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Experiment 5 - Functions in DBMS

1) The document provides instructions for an experiment on studying and implementing numeric, character, aggregate, and group by functions in a database system. 2) It describes various date, numeric, and character functions including sysdate, add_months, last_day, months_between, next_day, abs, sqrt, greatest, least, ceil, floor, power, round, trunc, lower, upper, to_char, and to_date. 3) It also explains aggregate/group functions like avg, min, max, sum, and using the group by clause to divide rows into groups and calculate statistics for each group. Problems involving retrieving data based on these functions are provided.

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Ajay Zagade
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89 views6 pages

Experiment 5 - Functions in DBMS

1) The document provides instructions for an experiment on studying and implementing numeric, character, aggregate, and group by functions in a database system. 2) It describes various date, numeric, and character functions including sysdate, add_months, last_day, months_between, next_day, abs, sqrt, greatest, least, ceil, floor, power, round, trunc, lower, upper, to_char, and to_date. 3) It also explains aggregate/group functions like avg, min, max, sum, and using the group by clause to divide rows into groups and calculate statistics for each group. Problems involving retrieving data based on these functions are provided.

Uploaded by

Ajay Zagade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MarathwadaShikshanPrasarakMandal’s

Deogiri Institute of Engineering and Management Studies, Aurangabad


Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Practical Experiment Instruction Sheet
Class: TE (CSE) Lab No.: 3
Subject: Database System
Semester: I Version: I
Experiment No.: 5

Aim: Study & Implementation of Numeric, Character, Aggregate Functions and Group
by functions.

Theory :

1] Single Row functions :- A single row function or scalar fun. Returns only one value for
every row queried in the table. Single Row functions are broadly classified as:-

A] Date functions
B] Numeric functions
C] Character functions
D]Conversions functions.

A] Date functions:-
select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE
27-OCT-21

select sysdate+5 from dual;


SYSDATE+5
01-NOV-21

select sysdate-5 from dual;


SYSDATE- 5
22-OCT-21

select sysdate +14/24 from dual;


SYSDATE+14/24
28-OCT-21

1] Add_Months
Syntax:-Add_months (d,n)
Where d is date & n represents no. of months.
select add_months('27-oct-21','2') from dual;
ADD_MONTHS('27- OCT-21','2')
27-DEC-21

2] Last_Day
Syntax:-Last_Day(d)
select last_day('27-nov-21') from dual;
LAST_DAY('27- NOV-21')
30-NOV-21

3] Months_between
Syntax:-Months_between(d1,d2)
select months_between('27-oct-21','27-jan-21') from dual;
MONTHS_BETWEEN('27- OCT-21','27-JAN- 21')
9

4] Next_Day
Syntax:-Next_Day(d,day)
Where d represents date & day implies any week day.
select next_day('27-oct-21','tuesday') from dual;
NEXT_DAY('27-OCT-21','TUESDAY')
02-NOV-21

B] Numeric functions:-

Abs=absolute
select abs(-23.201),abs(-34),abs(43) from dual;
ABS(-23.201) ABS(- 34) ABS(43)
23.201 34 43

select sqrt(4) from dual;


SQRT(4)
2

select greatest(23,456,67,78,987,4,35,2) from dual;


GREATEST(23,456,67,78,987,4,35,2)
987
select least(23,456,67,78,987,4,35,2) from dual;
LEAST(23,456,67,78,987,4,35,2)
2

Numeric functions accept numeric input & returns numeric output.


Ex.

Functions Input Output


Ceil(n) Select ceil(42.78) from dual; 43
Floor(n) Select Floor(100.2) from dual; 100
Power(m,n) Select Power (4,2) from dual; 16

CEIL(42.78)
43

FLOOR(100.2)
100

POWER(4,2)
16

Round and Truncate

select round(5.553) from dual;


ROUND(5.553)
6

select round(5.553,2) from dual;


ROUND(5.553,2)
5.55

select round(5.553,1) from dual;


ROUND(5.553,1)
5.6

select trunc(5.553) from dual;


TRUNC(5.553)
5

select trunc(5.553,2) from dual;


TRUNC(5.553,2)
5.55

select trunc(5.553,1) from dual;


TRUNC(5.553,1)
5.5

select sign(235)from dual;


SIGN(235)
1

select sign(-235)from dual;


SIGN(-235)
-1

C] Character Functions:-
1]Lower(char);
select lower('GOOD MORNING') from dual;
LOWER('GOODMORNING')
good morning

2]Upper(char);
select upper('good morning') from dual;
UPPER('GOODMORNING')
GOOD MORNING

D] Conversion Functions:-
1] To_char(d,fmt):-
Where d is date &fmt is the format . This function converts date to a value of varchar2
in a form specified by date format fmt.
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'DD-MM-YYYY') FROM dual;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DD- MM-YYYY')
29-10-2021

2]To_Date(char,fmt):-
Where char is character &fmt is format. This function converts varchar2 to a date.
Fmt specifies form of character.

CREATE TABLE mytest


(ID NUMBER(12,0) NOT NULL,
End_Year DATE DEFAULT TO_DATE('31-12-2007','DD-MM-YYYY') NOT
NULL);

Table Created

2] Group Functions or Aggregate Functions:-

select *from instructor;

ID NAME DEPT SALARY COLLEGE


15151 Mozart Music 40000 diems
32343 Ul said History 60000 -
58583 califieri History 62000 -
sociolog
54121 smith 35000 diems
y

A group function returns the result based on the group of rows . These are as follows:-
A] Avg Function:-
This Function return the average of values of the column specified in the argument of
column.
Syntax:-Avg(Col_name);
select avg(salary) from instructor;
AVG(SALARY)
49250

B] Min Functions :-
The function will give the least of all values of the column present in argument.
Syntax:-Min(Col_name);

select min(salary) from instructor;

MIN(SALARY)
35000

C] Max Function :-
To perform an operation which gives the maximum of a set of values it is used.
Syntax:-Max(Col_name);

select max(salary) from instructor;


MAX(SALARY)
62000

D] Sum Function:-
Sum Function can be used to obtain the sum of range of values of record set .
Syntax:-Sum(Col_name);
select salary from instructor;
SALARY
40000
60000
62000
35000

select sum(salary) from instructor;


SUM(SALARY)
197000

Grouping Rows with Group By Clause


To this point, we've used aggregate functions to summarize all the values in a column or
just those values that matched a WHERE search condition. You can use the GROUP BY
clause to divide a table into logical groups (categories) and calculate aggregate statistics for
each group.
The GROUP BY clause's important characteristics are:
1 The GROUP BY clause comes after the WHERE clause and before the ORDER BY
clause.
1 No columns from the input table can appear in an aggregate query's SELECT clause
unless they're also included in the GROUP BY clause. A column can have different
values in different rows, so there's no way to decide which of these values to include
in the result if you're generating a single new row from the table as a whole.
A GROUP BY clause, which groups rows, often is used with a HAVING clause,
which filters groups.
Problem:
1] Retrieve how many no. of employees are working as a salesman in each department.
2] Retrieve those deptno. For which sum of salary of that dept. employees is greater than
10000.
3] retrieve those dept. for which more than one emp are as a analyst.
4] select count of employees in each dept. for which count is greater than 3.

Conclusion :
Hence we have studied Numeric, Character, Aggregate Functions and Group by
functions.

Date of performance by Date of Assessment by Staff Signature Remark


Student Staff

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