MOBILE COMPUTING

UNIT – V

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 Unit - V

MOBILE PLATFORMS AND APPLICATIONS

Mobile Device Operating Systems – Special Constrains &

Requirements – Commercial Mobile Operating Systems –
Software Development Kit: iOS, Android, BlackBerry,
Windows Phone – M- Commerce – Structure – Pros & Cons –
Mobile Payment System – Security Issues.

*Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Rajib Mall, “Fundamentals of Mobile Computing”, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi

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 Synopsis
Mobile Device Operating Systems
Mobile Operating System Structure
JAVA ME Platform
Special Constrains & Requirements
Commercial Mobile Operating Systems
Windows Mobile
Palm OS
Symbian OS
iOS
Android
Blackberry Operating system

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 Synopsis
Software Development Kit
M- Commerce
Applications of M- Commerce
Structure of M- Commerce
Pros and cons of M- Commerce
Mobile Payment Systems
Security issues
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Mobile Device Operating Systems
 A mobile operating system, also called a mobile OS, is an
operating system that is specifically designed to run on mobile
devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, PDAs, tablet
computers and other handheld devices.
 The mobile operating system is the software platform on top of
which other programs, called application programs, can run on
mobile devices.
 Managing Resources: The resources that are managed by the
operating system include processor, memory, files, and various
types of attached devices such as camera, speaker, keyboard
and screen.
 Interface: interactive interface between devices and networks.
Control, data and voice communication with BS using
different types of protocols.
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Mobile Device Operating Systems
A mobile OS is a software platform on top of which other
programs called application programs, can run on mobile
devices such as PDA, cellular phones, smart phone and etc.

Applications

OS Libraries

Device Operating System Base, Kernel

Low-Level Hardware, Manufacturer Device Drivers

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 Mobile Operating System
 Features
Multitasking

Scheduling

Memory Allocation

File System Interface

Keypad Interface

I/O Interface

Protection and Security

Multimedia features
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 Java ME Platform
J2ME platform is a set of technologies,
specifications and libraries developed for small
devices like mobile phones, pagers, and
personal organizers.
Java ME was designed by Sun Microsystems. It
is licensed under GNU General Public License
Configuration: it defines a minimum platform
including the java language, virtual machine
features and minimum class libraries for a
grouping of devices. E.g. CLDC
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 Java ME Architecture
 Profile: it supports higher-level services common to a more specific class of
devices. A profile builds on a configuration but adds more specific APIs to
make a complete environment for building applications. E.g. MIDP
 Java ME platforms are composed of the following elements:

Application

Vendor
Optional
Profile specific
Packages
classes - OEM

Configuration

Native Operating System

Device/ Hardware

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 Java ME Platform
 It includes two kinds of platforms:
High-end platform for high-end consumer devices. E.g. TV set-
top boxes, Internet TVs, auto-mobile navigation systems
Low-end platform for low-end consumer devices. E.g. cell
phones, and pagers
Platforms Device Characteristics
High-End  a large range of user interface capabilities
consumer  total memory budgets starting from about two to four MB
devices  persistent, high-bandwidth network connections, often using
TCP/IP
Low-end  simple user interfaces
consumer minimum memory budgets starting from about 128–256 KB
devices  low bandwidth, intermittent network connections that is often
not based on the TCP/IP protocol suite.
 most of these devices are battery-operated

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Commercial Mobile Operating Systems

Windows Mobile
Palm OS
Symbian OS
iOS
Android
Blackberry Operating system

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 Windows Mobile OS
Windows Mobile is a compact operating system designed
for mobile devices and based on Microsoft Win32.
It provides ultimate interoperability. Users with various
requirements are able to manipulate their data.
Windows CE (Compact Edtion) - designed specifically for
handheld devices, based on Win32 API.
PDA (personal digital assistant), palmtop computer,
PocketPC were original intended platform for the Windows
Mobile OS.
For devices without mobile phone capabilities, and those
that included mobile phone capabilities

