CLASS-IX

SUBJECT-MATHEMATICS
TOPIC-LINES AND ANGLES
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 INTRODUCTION
 LINES AND ANGLES IN DAILY LIFE
 BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS: LINES
 PROPERTIES OF LINES
 BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS: ANGLES
 SOME AXIOMS AND THEOREMS ON LINES AND ANGELS
 SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
 CONCEPT MAPPING
 KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Students will learn various types of lines and angles and
be able to recognize them in the natural world.
 Recognise and define lines, line segments and rays and
identify obtuse, acute and right angles.
 Understand parallel and perpendicular lines.
 Understand various key concepts such as Linear Pair,
Vertically opposite angles, Adjacent angles,
Corresponding angles, Co-interior angles, Alternate
angles and so on.
Geometry is composed of two ancient Greek words: Geo
and Metron. Geo means Earth and Metron means
measurement. Geometry is a branch of mathematics
which deals with shape, size, position and spatial
relationships and properties of different figures. There are
different parameters involved to define a shape. In this
chapter, we are going to discuss two important
parameters called the lines and angles.
Lines and angles are involves in nearly every aspect of our daily lives.
It’s is important for students to be confident on calculating angles,
measuring angles and drawing angles and they also need to have a
solid knowledge on lines and angles.
We meet many real life situations based on lines and angles. For
example, in construction industry, angles make the difference of
whether a building is safe or not. Photographers, engineers, dancers
and many more professions use this topic widely.
The entire geometry begins with a point. A point is a dimensionless entity which
specifies the location or position. It is represented using a dot symbol and its length
is zero.

What are lines?

All the shapes that we see around us consist of an infinite number of points. When a
point moves in such a manner that its direction remains unaltered then a straight
line is obtained. In other words, a one-dimensional collection of points extending
infinitely in both the directions represents a line. A line never ends.
 LINE: A straight path extending in both directions with no end
points.
 LINE SEGMENT: A part of a line that includes two points, called
end points, and all the points between them
 RAY: A part of a line, with one end point, that continues
without end in one directions
 PARALLEL LINES: Two lines are said to be parallel when they do not
meet at any point in a plane or which do not intersect each other.
 PERPENDICULAR LINES: When two lines form a right angle with each
other, by meeting at a single point, are called intersecting lines.
 TRANSVERSAL LINES: When a line intersects two lines at distinct
points, it is called a transversal

PARALLEL PERPENDICULAR TRANSVERSAL

 INTERSECTING LINES NON-INTERSECTING LINES

➢ Two or more lines which ➢ Two or more lines that do

share exactly one common not intersect each other
point are called are called non-
intersecting lines. intersecting lines
 A line on a plane can either be intersecting or non-intersecting.
➢ The intersecting lines ➢ Non-intersecting lines can
meet at only one point, never meet.
no matter at what angle ➢ They are also known as the
they meet. parallel lines.
➢ No two straight lines can ➢ They are always at the
meet at more than one same distance from one
point. another.
➢ The lines that meet at
more than one point are
not straight lines. At
least one of them is
curve.
An angle is a figure in which two rays emerge from a common point. This
point is called the vertex of the angle and the two rays forming the angle
are called its arms or sides…
 ACUTE ANGLE: If the inclination between the arms is less than a
right angle, it is called an acute angle.
 OBTUSE ANGLE: If the inclination between the arms is more
than a right angle, it is called an obtuse angle

ACUTE ANGLE OBTUSE ANGLE

 RIGHT ANGLE: If the arms form an angle of 90 degrees between
them, it is called a right angle.
 STRAIGHT ANGLE: If the arms form an angle of 180 degrees
between them, it is called a straight angle.

RIGHT ANGLE STRAIGHT ANGLE

 REFLEX ANGLE : An angle which is greater than 180° but less than
360° is called a reflex angle.
 COMPLETE ANGLE: A straight line makes an angle of 360° to reach
its initial position completely by the rotation. This angle is called a
complete angle.

REFLEX ANGLE COMPLETE ANGLE

 COMPLIMENTARY ANGLES: Two angles which sum up to 90 degrees
are called complimentary angles.
 SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES: Two angles which sum up to 180 degrees
are called supplementary angles.

Complimentary Supplementary
Angles Angles
 ADJACENT ANGLES: Two angles which have a common side and a
common vertex are called adjacent angles.
 VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES: Two angles which are formed
opposite to each other, when two lines intersect at a common point
or vertex, are called vertically opposite angles.

