Cased Hole Logging

Production Logging Tools ( PLT ) - Overview

By
Petroleum Engineer
Abbas Radhi Abbas
Iraq / Missan / 2020

1
Contents

1. PLT define
2. History Of Production Logging
3. PLT Applications
4. PLT operation
5. PLT Tools
6. data requirements for interpretation PLT

2
1. PLT define

Drilling
(Development)
or
Injection
3
Contents

1. PLT define
2. History Of Production Logging
3. PLT Applications
4. PLT operation
5. PLT Tools
6. data requirements for interpretation PLT

4
2.History Of Production Logging

 Temperature surveys were first used in the mid 1930s. One use was the
estimation of the top of the cement behind the casing

 By the late 1950s and early 1960s the basic sensor types had been
developed as individual tools. The surveys required a seperate pass to
obtain flowmeter, gradiomanometer, temperature and so on

 1970 saw the sensors packaged together in one tool, meaning a more
efficient single run in the hole. The individual measurements still had to be
run one at a
time. By the end of the decade advances in electronics allowed everything to
be recorded in a single pass across the zone of interest. This had many
advantages not least the savings in time.
„
 Improvements continued through the 1980s to the present day with better
sensors, especially pressure gauges, and deployment methods.
The latest tool uses completely new technology to measure a flow profile for
the individual fluid phases all around the borehole.
5
Contents

1. PLT define
2. History Of Production Logging
3. PLT Applications
4. PLT operation
5. PLT Tools
6. data requirements for interpretation PLT

6
3. PLT Application

Evaluate completion performance

 New wells
1  Injection wells
 Re-completions

Monitor reservoir performance & variations

 Flow profile
2  Well test
 Completion Efficiency

Diagnose well problems

 Water entry
3 

Gas entry
Leaks and mechanical problem
 Flow behind casing

Other
 Guidance for workover
4  Information for enhanced oil Recovery projects
 Identify boundaries for field development

7
3.PLT Application

8
Contents

1. PLT define
2. History Of Production Logging
3. PLT Applications
4. PLT operation
5. PLT Tools
6. data requirements for interpretation PLT

9
4.PLT- operation methods

1-PLT operations – Electric-Line 2-PLT operations – Memory ( MPL)

3-Tractor and Coiled Tubing method 10

Pre-PLT- operation

1. Well Select:

 Well productivity ( low , medium , high ) ?

 Well trajectory ( vertical , deviated , horizontal ) ?
 Well type ( injector , producer ) ?
 Check the well sketch ( single completion , commingle )?
 This well produce natural flow or Artificial lift ?
 If this well produce ( ESP ) , have Y- tools or not ?
 Well situation ( sand , asphalt ) ?

11
Pre-PLT- operation

 2.In well site before run PLT :

 Take fluid sample from well head and send to lab to check the
water )
 Put the well to test separator to check the production at the same
day will run PLT
 Keep the well head pressure and chock size constant before and
after PLT operation , to compare the results .

12
Contents

1. PLT define
2. History Of Production Logging
3. PLT Applications
4. PLT operation
5. PLT Tools
6. data requirements for interpretation PLT

13
5.PLT- Tools

1. GR
2. CCL
3. Caliper
4. Centralizers
5. Flow-meter ( spinner)
6. Temperature
7. Pressure
8. Density
9. Capacitance

14
5.PLT- Tools

Producer Well Injection Well

1. GR 1. GR
2. CCL 2. CCL
3. Caliper 3. Caliper
4. Centralizers 4. Centralizers
5. Flow-meter ( spinner) 5. Flow-meter ( spinner)
6. Temperature 6. Temperature
7. Pressure 7. Pressure
8. Density
9. Capacitance

15
5.PLT- Tools

• Gamma- Ray
– Usually, the depth matching is done thanks to the GR log
• Needs to load the open hole GR
– Could give good indications of water source if scales are radioactives
– With gravel pack, Frac-Pack, the natural radioactivity is not more visible.
• CCL
– CCL could help in depth matching if particular completion elements can be identified
– Perforations may sometimes
• Caliper
– Caliper diameter is measured thanks to 2 perpendicular arms
– Diameter is mandatory to compute flow rate
– Even with an accurate completion sketch, caliper data has to be examined
• Scales could be observed thanks to the caliper
• Centralizers
– To keep the tool in the middle of the wellbore is important to get a representative data (downhole
recirculation)

16
PLT Tools – Flow-meter ( Spinner )

 In line Flowmeters
 small spinner
 good for high flowrates
 Mainly used as backup spinner

 Full bore Flowmeters

 maximum spinner blade size
 best for wide range of flowrates
 For injection wells could be
replaced by turbine

 Petal Basket
 stationary measurement
 good for low flowrates
 May affect flow regime

17
PLT Tools – Flow-meter ( Spinner )

Full-bore spinner In line spinner

18
PLT Tools – Flow-meter type

Turbine
Spinner

Fullbore Spinner Fullbore Spinner Continuous In-line Spinner Diverter

3-arm 6-arm Spinner Flowmeter
19
PLT Tools – Temperature tools

 Temperature is one of the most useful “auxiliary” measurements made in

production logging.