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 Family of Windows Mobile OS
 1996 – Windows CE 1.0
 1997 – Windows CE 2.0 (ATM, games consoles, Handheld PC's,
kitchen utensils)
 2000 - Windows CE 3.0 - Pocket PC 2000 - (became the os of
choice on many Pocket PCs, looked and worked like Windows
98, no phone feature)
 2001 - CE 3.0 - Smartphone 2002– used for Pocket PC phones
and Smartphones, UI reflect the new Windows XP
 2003 – Windws Mobile 2003 (Windows CE 4.2) - first release
under the Windows Mobile banner - name changed form
PocketPC to Windows Mobile
 2005 - WM5 (CE5.0) - new standard API created for a simplified
programming of 3D apps and games with Direct3Dmobile. It use
.Net Compact Framework environment
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 Family of Windows Mobile OS
 2007 – WM6 (CE 5.2) – (also
year of introducing iPhone)
similar in design to the Vista,
works much like WM5, but
with much better stability
 2008 – WM 6.1 – (year of
releasing Android)
 2009 – WM6.5, vertically
scrollable labels, Windows
Marketplace announced
 Feb 2010 – WM6.5.3, was
officially announced as first
Windows Phone 6.5.3
smartphone
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 Palm OS
Palm OS is an embedded operating system
designed for ease of use with a touch
screen-based graphical user interface.
It has been implemented on a wide variety
of mobile devices such as smart phones,
barcode readers, and GPS devices.
It is run on Arm architecture-based
processors. It is designed as a 32-bit
architecture.
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 Palm OS
The key features of Palm OS
A single-tasking OS:
Palm OS Garnet (5.x) uses a kernel developed at
Palm, but it does not expose tasks or threads to
user applications. In fact, it is built with a set of
threads that can not be changed at runtime.
Palm OS Cobalt (6.0 or higher) does support
multiple threads but does not support creating
additional processes by user applications.

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 Palm OS
Palm OS has a preemptive multitasking kernel
that provides basic tasks but it does not
expose this feature to user applications.
Memory Management: The Memory, RAM
and ROM, for each Palm resides on a memory
module known as card. In other words, each
memory card contains RAM, ROM or both.
Palms can have no card, one card or multiple
cards.
Handwriting recognition input called Graffiti 2
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 Palm OS
Expansion support: This capability not only
augments the memory and I/O , but also it
facilitates data interchanges with other Palm
devices and with other non-Palm devices
such as digital cameras, and digital audio
players.
HotSync technology for synchronization
with PC computers
Sound playback and record capabilities
TCP/IP network access

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 Palm OS
Support of serial port, USB,
Infrared, Bluetooth and Wi-
Fi connections
Defined standard data
format for PIM (Personal
Information Management)
applications to store
calendar, address, task and
note entries, accessible by
third-party applications
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 Symbian OS
Symbian OS is 32 bit, little-endian
operating system, running on
different flavors of ARM
architecture
It is a multitasking operating
system and very less dependence
on peripherals.
Kernel runs in the privileged mode and exports its
service to user applications via user libraries.
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 Symbian OS

User libraries include networking,

communication, I/O interfaces and etc.
Access to these services and resources is
coordinated through a client-server framework.
Clients use the service APIs exposed by the
server to communicate with the server.
The client-server communication is conducted
by the kernel.

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 Symbian OS
The following demonstrates the Symbian OS
architecture
Symbian OS Libraries
KVM
Application Engines

Servers

Symbian OS Base- Kernel

Hardware

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 Symbian OS Features
 Real-time: it has a real-time, multithreaded kernel.
 Data Caging
it allows applications to have their own private data
partition. This feature allows for applications to guarantee a
secure data store. It can be used for e-commerce
applications, location aware applications and etc.
 Platform Security
Symbian provides a security mechanism against malware. It
allows sensitive operations can be accessed by applications
which have been certified by a signing authority. In addition,
it supports full encryption and certificate management,
secure protocols (HTTPS, TLS and SSL) and WIM
framework.
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 Symbian OS Features
Multimedia
it supports audio, video recording, playback and streaming,
and Image conversion.
Internationalization support
it supports Unicode standard.
Fully object-oriented and component- based
Optimized memory management
Client-server architecture
it provides simple and high-efficient inter process
communication. This feature also eases porting of code
written for other platforms to Symbian OS.

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 Symbian OS Features
A Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
This layer provides a consistent interface to
hardware and supports device-independency
Kernel offers hard real-time guarantees to kernel
and user mode threads.

