreal Uplands region. Climate change is expected to increase winter and spring runoff by 20-40% and decrease summer and fall runoff, with an overall increase in total annual runoff of around 3% to 10% depending on emissions levels.

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Ashis Mingala
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76 views3 pages

Hydrological Cycle - An Overview - ScienceDirect Topics

The document summarizes the hydrological cycle and flow dynamics of boreal rivers. It describes the main factors that influence the hydrological cycle, including solar influx, earth's rotation, topography, and atmospheric circulation patterns. It notes that precipitation and runoff vary significantly across the Boreal Uplands region. Climate change is expected to increase winter and spring runoff by 20-40% and decrease summer and fall runoff, with an overall increase in total annual runoff of around 3% to 10% depending on emissions levels.

Uploaded by

Ashis Mingala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7/8/22, 1:24 AM Hydrological Cycle - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Figure 2. The global water cycle, with fluxes in 1012 m3 yr− 1 after the U.S. University
Corporation for Atmospheric Research, https://spark.ucar.edu/longcontent/water-
cycle, with updates from Durack et al. (2012).
Graphic adapted from NOAA National Weather Service,
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/index.htm.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489053562

Rivers of the Boreal Uplands


Jan Henning L'Abée-Lund, ... Svein Jakob Saltveit, in Rivers of Europe (Second
Edition), 2022

15.2.4 Hydrology
The hydrological cycle is influenced by several factors such as solar influx, rotation
of the earth, distance from the ocean, topography, and general atmospheric
circulation patterns. In the Boreal Uplands, topography and distance from the
ocean vary considerably among watercourses. In general, mean annual
precipitation is highest in the west and north with values exceeding 4000 mm. In
the east and in inland areas of large fjords, the mean annual precipitation is less
than 1000 mm. The maximum and minimum mean annual runoff of these areas
during 1961–90 was 6944 and 128 mm, respectively. The period 1961–90 is the
latest standard climate period. The next period will be 1991–2020.
Runoff is unevenly distributed throughout the year and can be divided into specific
runoff regions (Gottschalk et al., 1979). In coastal areas, with a so-called Atlantic
regime, runoff intensity follows the precipitation distribution in time. Low runoff
occurs normally during May–August, and increases during the autumn. The inland
regime is characterized by low runoff in winter (January–March), followed by a
marked increase due to snowmelt in April and May, and low values in summer that
increase from August onward until winter begins. The geographical variation in
precipitation is reflected in the flow regime of the rivers (Fig. 15.2). In some rivers,
the period of recording covers several years prior to and after development of
hydropower schemes. Hydropower development has resulted in a significant
reduction in the ratio between flood and minimum discharge.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/hydrological-cycle 10/13
7/8/22, 1:24 AM Hydrological Cycle - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Figure 15.2. Flow dynamics of 10 selected boreal rivers. Names of the respective


gauging station and the recording period are shown.

Climate change is expected to have substantial effects on precipitation and river


discharge. Simulations show that the boreal rivers will have an increased winter
and spring runoff by 20%–40% and an equal drop in runoff during summer and
fall.
The total annual runoff is expected to increase by about 3%. With elevated
emissions of CO2, an increase by approx. 10% is expected for the boreal rivers

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/hydrological-cycle 11/13
7/8/22, 1:24 AM Hydrological Cycle - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
(Hanssen-Bauer et al., 2015).

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081026120000158

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