 Temperature is very important as it is a good liquid indicator in gas wells

 The temperature can be more sensitive to small flows than the flowmeters

 Combined with pressure it helps compute the PVT parameters.

 The response time is very important more than the resolution itself (especially for
quantitative temperature analysis)

 In addition, it will detect very small fluid entries:

 The derivative of temperature wrt depth (dT/dZ) can be used to clarify
fluid entries in complex environments.
 Gas entries, for example, are characterized by a sharp reduction in
temperature.

 It is the only tool in the string that “sees” behind casing, hence it can be used to
detect channeling.

20
PLT Tools - Density

Density is used to determine liquid source entry

Gradiomanometer
Nuclear fluid density tool
Tool measure the difference in Gamma ray absorption
pressure between two points
21
PLT Tools – Fluid Hold up tools

• The purpose of this tool is to determine the mixture hold up and

determine the relative proportions of the phases present
• Two main way to measure it
– Single sensor in the “middle” of the wellbore
• Capacitance/Impedance tools
– Imaging tools that allow you to have a complete view of the
borehole with several probes : Multi array tool
• Two main manufacturers are
– Sondex :
» Multi Capacitance (CAT)
» Multi Resistivity (RAT)
– Schlumberger : 4 probes
» Multi Resistivity (flowview)
» Optical probes (GHOST)
22
PLT Tools - Capacitance

• This tool use the difference

between the dielectric constant
of water and that of oil or gas
• A simple way to find the dielectric
constant of a fluid is to use the fluid
as the dielectric between the plates
of a capacitor
• Hence the tool measures
frequency… counts /sec

23
Case1 : PLT – commingle completion

PLT - flowing

tubing
casing

packers 1

2
3 24
Case 2 : PLT – well producing Liquid & Liquid Channeling

25
Case 3 : PLT – well producing gas & gas Channeling

26
Contents

1. PLT define
2. History Of Production Logging
3. PLT Applications
4. PLT operation
5. PLT Tools
6. data requirements for interpretation PLT

27
6.PLT interpretation data requirements

Emeraude software use for Production Logging

interpretation from KAPPA company. .

28
6.PLT interpretation data requirements

Emeraude workflow

29
6.PLT interpretation data requirements

(1) Logging data :

Open hole logs and deviation surveys are loaded. This
data is used to depth match the PLT data

:(2) Completion details

The internal diameter, depth of the perforations and reservoir
zones, markers, pipe roughness and deviation are loaded in
the completion details.

:(3) Well Sketch

It is possible to create a completion diagram of the well,
by selecting completion items (casing, tubing, cement,
etc.)

30
6.PLT interpretation data requirements

(1)Load PL data
Passes and stationary data are loaded from LIS, LAS and ASCII
files.
(2)Editing data
The raw PL data normally requires editing before an interpretation can be performed.
Emeraude contains a broad range of editing options: lateral average, depth stretch, shift,
delete data and fill, hide data, merging, splicing, derivative, sampling, user formula
module, etc…

(3)PL tool configuration

In Emeraude, the user must specify the type of density tool that is used, so the proper
corrections are applied in the calculation scheme. The spinner blade diameter must be
entered to compute the velocity profile correction factor. A built-in list of capacitance tools
is included for the different vendors, with their respective calibration charts.
31
6.PLT interpretation data requirements

32
Reference
About Authorized

Name: Abbas Radhi Abbas

Position: Chief Engineer / petroleum Engineer

Nationality: Iraq- Missan

Date of Birth: 1978

Gender: Male

Education Background:

Period Education description

1996-2001 University of Bagdad – college of Engineering – petroleum engineering department- (BSc)

Certificates of Appreciation

15 Certificates of Appreciation from difrent international companies such as (Schlumberger- waetherford , CNOOC , COSL ,
BHDC )

Work Experience : in Missan Oil Company ( MOC)

Period Work description

(2004-2006) reservoir engineer

(2006-2010 ) water injection engineer

during (2011) drilling and workover engineer

(2011 to 2020 ) petrophysics manager in Reservoir department

Language:
Arabic
Mother language:
Second
language/level: English/Fluent oral and written in English.

34
Thanks

35