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 iPhone OS

BSD File Systems

Based on Mach
kernel and Darwin
Core as Mac OS X
Networking
I/O systems
components

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 iOS
About Apple’s Proprietary Mobile OS – iOS
iOS is Apple’s proprietary mobile operating
system initially developed for iPhone and now
extended to iPAD, iPod Touch and Apple TV.
Initially known as “iPhone OS”, in June 2010
renamed “iOS”.
iOS is not enabled for cross licensing, it can
only be used on Apple’s devices.

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 iOS
Apple’s Proprietary Mobile OS
The user interface of iOS is based on the
concept of usage of multi touch gestures.
iOS is a Unix based OS.
 iOS uses four abstraction layers, namely: the
Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the
Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer.
Apple’s App store contains close to 550,000
applications as of March 2012.
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 iOS
Apple’s Proprietary Mobile OS
It is estimated that the APPs are downloaded
25B times till now.
First version of iOS is released in 2007 with the
mane ‘OS X’ and then in 2008 the first beta
version of ‘iPhone OS’ is released.
In 2007 September Apple released first iPod
Touch that also used this OS.
In 2010 iPad is released that has a bigger screen
than the iPod and iPhone.
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 iOS
Cisco owns the trademark for ‘IOS’;
Apple licenses the usage of ‘iOS’ from
Cisco.

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 Mac OS X Architecture

Each application has

4GB space

Pre-emptive, i.e. act of

taking the control of
Strong memory
Multitasking operating system from Real-time
protection
one task and giving it
to another task.

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 Android
Google owns a trademark for Android – Google’s
permission is necessary to use Android’s
trademark
In 2011, Microsoft announced it has made an
agreement with Android device manufacturers
(including Samsung and HTC) to collect fees
from them.
Android’s source code is available under Apache
License version 2.0. The Linux kernel changes are
available under the GNU General Public
License version 2.
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 Android OS
Android is Linux based mobile OS for mobile
devices such as Tablets and Smartphones.
In 2005 Google acquired the initial developer of
the OS, Android Inc.
Then in 2007 Google formed an Open Handset
Alliance with 86 hardware, software and telecom
companies.
This alliance developed and announced Android
as an open source mobile OS under the Apache
License.
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 Android
Now, this OS is being used by multiple device
manufacturers (Samsung, Motorola, HTC, LG,
Sony etc) in their handsets
Android developer community has large
number of developers preparing APPs in Java
environment and the APP store ‘Google Play’
now has close to 450,000 APPs, among which
few are free and others are paid.
It is estimated that, as of December 2011,
almost 10B APPs were downloaded.
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 Android
It is estimated that as of February 2012 there
are over 300M Android devices and
approximately 850,000 Android devices are
activated every day.
The earliest recognizable Android version is
2.3 Gingerbread, which supports SIP and NFC.
In 2011 Android Honeycomb version (3.1 and
3.2) are released with focus on Tablets. This is
mainly focused on large screen devices.

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 Android
Handset layouts – compatible with different
handset designs such as larger, VGA, 2D
graphics library, 3D graphics library based.
Storage – a lightweight relational database, is
used for data storage
Connectivit: GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-
DO,UMTS,Bluetooth,WiFi, LTE, NFC &WiMAX
Messaging – SMS, MMS, threaded text
messaging and Android Cloud To Device
Messaging (C2DM)

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 Android
Google faced many patent lawsuits against
Android such as by Oracle in 2006 that included
patents US5966702 and US6910205.
Created by Android
Distributed under
Apache License
Inc., as part of Google Linux Kernel
in 2005

Programmers are
Java-based
Development is Open application
welcome to contribute
Source; source code is
publicly available
via Software framework
Development Kit (SDK)

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 Blackberry OS
The first operating system launched by
Research in Motion(RIM -the company
behind BlackBerry)
Operating system structure mainly
consists of following: -
GUI (Graphic User Interface).
 Command processor.
Kernel.