Adjacent Angles Vertically opposite Angles

 CORRESPONDING ANGLES: The angles which occupy the same
relative position at each intersection where a straight line crosses
two others. If the two lines are parallel, the corresponding angles
are equal.
 ALTERNATE INTERIOR ANGLES: Alternate interior angles are formed
when a transversal passes through two lines. The angles that are
formed on opposite sides of the transversal and inside the two lines
are alternate interior angles.

Corresponding Angles Alternate Interior Angles

 LINEAR PAIR: A linear pair of angle is formed when two lines intersect. Two angles are said
to be linear if they are adjacent angles formed by two intersecting lines. The measure of a
straight angle is 180°, so a linear pair of angles must add up to 180°.

Linear Pair
 Co-Interior Angles: Co-interior Angles lie between two lines and on
the same side of the transversal.
 If the two lines are parallel, then co interior angles add to give 180°
and so are supplementary.

Co-Interior Angles
QUESTIONS BASED ON PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE

 Two complementary angles are in the ratio 11:7. Find the

angles
 Three lines in a plane will intersect each other maximum
at how many points?
 ∠ABC+ ∠PQR=180°. Can we say that ∠ABC & ∠PQR are
linear pair?
 What is the supplementary angle of 20° 20’
 What are concurrent lines?
 A line has how many end points?
 How many right angles are there in a complete angle?
 Axiom 1: If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two adjacent
angles so formed is 180°.

Here we can see the ray OP stands on the line AB and ∠AOP + ∠BOP = 180°.
So, it’s a Linear Pair.
Conversely, it can be stated that if the sum of two adjacent angles are
180°, then the non-common arms of the angles form a line.
 Theorem 1: If two lines intersect each other then the vertically opposite angles are equal.
 This theorem can be proved using the Linear-Pair axiom.

Here we need to prove ∠AOC = ∠BOD and ∠AOD =

∠BOC.
Ray OA stands on line CD. Therefore, ∠AOC+∠AOD=180°___(i)
(Linear Pair)
Similarly, ∠AOD+∠BOD=180°____(ii)
(Linear Pair)
From (i) and (ii), we have
∠AOC+∠AOD=∠AOD+∠BOD
⇒∠AOC=∠BOD
Hence Proved.
Similarly, ∠AOD=∠BOC can be prove in the same way.
 Example based on Theorem 1: In the given figure line AB and CD intersect at O. ∠BOC=36°.
Find ∠AOD, ∠AOC & ∠BOD.
 Solution: Since line AB and CD intersect at O. Therefore, ∠COB= ∠X ⇒ 36°= ∠X
∠Y= ∠Z (Vertically opposite angles)…(i)
∠COB+ ∠Y=180° (Linear pair) ⇒ 36°+ ∠Y= 180° C B
∠Y= 180°- 36°= 144°
From (i), ∠Y= ∠Z ⇒ 144°= ∠Z
∠X= 36°, ∠Y= ∠Z=144° O
Question: In figure, if ∠AOC+ ∠BOC+ ∠BOD=338 °. Find all the four angles.
A
D

FIGURE
 Axiom 2: If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of corresponding
angles is equal.

Here ∠a = ∠e, ∠c= ∠g, ∠b = ∠f, ∠d = ∠h.

Conversely it can be stated that if a transversal intersects two lines two

lines such that a pair of corresponding angles is equal, then the two lines
are parallel to each other.
 Theorem 2: If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each
pair of alternate interior angles is equal.
 This theorem can be proved using the Corresponding Angles
axiom.

To prove: ∠AQR = ∠QRD and CRQ = ∠BQR

∠PQB = ∠QRD…(i) Corresponding Angles.

∠PQB = ∠AQR…(ii) Vertically Opposite Angles.
So from (i) and (ii) we can say that
∠AQR = ∠QRD.