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Blackberry OS Architecture

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 Blackberry OS Features

 Gestures
 Multi-tasking
 Blackberry Hub
 Blackberry Balance
 Keyboard
 Voice Control

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 Key Terms in Blackberry OS

Process Management
Memory Management
Types of Kernel – Microkernel

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 Advantages of Blackberry OS
It provides good security for data.
 It avoids collusion of personal and business data.
 Content promotion: Dedicated content channels
and feature banners that provide prime real estate to
help distribute your app to the right users.
App discovery: Universal search, top lists, social
sharing, reviews, and ratings help users find the
right app.
The Games app (in combination with Score loop):
A specialized portal for gaming allowing
multiplayer, social connections.
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 Disadvantages of Blackberry OS
New operating system was introduced too late
into the ever-growing market.
 Yet to have as many apps available for
purchase or download compared to other phone
in the market.
 Consumers have switched over to other
devices made by Apple or Android.
 Swipe vs. home button. Once an application is
opened, you have to swipe up to return to the
main display.
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Android Software Development Kit
A software development kit that enables developers
to create applications for the Android platform.
The Android SDK includes sample projects
with source code, development tools, an emulator,
and required libraries to build Android applications.
 Applications are written using
the Java programming language and run on Dalvik,
a custom virtual machine designed for embedded
use which runs on top of a Linux kernel.

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 Android SDK Environment
The Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin for
Eclipse adds powerful extensions to the Eclipse
integrated development environment. It allows you to
create and debug Android applications easier and
faster.
Advantages:
It gives you access to other Android development tools from
inside the Eclipse IDE. For example, ADT lets you access
the many capabilities of the DDMS tool: take screenshots,
manage port‐forwarding, set breakpoints, and view thread
and process information directly from Eclipse.

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Android SDK Environment Advantages
It provides a New Project Wizard, which helps you
quickly create and set up all of the basic files you'll
need for a new Android application.
It automates and simplifies the process of building
your Android application.
It provides an Android code editor that helps you write
valid XML for your Android manifest and resource
files.
 It will export your project into a signed APK, which
can be distributed to users.

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Creation of Android SDK Environment

 Download and Install the Android

SDK and test the Emulator
 Install Java
 Install Eclipse
 Install the ADT Plug-in in Eclipse
 Create Hello World Application

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Android Application Components
Components Description
Activities They dictate the UI and handle the user
interaction to the smart phone screen
Services They handle background processing
associated with an application.
Broadcast They handle communication between
Receivers Android OS and applications.
Content They handle data and database
Providers management issues.

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 Android Application Components
Components Description
Fragments Represents a portion of user interface in an
Activity.
Views UI elements that are drawn on-screen including
buttons, lists forms etc.
Layouts View hierarchies that control screen format and
appearance of the views.
Intents Messages wiring components together.
Resources External elements, such as strings, constants and
drawable pictures.
Manifest Configuration file for the application.

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Android Software Stack Structure

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 Advantages of Android
 Android is open
 Multitasking
Easy access to the Android App Market
Can install a modified ROM
Phone options are diverse
Ease of notification
Widget
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 M- Commerce
M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and
selling of goods and services through wireless
handheld devices such as cellular telephone and
personal digital assistants (PDAs). Known as next-
generation e-commerce, m-commerce enables users to
access the Internet without needing to find a place to
plug in.
The emerging technology behind m-commerce, which
is based on the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP),
has made far greater strides in Europe, where mobile
devices equipped with Web-ready micro-browsers are
much more common than in the United States.
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 M- Commerce
M-commerce can be seen as means of selling and
purchasing of goods and services using mobile
communication devices such as cellular phones,
PDA s etc, which are able to connect to the Internet
through wireless channels and interact with e-
commerce systems
M-commerce can be referred to as an act of carrying-
out transactions using a wireless device
It is understood as a data connection that results in
the transfer of value in exchange for information,
services or goods
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 M- Commerce
 It can also bye seen as a natural extension of e-commerce that
allows users to interact with other users or businesses in a
wireless mode, anytime/anywhere.
 It can be perceived to be any electronic transaction or
information interaction conducted using a mobile device and
mobile network thereby guaranteeing customers virtual and
physical mobility, which leads to the transfer of real or
perceived value in exchange for personalized, location-based
information, services, or goods.
 M-commerce can also be seen and referred to as wireless
commerce.
 It is any transaction with a monetary value that is conducted
via a mobile telecommunications network.

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 M- Commerce
M-commerce can also be seen and referred to
as wireless commerce.
It is any transaction with a monetary value
that is conducted via a mobile
telecommunications network .
An ability to access an IT-System whilst
moving from one place to the other using a
mobile device and carry out transactions and
transfer information wherever and whenever
needed to.
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 Mobile commerce from the
Customer‘s point of view
The customer wants to access information, goods
and services any time and in any place on his
mobile device.
It can use his mobile device to purchase tickets
for events or public transport, pay for parking,
download content and even order books and CDs.
It should be offered appropriate payment
methods. They can range from secure mobile
micropayment to service subscriptions.

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 Mobile commerce from the
Provider‘s point of view
 The future development of the mobile telecommunication
sector is heading more and more towards value-added
services. Analysts forecast that soon half of mobile operators
revenue will be earned through mobile commerce.
 Consequently operators as well as third party providers will
focus on value-added-services. To enable mobile services,
providers with expertise on different sectors will have to
cooperate.
 Innovative service scenarios will be needed that meet the
customer‘s expectations and business models that satisfy all
partners involved.

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 M-Commerce Terminology
Generations
1G: 1979-1992 wireless technology
2G: current wireless technology; mainly
accommodates text
2.5G: interim technology accommodates graphics
3G: 3rd generation technology (2001-2005)
supports rich media (video clips)
4G: will provide faster multimedia display (2006-
2010)

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 Terminology and Standards
GPS: Satellite-based Global Positioning System
PDA: Personal Digital Assistant—handheld wireless
computer
SMS: Short Message Service
EMS: Enhanced Messaging Service
MMS: Multimedia Messaging Service
WAP: Wireless Application Protocol
Smart phones—Internet-enabled cell phones with
attached applications

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M- Commerce Structure

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 Pros of M- Commerce
M-commerce is creating entirely new service
opportunities - such as payment, banking, and
ticketing transactions - using a wireless device .
M-commerce allows one-to-one communication
between the business and the client and also
business-to-business communication .
M-commerce is leading to expectations of
revolutionary changes in business and markets.
M-commerce widens the Internet business
because of the wide coverage by mobile networks.
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 Cons of M- Commerce
 Cell phones have small screen displays and that might be
irritating to someone who has the experience of the
desktop environment.
 Another issue that can be seen as a disadvantage to m-
commerce is the limitation in bandwidth. The GSM
technology has the data rate of 9.3 Kbps and the current
3-G technology offers a data rate goes up to 2 Mbps.
 Mobile devices use batteries as their form of power
supply . Normally, power for a cell phone battery lasts
up to 2-3 days depending on how new the battery is. It
then gives the owner the burden of having to remember
to recharge it every now and then.

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 Cons of M- Commerce
Mobile devices do not have enough processing
power and the developer has to be careful about
loading an application that requires too much
processing. Also, mobile devices do not have
enough storage space. The developer has to be
also concerned about the size of his application in
the due process of development.
Mobile appliances are quite vulnerable to theft,
loss and corruptibility. Security solutions for
mobile appliances must, therefore, provide for
security under these challenging scenarios.
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 Mobile Payment System
 Mobile Payment can be offered as a stand-alone
service.
 Mobile Payment could also be an important
enabling service for other m-commerce services (e.g.
mobile ticketing, shopping, gambling…)
It could improve user acceptance by making the
services more secure and user-friendly.
In many cases offering mobile payment methods
is the only chance the service providers have to
gain revenue from an m-commerce service.

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 Mobile Payment System (cont.)

the consumer must be informed of:

what is being bought, and
how much to pay
options to pay
the payment must be made
payments must be traceable.
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 Mobile Payment System (cont.)
Customer requirements:
a larger selection of merchants with whom they can trade
a more consistent payment interface when making the
purchase with multiple payment schemes, like:
Credit Card payment
Bank Account/Debit Card Payment
 Merchant benefits:
brands to offer a wider variety of payment
Easy-to-use payment interface development
 Bank and financial institution benefits
to offer a consistent payment interface to consumer and
merchants
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Payment via Internet Payment Provider
WAP
GW/Proxy

Browsing (negotiation)