Hence Proved.
 Example based on Theorem 2: In the figure, 𝒍 ‖ 𝒎and transversal ‘t’ intersects at A and B. ∠1:
∠2=3:2. Determine all the eight angles.
 Solution: ∠1: ∠2=3:2 (given)
Let ∠1=3x° and ∠2=2x°. But ∠1 & ∠2 form a linear pair. Therefore, ∠1+ ∠2=180°
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
⇒ 3x°+ 2x°= 180° ⇒ 5x°= 180°. So, 𝐱 = 𝟓 = 𝟑𝟔°. Therefore, ∠1=3x°=3×36°=108°
∠2=2x°=2×36°=72°. ∠3=∠2 & ∠4=∠1 (vertically opposite angles) ⇒ ∠3 =72 ° & ∠4=108°
∠5=∠1 & ∠8=∠2 (corresponding angles) ∠5 =108° & ∠8=72°.
∠6=∠8 & ∠7=∠5 (vertically opposite angles)
∠7 =108° & ∠6=72°.

1
l 2
3
4
5
8
m 6 7
FIGURE
 Theorem 3: If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each
pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal is
supplementary.
 To Prove: ∠BQR + ∠DRQ = 180°
and ∠AQR + ∠CRQ = 180°.

∠BQR = ∠CRQ … (i)Alternate Interior

Angles
∠CRQ + ∠DRQ = 180° …(ii) Linear Pair
∠BQR+ ∠DRQ = 180°…From (i)
So, ∠BQR+ ∠DRQ = 180°
Similarly ∠AQR + ∠CRQ = 180°
Hence Proved.
 Theorem 4: Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to
each other.
 To prove: Line m ‖ Line n
 Given: l || m and l || n;

∠1 = ∠2 …(i) (corresponding angles)

∠1 = ∠3 …(ii) (corresponding angles)
So, ∠2 = ∠3 (From (i) & (ii))
But ∠2 & ∠3 are corresponding angles
and they are equal.
Therefore, Line m ‖ Line n.
Hence Proved.
 Theorem 5: The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
 To prove: ∠1+ ∠2+ ∠3=180°
 Given: AY || XZ and XY,ZY are the transversals.

AY is a line. Therefore,
∠4+ ∠1+ ∠5=180°…(i)
But AY ‖ XZ and YX, YZ are transversals.
So, ∠4 = ∠2 & ∠5 = ∠3..(ii) Alternate interior
Angles
Substituting ∠4 & ∠5, we get:
∠2+ ∠1+ ∠3=180°
So, ∠1+ ∠2+ ∠3=180°
Hence Proved.
If the internal angle bisectors of the ∠ABCand ∠BCA of the ΔABC intersect each other at point O
1
Prove that: ∠BOC = 90°+ ∠A
2

Solution: In ΔABC, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C= 180°.

1 1
∠B + ∠C= 180°−A.=> (∠B+∠C)=90°− ∠A. In ΔOBC, we have ∠OBC+∠OCB+∠BOC= 180° or
2 2
1 1
∠BOC= 180°- (∠OBC + ∠OCB)=180° − (90°− 2∠A)=>180°−90°+2∠A or
1
∠BOC= 90°+ ∠A
2

B C
 Theorem 6: If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior
angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite
angles

To Prove: ∠ACD= ∠ABC + ∠ACB.

∠ABC + ∠BAC + ∠ACB = 180°…(i) Angle
Sum Property
∠ACB+ ∠ACD = 180°…(ii) Linear Pair

Subtracting (ii) from (i)…

∠ABC + ∠BAC - ∠ACD = 0°
So, ∠ABC + ∠BAC = ∠ACD .
Hence Proved

1. Draw any angle on the card board. Now draw another angles
such that the arms of the second angle are such that the arms of
the second angle are parallel to the arms of the first angle.
Observe and state, what relation you get between the two angles
?
2. Draw two parallel lines as shown, take any point O below lines AB
and CD but between B and C. Measure ∠ABO ,∠ DCO and then find
∠BOC.
Find which alphabet(Capital) of English
Language has the most number of angles..
Try writing your name using lines and angles
only..
Two intersecting lines cannot both be equal and
parallel to the same line.
If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of two
adjacent angles so formed each is 180°.
If the sum of two adjacent angles is 180° then the
non-common arms of two angles are two opposite
rays.
If two lines intersect, the vertically opposite angles
are equal.
Lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel
to each other.
 The bisectors of two adjacent supplementary angles
form a right angle.
 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the pairs
of alternate angles are equal.
 If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the pairs
of corresponding angles are equal.
 If the sides of a triangle is produced, the exterior
angles so formed is equal to the sum of the two
interior opposite angles.
 If two parallel lines are intersected by a transversal
then the bisectors of the interior angles on the same
sides of the transversal intersect each other at a
right angles.