Merchant

MeP

GSM Security SSL tunnel

User
SMS-
C IPP

Mobile Wallet

CC/Bank

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Payment via integrated Payment Server
WAP
GW/Proxy

Browsing (negotiation)

Mobile Commerce
Server
Merchant

GSM Security
User SSL tunnel

SMS-
C ISO8583 Based
CP

VPP IF
CC/Bank

Mobile Wallet
Voice PrePaid

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 Security in M-Commerce
CA

SAT GW
(SIM)

Mobile IP Content
Mobile Aggregation
Service
Network
Provider Internet
Network
WAP1.1(+SIM where avail.) Merchant
WAP GW

Mobile e-Commerce Bank (FI)

Server
Mobile Bank
WAP1.2(WIM) Security and
Payment

Operator centric model

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 WAP Architecture

Client Web Server

WAP Gateway
WML

with WML-Script
WML Encoder CGI

WML Decks
WML- Scripts
WSP/WTP WMLScript
HTTP etc.
Script
Compiler
WTAI
Protocol Adapters Content
Etc.

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 Comparison between Internet and
WAP technologies
Wireless Application Protocol

HTML Wireless Application Other Services and

JavaScript Environment (WAE) Applications

Session Layer (WSP)

HTTP
Transaction Layer (WTP)

TLS - SSL Security Layer (WTLS)

Transport Layer (WDP)

TCP/IP
UDP/IP Bearers:
SMS USSD CSD IS-136 CDMA CDPD PDC-P Etc..

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 WAP Risks
WAP Gap
Claim: WTLS protects WAP as SSL
protects HTTP
Problem: In the process of translating one
protocol to another, information is
decrypted and re-encrypted
 Recall the WAP Architecture
Solution: Doing decryption/re-encryption
in the same process on the WAP gateway
Wireless gateways as single point of failure
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 Platform Risks
Without a secure OS, achieving security on
mobile devices is almost impossible
Learned lessons:
Memory protection of processes
Protected kernel rings
File access control
Authentication of principles to resources
Differentiated user and process privileges
Sandboxes for untrusted code
Biometric authentication
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 Risks of WML Script
 Lack of Security Model
 Does not differentiate trusted local code from untrusted code
downloaded from the Internet. So, there is no access control!!
 WML Script is not type-safe.
 Scripts can be scheduled to be pushed to the client device
without the user’s knowledge
 Does not prevent access to persistent storage
 Possible attacks:
Theft or damage of personal information
Abusing user’s authentication information
Maliciously offloading money saved on smart cards
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 Bluetooth Security
Bluetooth provides security between any two Bluetooth
devices for user protection and secrecy
mutual and unidirectional authentication
encrypts data between two devices
Session key generation
configurable encryption key length
keys can be changed at any time during a connection
Authorization (whether device X is allowed to have
access service Y)
Trusted Device: The device has been previously
authenticated, a link key is stored and the device is
marked as “trusted” in the Device Database.

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 Bluetooth Security (Cont..)
Untrusted Device: The device has been
previously authenticated, link key is stored
but the device is not marked as “trusted” in
the Device Database
Unknown Device: No security
information is available for this device.
This is also an untrusted device.
automatic output power adaptation to reduce
the range exactly to requirement, makes the
system extremely difficult to eavesdrop
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New Security Risks in M-Commerce
Abuse of cooperative nature of ad-hoc networks:
An adversary that compromises one node can
disseminate false routing information.
Malicious domains: A single malicious domain
can compromise devices by downloading malicious
code
Roaming: Users roam among non-trustworthy
domains

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 New Security Risks (cont.)
Launching attacks from mobile devices
With mobility, it is difficult to identify attackers
Loss or theft of device
More private information than desktop computers
Security keys might have been saved on the device
Access to corporate systems
Bluetooth provides security at the lower layers
only: a stolen device can still be trusted

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 New Security Risks (cont.)
Problems with Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS)
protocol
Security Classes:
 No certificates
 Server only certificate (Most Common)
 Server and client Certificates
Re-establishing connection without re-authentication
Requests can be redirected to malicious sites

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 New Privacy Risks

Monitoring user’s private information

Offline telemarketing
Who is going to read the “legal jargon”
Value added services based on location
awareness (Location-Based Services)

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Questions ?